حمیدرضا وکیلی فرد

The purpose of this research is the impact of abnormal stock returns on the future fluctuations of stock returns. The statistical population of the research is the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period of 2013-2014. Sampling has been done by systematic target method. According to the conditions of the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, 130 companies met the conditions of admission in the examined sample. Research data were extracted from the audited documents of financial statements published by companies, statistics and figures published on the website of the Stock Exchange Organization, Codal and Central Bank. Then, the reliability of the research variables was investigated using the Bayesian panel method in EViews 10 software, and the research hypotheses were investigated. Finally, the results of the hypothesis test showed that abnormal stock returns have a positive and significant effect on the future fluctuations of stock returns of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange

With the formation of the society of official accountants and the increase of audit institutions, most of these institutions seek to attract new clients and also retain their past clients. In other words, the culture of customer orientation has spread among the partners of audit institutions. First of all, this issue damages the auditor's professional ethics (independence and impartiality) and causes a phenomenon called opinion selection. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of professional identity, moral relativism and moral idealism on the auditor's opinion. The current research makes it clear that the dark characteristics of auditors' personality can have adverse consequences on auditors' judgments and decisions. Since the auditor's report and his judgment and opinion can have different social and economic consequences for the interested groups; Therefore, this research can lead to the development of research on the social role of auditors. Among other things, this research showed that auditors' personality traits are an important variable in assurance services.کلیدواژه ها / Englishprofessional identity, moralrelativism, moral idealism, auditor's opinionا

When some organizations experience a financial crisis and face a challenging and deteriorating operating profit margin, financial recovery means a significant improvement in the operating profit margin and financial health of the organization. The current research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the financial recovery of businesses admitted to the stock exchange. This research uses an interdisciplinary study, with qualitative and quantitative data, and by examining the related legal system, it identifies the shortcomings and gaps, examines the theoretical foundations and background of research in the field of bankruptcy and exit from bankruptcy from a financial perspective. he does. The findings of the research showed that, in the examination of the goodness of fit indices of the model, it can be seen that according to the McFadden coefficient of determination, the use of predictor variables in the final model of financial recovery of companies has been able to improve the likelihood function by 71.25%. It can be concluded that the main forecasting components in the final model have been able to be effective up to 71.25% in the accuracy of detecting the financial recovery of companies. Finally, the analysis of multilayer artificial neural networks in order to evaluate the reliability of the results in diagnosing and prioritizing the financial recovery of companies shows that, considering that the tenth principal component is the most important factor in the financial recovery of companies and based on the magnitude (absolute value) the coefficients of each of the variables in the formation of this component, the order of the importance of financial variables in the financial recovery of companies and their exit from bankruptcy.

As an internal advisor, internal auditors play a leading role in integrating environmental sustainability into an organization's operations, articulating potential risks threatening environmental sustainability, providing assurance to environmental sustainability–related information, and enhancing environmental sustainability practices. The purpose of this research is the green voice of internal auditors: Fuzzy matrix evaluation to disclose the environmental performance of capital market companies.

In this research, based on the hybrid nature of data collection, first, through meta-synthesis analysis, to identify the dimensions of the green voice of internal auditors in disclosing the environmental performance of companies and then, in order to determine the reliability of the identified dimensions, fuzzy Delphi analysis should be used. Finally, quantitative part through fuzzy matrix analysis, this study tries to select the most favorable dimension of green voice of internal auditors in disclosing the environmental performance of capital market companies.

The results of the meta-synthesis analysis based on the content screening of 12 determined studies indicate the existence of 8 dimensions of the green voice of internal auditors. Also, the reliability of the identified dimensions was confirmed through fuzzy Delphi analysis. Finally, based on the fuzzy analysis of the construction matrix, it was determined that the disclosure of compliance with environmental requirements is the most desirable aspect of the green voice of internal auditors in disclosing the environmental performance of companies

The obtained result expresses the fact that auditors who have an identity and rely on the code of professional conduct, based on the limits of the requirements set for the disclosure of environmental performance, always try to disclose the company's performance in this field and thus the level of transparency Improve company information to external stakeholders.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the type of auditor and industry-specific auditor on the amount of collateral-based facilities received, taking into account the moderating role of major shareholders in companies operating on the Tehran Stock Exchange, during the period 2017-2022.Considering the research conditions, 181companies were selected as the statistical sample of the research (905 years-companies). In order to test the research hypotheses, the regression method using the generalized least squares method and the panel-fixed effects method have been used. Findings from the analysis show that the type of auditor has an inverse relationship with the amount of collateral-based facilities received, but the industry expert auditor has no effect on the amount of collateral-based facilities received. Further findings also show that the percentage of ownership of major shareholders has no effect on the relationship between the type of auditor and industry- specific auditor with the amount of collateral-based facilities received.

