حمیدرضا ملک محمدی

One of the continual crises that contemporary Iranian governments have often faced due to the inefficiency of their economic policies, and the economic behavior of the society has been overshadowed by it, is high and fluctuating inflation as a disproportionate growth in the prices of goods and services. However, the response of Iranian statesmen to the increase in the inflation rate as an economic issue has often been to emphasize their authoritative function and mandated stabilization of the prices of goods and services. Such an approach has been associated with irreparable consequences for the economic structure and the political legitimacy of governments and policymakers due to the deviation from the mechanism of the competitive free market and the principle of private ownership, in addition to aggravating the inflation crisis. The adoption of price control policy by government officials as a relatively stable political procedure during the contemporary era did not appear suddenly and out of nowhere, but it is rooted in the value traditions and structural systems of Iran. In this research, using the historical method, an attempt is made to identify the root of state-oriented authority(referent) in the historical context, based on Pierre Müller's Authority(Referent) theory and James Anderson's Context-Cognitive framework, which are among the interpretive approaches based on limited rationality. And its effects on the formation and reproduction of the economic policy of prescriptive (government) pricing in the contemporary era of Iran (Pahlavi II period and Islamic Republic) should be investigated and explained in form of a historical process.

Policy design is one of the latest theoretical frameworks for understanding the formation process of policy alternatives which has been formed as a separate field of study in public policy in recent years. Despite little attention to this field of study, various theories and frameworks have been presented in the heart of this policy field to understand the policy-making process, and each of these theories and theoretical frameworks will bring useful insights for policy researchers and policy analysts. In this article, through literature review method, the main approaches, concepts and theoretical assumptions of policy design have been presented. Our study suggests that instrumentation and policy design and social constructs are two dominant approaches. We can mention other approaches such as the relation between design and governance model, Wicked problems, behavioral insights in design, policy advisory systems, Digital transformations and agile design in our findings.

This article seeks to provide a favorable model for the participation of strategic think tanks in the national security policy-making process of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main nature of qualitative research and its approach is an exploratory combination and its research method is a case study. In the qualitative section, experts and experts in the field of research were interviewed using a qualitative method (snowball). The results of content analysis indicate a 45% increase in cognitive problems in both national security policy makers and think tanks. The results of statistical analysis of the research data obtained from the survey, while fitting the model, are:Dynamic and non-hierarchical structure in value-based think tanks with average rank (9.06), realistic understanding of think tanks with objective and practical considerations of valuable security policy-making environment (8.55) and pioneering of think tanks in identifying emerging and emerging security issues Concern and orientation to the needs of valuable security policy makers (5) The most important structural, cognitive and functional indicators of the model of participation of strategic think tanks in the national security policy-making process, respectively.

We employed the top-down policy implementation model of  Horn and Meter, from policymaking to the implementation stage we need to consider six components including standards and objectives, resources, inter-organizational communication and enforcement activities, characteristics of implementing agencies, economic, social and political conditions and the disposition of implementers.  In this research, we used a directed qualitative content analysis method based on semi-structured interviews with  elites in the field of anti-narcotics policy implementation. Then, we compared the results with the model of our research. According to the results of our study, 13 deviances are identified as follows: executors not prioritising anti-narcotic actions, confliction and multiplicity of policy objectives, lack of an index for success evaluation, the disproportion between objectives and standards, resources mismanagement, Structural inconsistencies in the implementation stage, Systematic disregard for science and practice, Institutional and social turmoil, Polyphony and lack of strong organizational authority, implementers disbelief, lack of monitoring and accountability, insistence on quick-response measures and inability in prioritisation.

The fact of existence of interrelation systems in macro level in the world reveals their dependency on each other &draws the attention towards the difficulty of policy study can dismiss itself from involving in such an important aspect. What this article try to represent is an attempt to find the effects of Iran-china relations on Iranian policy making to confront the consequences of covid-19 during the global sanctions on Iran.