The purpose of the research is to identify and analyze effective and reciprocal key structures in the willingness to fraudulent behaviors and whistleblowing of wrongdoings from a interdisciplinary point of view. For the fact that this kind of behavior puts all of us in front of various challenges. The data needed for the research was collected through field and documentary studies. Experts' point of view was used for the field investigation of the subject. The statistical population was selected by purposive/ targeted sampling and the analysis of the collected data was also done by the method of structural analysis and by MicMac software in 2021. The data analysis shows that in 85% of the cases, the variables were influential on each other. Also, the variables of social exchange, social trust and whistleblowing of wrongdoings were ranked first to third in the direct effects ranking method. Another finding detects that the spitefulness variable as an effective variable was placed as a an effective variable, the variables of social exchange, social trust, sadism, narcissism and whistleblowing of wrongdoings were placed as the risk (strategic area), the variable of dark traits and fraudulent behavior were placed as the independent variables, and the variables of psychopathy and Machiavellianism were placed in the impressible area. The finding provides a deep insight to understand the effective structures in the willingness to fraudulent behavior and whistleblowing of wrongdoings for accountants, auditors, shareholders, governing bodies, regulatory systems, standard setters and mental health.

Concealment in financial reporting and audit reports has become a major challenge. Therefore, legislative assemblies of the accounting and auditing profession have paid special attention to the causes of concealment and available solutions to prevent the occurrence of fraudulent behavior .The auditing profession as a regulatory activity and one of the mechanisms of corporate governance is necessary to gain and maintain investors' trust in the existence of information symmetry the fairness of the market and the reliability of available information.The purpose of this research is to present a pattern to identify the causes of concealment in accounting profession.In this research a qualitative method with an approach based on contextual theorizing or grounded theory has been used. Data collection has been performed using semi-structured interview technique for which 16 experts with at least 12 years of work experience have taken part selected by purposive sampling (snowball). The research data have been analyzed based on open, axial and selective coding, as the major components of grounded theory by MAXQDA software.during the open coding process, 549 codes have been extracted from interviews conducted with experts and specialists in the field of research and have been converted to 107 more abstract concepts. At the end, 30 categories have been identified which led to a paradigm model for defining the causes of concealment occurrence in financial and audit reports, containing casual conditions, intervening factors, background and also strategies relevant to identifying causes of concealment and consequences.

This study examines the prediction of volatility through jump risk in Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) on the Tehran Stock Exchange, aiming to play a crucial role in the pricing options of financial assets through volatility forecasting mechanisms.

The study employs three main families of heterogeneous autoregressive (HAR) models for volatility forecasting, incorporating jumps within an econometric framework by estimating heterogeneous autoregressive models. By comparing various models, the study utilizes high-frequency data-based realized volatility to provide precise measurements. The data set includes daily and 15-minute interval data collected from six equity and fixed-income funds over the financial period from 2020 to 2022.

The results indicate that among the funds, the predictive power of volatility is higher in equity funds. Additionally, the findings reveal that the second-order heterogeneous autoregressive model with jumps (HAR-J) is the most effective heterogeneous autoregressive model for modeling and forecasting realized volatility, as determined by the mean squared error and quasi-likelihood criteria. Furthermore, strong evidence supports that second-power variation-based models outperform their counterparts in predicting realized volatility, offering more accurate forecasts and better volatility estimations than second-order heterogeneous autoregressive models.

This study provides insights into the differences among heterogeneous autoregressive models, specifically within the heterogeneous autoregressive model group, so that its results can be used by analysts and fund managers for improved financial decision-making.

This study examines the accuracy of Heterogeneous Autoregressive (HAR) models in forecasting the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) of Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The significance of this study stems from the need for better risk management in financial markets, where volatility and jumps significantly affect investment decisions.

Data from nine equity, index, and fixed-income funds were analyzed intraday with high frequency (daily and fifteen-minute intervals) from 2019 to 2022. Three main families of HAR models were evaluated by considering the relevant variables.

The results revealed that models based on second-order variations outperformed others in forecasting Realized Volatility (RV). Additionally, CVaR prediction was more accurate for index funds than for equity and fixed-income funds, with the HARQ model demonstrating superior performance.

Originality/Value: 

This study investigates the application of HAR models in predicting ETF risks and provides a novel framework for risk management and investment decision making, particularly in the Iranian financial market.