This study seeks to identify the role of strategic think tanks in the national security policymaking of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a mixed method approach. To achieve the goal of the study after reviewing the research literature in the first stage, interviews were conducted with twelve experts from think tanks and national security policy making, which were selected using qualitative purposive sampling, method, and the key points were extracted and categorized, and by establishing relationships between them and through content analysis, twelve categories were identified as the function of think tanks in the national security policymaking process of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the second stage, using the survey method and distribution of questionnaires among 150 national security policy experts and analysts of think tanks, the importance and prioritization of the functions of think tanks in national security policy was investigated. The findings of the study indicated that; that security problemology with an average rating of 7.35, the ability to evaluate security policies with an average rating of 7.16, and advising national security agents with an average rating of 7.13 have the highest average rating values.

For more than a decade, the issue of policy implementation on the Makran coast has been on the agenda of various governments, but unfortunately the policy implementation process has been very slow, which can be described as a crisis. The central question of this research is why, despite the great importance of this region in economic, social, and political relations, and the existence of political will, the implementation of policies in this strategic region has been accompanied by failure and even failure? The present study, with the help of theoretical and scientific literature related to implementation and implementation of policies in free zones, and based on interviews and content analysis methods, extracts the main reasons for policy failure and provides policy solutions. The results of the studies conducted in this study show that the most important reasons for the failure of policies in this strategic area can be classified into three main themes (structure-oriented, ideal-oriented and thought-oriented) and 9 sub-themes.

The present article considers virtual government beyond e-government or smart government and, on the other hand, considers it beyond good governance or desirable government. However, this article seeks to compare them in order to highlight virtual government. , Such a comparison is not, because the authors consider the definition of virtual government as a combination of these governments with moral (religious) human principles and characteristics such as cross-border government, denial of foreign rule and emphasis on the Iranian-Islamic element, Does not explain! In addition to the above-mentioned features, the virtual government, by accepting the salient components of e-government and good governance, emphasizes the moral human principles in the government, which considers the virtual government in the Islamic Republic as an indigenous religious explanation of it. It is too late to act and interact with the virtual government now, and tomorrow is too late, because neither technology nor its supporters are waiting for us.

The Policies normally reflect and flow from views about human behavior held by those charged with setting these policies because the measures proposed to deal with different problems are embedded in the conception of human nature or nurture and a set of assumptions about the consequences of government efforts from encouraging to prohibiting a given type of human behavior. This is what we are trying to deal with in these pages.

In the course of sports general policy-making, the presence of parallel institutions as well as multiple sources of decision-making to deal with different diminutions of sports including professional and public sports has resulted in waste of the country's material and spiritual resources as well as forces and talents. Therefore, assuming the problem in the Iranian sports policy-making and focusing on the multiple sources of decision-making, the present paper is seeking to concentrate on the biggest problem of decision-making procedure of the country’s sport’s system in national, regional and international levels as well as the present conflict in the conceptual system which affects the constriction of sports policy. In the course of sports general policy-making, the presence of parallel institutions as well as multiple sources of decision-making to deal with different diminutions of sports including professional and public sports has resulted in waste of the country's material and spiritual resources as well as forces and talents. Therefore, assuming the problem in the Iranian sports policy-making and focusing on the multiple sources of decision-making, the present paper is seeking to concentrate on the biggest problem of decision-making procedure of the country’s sport’s system in national,

In the course of sports general policy-making, the presence of parallel institutions as well as multiple sources of decision-making to deal with the different dimensions of sports has resulted in the waste of the country's material and spiritual resources as well as forces and talents. Therefore, assuming the problem in the Iranian sports policy-making and focusing on the multiple sources of decision-making, the present paper is seeking to concentrate on the most basic problem of decision-making procedure of the country’s sports system in national, regional and international levels on the basis of Pierre Muller decision-making sources model. The statistics of the research is based on the accomplishment of our 4th and 5th developmental programs as well as on the success of our championship sports in Asian and Olympic Games. This research has been done through descriptive method of qualitative meta-analysis, and due to the research type, the data collection instrument has been the library search and the various sports sites survey. The results of the paper revealed that the unstable process of championship and professional sports in our country is because of the multiple decision-making institutions.

The Advocacy Coalition framework by Paul A. Sabatier has generated considerable interest among scholars as it includes a great attention to policy Sub-system, Stakeholders and people who share policy beliefs in policy implementation and  change this article concerns some key aspect of this approach.

If policy-making is regarded as a right selection of a case among the different alternatives for solving a public problem, then the importance of the selector and the ideas resulting from it, will be revealed. This is the main line followed in what will be presented in this article, using a seven-case study research concerning public policy making in the united states.

Political geography in the context of social relations deals with how “power and space” interact. Among the debatable topics are government, state, and governance. With the advent of the age of globalization and communication, a new pattern in the study of state-society relations was raised that by referring to the movements of state to high power (Transnational organizations) and downstream (Subordinate institutions) and outsiders (Nongovernmental and private organizations), rejected the role of upper, subordinate and regulators of the state, and introduced the corporatism and pluralistic-corporatism models. Increasing the “self-organization” of the society and promoting its role in the governance process, coupled with the fragmentation of government power, has paved the way for the ineffectiveness of the traditional, coercive government tools, and made persuasive tools based on negotiating community groups and organizations more noticeable. Governance is no longer doable, instead must give more attention to governance patterns and use them. The “arrogant government” should be replaced by a “humble government”. The transfer of “governance” from idea-to-action, along with the structural and functional changes of government, requires more than just a state, and other actors also have an impact on improving the quality of life and well-being of the various groups of stakeholders. In fact, the challenges facing its operation are very complicated. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, after addressing the concept and different angles of the governance model, has sought to address the challenges posed by it. The results indicate that obstacles such as government size, citizenchr('39')s access to political leaders, the transfer of collective goals to individual goals of politicians, and conflicts among stakeholders in the government are among the main challenges of implementing the governance model.

Science transmission has by no means less importance than its production. With no means to transfer the science, It will disappear soon. It is here that  the role of language in its general meaning reveals. In the present article, It is tried to show the importance of handbooks writting in fortifying the science foundations with a focus on the handbook of philosophy and public policy.

During the years of the last century, a new approach –the then academic discipline of public policy – prevailed the domain of problem-solving in various fields as a response to increasing public issues still needed to be addressed.
Among these fields, security issues emerged as a contextual framework in which states were serious about at a high level of attention and which resulted in a security agenda for the policy cycle.
As the policy cycle begins with the agenda setting phase and the departure point in this phase is defining the problem, we decided to clarify this point of departure in the present article using the security issues as a primary concern of the state authorities.

For Crozier, the functioning of state as a miraculous man-made set reveals in a realm of power relations, influence and interchanges. When he turns towards state especially the one under whose sovereignty he lives-the French state- begins to talk of the old ways of ruling generate inevitable tensions in social relations. It is here that crozier’s position emerges as a reformist recommending his revolutionary modest state; A state at its citizens service and not ruling them. But is The Leviathan ready to perceive such a role? This is the question we are trying to answer in our article.

Hazel Kemshall in his prominent work focused on crime and socialpolicy in western societies presents an analysis for a situation inwhich governmental spending on both crime management and social policywas significantly reduced in most western countries as a response toglobal financial crisis. In this book , we can find the analyticalviews about the relationship between crime and social policy within aclimate of severe global economic challenge.

Despite the history of legislative measures in the field of the environment of Iran, the environmental situation of the country based on “the Environmental Performance Index”, “the Global Footprint Network” and “the World Bank” is significantly different from the goal of "Desirable Environment" in the Iran's 20-year vision plan4. In search of the reason, this paper from a public policy perspective seeks to prioritize and explain the challenges of environmental policy making in the Islamic Republic of Iran in the first phase of the Jones staged model
In staged model, the government and decision makers performance are ideally divided into five stages: the process of recognizing the problem and its inclusion on the government agenda(Agenda setting), the stage of the solution proposal (Formulation), the decision-making stage, the stage of implementation and the evaluation stage(Vahid,2004).
The focus of this paper is on the pathology of the recognition and inclusion of the problem in agenda. What is meant by understanding the problem and including of it on the agenda is a process by which ideas and issues are raised through various political institutions to be taken into consideration by a political entity such as the legislative or judicial body. Although there are few places - such as the legislature, the judiciary or the regulatory Commission - that are able to formally formulate policy calendars (agendas), but there are countless sources where subjects of these calendars come from (Shafritz and Borick ,2012).
Considering the nature and limitations of the subject literature in our country, from among existing approaches to research , the mixed methods and exploratory sequential designswere selected. In this formulation of the research project, first the collection and analysis of data is done qualitatively and then quantitatively and ultimately interpreted simultaneously. The main use of this type of research project is to investigate an issue deeply or for the first time for which the researcher does not have a guideline framework or measurement tool for them(Creswell,2003).
Findings of the research showed that the main challenges of environmental policy-making in identifying the problem and placing it in the agenda that led to the decline of quantitative and qualitative indices of the country's vital resources are: prioritizing the country's issues on the basis of economic, political and security considerations (rather than environmental ones), the poor citizen and interest groups participation in identifying and prioritizing local needs, the weak coordination of intergovernmental organizations and government agencies responsible for and influential in environmental issues, the neglect of local communities from the benefits of sustainable development and focus on growth-oriented demands and short-term ones, lack of bottom-to-top mechanisms to express the real public concerns to be included in the environmental policy calendar, the lack of information and accurate statistics on the status quo and future environmental trends, the lack of attention to communication channels such as the media and the press to transfer issues to higher layers for inclusion in the agenda.
Improving Iran's environmental indicators based on the Environmental "Performance Index", "Global Footprint Network" and “World Bank" with the goal of "desirable environment" in the 1404 vision document require solving the challenges of the agenda Setting.

Due to the presence of more than five hundred definitions of culture, And referring them to, Components, elements and different levels of abstraction, In this paper we want to, answer this question: how Native understanding of meaning and geometry of culture will be effective In integrating the different meanings of culture as well as the preparation and formulation ofaboriginal cultural policy model. The current study was conducted with Grounded Theory method. In this article over 40 definitions of culture has been analyzed and Among 237 initial concept and 20 central concepts, three common issues have achieved. Following this study, Common components of chosen definitions of culture, were regulated three degrees of understanding of the geometry of culture, based on the principles and philosophical foundations of Transcendent Wisdom (native approach of the study) and philosophical ideas of thinkers such as Allameh Tabatabaei, martyr Motahhari, some students of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli And theoretical efforts of some non-native scholars. And at the end, three spheres approach to the meaning of culture, underlying the quasi models that they help to answer main question of research.

The International Convention Against Corruption as the first international document which tries to guarantee the prevention of corruption may be considered as a long step to founding protect the human rights and his fundamental freedoms. The rights and principles emphasized by the founding fathers of the convention may be considered as the ideal of all proponants of the human rights and all those who are aware of the desolate effects of corruption on human life. This study is conducted within the framework of qualitative approach. The required data gathered by Semi-structured interviews and informal conversations with Samples which were selected using purposive sampling method and consisted of 15 experts including university professors and experts familiar with the culture and cultural agencies as well as managers from the public sector. Then, the data analyzed using a content analysis method (qualitative data analysis). This study indicates that the ambiguity and lack of trasparency in laws and regulations in cultural sector agencies such as Iran's Hajj and Pilgrimage Organization, and Iran's Endowment and Charity Affair Organization, could pave the way to corruption in various organizations of the sector.

In recent decades, health as a social goal that requires cooperation, has led to develop a range of policy mechanisms.To find, introduce and analyze the concept transformation of health policy is the main purpose of this qualitative study; To reveal how it evolved and the reliability foundations and boundaries of action to be recognized. Results of the study shows; "intersectoral actions”, “healthy public policy”, “health in all policies” are The three main policy waves, that Along with political paradigm shift, appear a new perspective of "governance for health. The transition to a governance model, highly networked, multi-level and multi-stakeholder, Based on the mobilization of the "whole of government" and "whole of society" for health, is the important part of the political and social commitment to justice and sustainable development