In order to achieve this important, the research was conducted during 1399 and 1400 in two separate stages. First, after studying the theoretical foundations of the research, due to the need to use the experiences of people involved in the research topic, the qualitative research method was used using the fuzzy Delphi method. Then, the ranking of the effective factors determined in green performance in the steel industry was performed with the help of AHP technique. The result of the calculations presented in this study was the selection of 10 questions from 28 proposed questions, which in order of priority are: Prevention of water, soil and air pollution (during the production process / through production waste / by the final product / in the reprocessing process) , Design process for the environment, total quality management, commitment of the company's top management, use of up-to-date and emerging technologies (green technology) to reduce environmental pollution, social responsibility (customers, employees and society), waste management process, training and research process and Culture-building, setting the necessary criteria and standards to reduce energy consumption, continuous monitoring of machinery and equipment in terms of energy consumption and pollution.

Traditional models assign a limited role to trading volume, while in practice the annual volume in stock exchanges reaches 100% of issued shares and more. Also, while the benefits of diversification are emphasized through modern theories, most investors limit their portfolio to a number of stocks. Finally, it seems that the cross-sectional variation of expected return is not only due to the risk difference between the companies' stocks. The main goal of this research is to design and explain the strategic behavior model of investors using game theory and Nash equilibrium to analyze the mutual behavior of investors during the years 2009-2010. The statistical population of the research is all the companies admitted to the stock exchange, and 84 companies were selected as the research sample by systematic elimination method. The thesis consists of two parts: the bargaining game and the implementation of Markowitz's average variance model, which uses MATLAB software to implement the bargaining game and the genetic algorithm.

Investment is one of the most important economic decisions. its importance for economic and social development is as big as it has turned it into one of the powerful lever to reach development. one of the most effective factors for investment growth the existence of symmetric information on capital markets. because obtaining correct investment decisions requires sufficient and clear information. cash flow management leads to great success in the company and its failure to manage them. and the lack of its management causes bankruptcy of the companies. This study aims to propose pattern presentation evaluating firm performance based on cash flow)operational, free, equity, and capital(in distressed and non-distressed financial situations.The population consisted of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange, out of which 197 were selected within the 2012–2021 timeframe as samples for statistical analysis using multiple linear regression .Findings reveal that according to the significance of models in distressed and non - distressed companies extracting two patterns from them can be concluded to examine relationship between independent variables (cash flows: operational, free, equity, and capital) and control variables (firm size, financial leverage, and Tobin’s Q) with dependent variables (Gross Profit Marginو Return on Assetو Inventory Turnover(to evaluate the performance of companies, it is well to explain in the sample companies of tehran stock exchange . To identify distressed and non-distressed firms Kordestani and Tatli’s model was used; several models are derived from this model that are widely used in Iran and include the best explanatory variables in discriminant and logit analyses with an overall accuracy of 93%.

The present study analyzes the prediction of the total index of the Tehran Stock Exchange with the singular spectral analysis method based on the genetic algorithm and overlapping singular spectral analysis. It is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Its statistical population is the daily price of the total index of the Tehran Stock Exchange in the ten-year return (2009 to 2018) and the research sample is 2411 data from the logarithmic return of the target index.First, the genetic algorithm was implemented in the SSA method on the index. Then, using the Ov-SSA method in order to improve the reconstruction and resolution of the components, the initial and large time series were divided into small and common consecutive parts and the standard SSA analysis method was used for each part.The results of the research showed that the Ov-SSA analysis method has a higher performance than the GA-SSA analysis method with a lower mean absolute value error.

Financial reporting is critical to providing the information needed by users, especially corporate executives, and it is considered as an effective information tool in the management, organization and planning of an organization.
Since most of the information needed by managers is provided through financial reports provided by financial managers, providing relevant (reliably) human resources reports, including information that employs managers in the recruitment, assessment and management of resources Human, as well as human resource strategies, so Increasing the level of ability of financial managers to provide and supply information for managers in the field of human resources. On the other hand, this ability depends on the knowledge and skills as well as the power and motivation of using this knowledge and skill. The statistical population of the research is the companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample of 89 corporate financial managers was selected as the sample. The meta-cognitive factors were extracted from the future development of HR reporting and analyzed using the statistical software PLS and the fuzzy model (LAT). Analysis has been made. The findings show that all meta-cognitive factors and empowerment of financial managers have a significant relationship with the future development of HR reporting.

Asset management seeks to find a combination of assets in the balance sheet to thereby increase shareholders' net wealth.The role of Asset Management has been studied more in the financial and credit industries and in banks, but less in insurance companies and This research intends to do this .In this study, we first extracted the information required from insurance companies from the financial statements and information available in the Stock Exchange for the period of 8 years from 2016 to 2020 and selected 18 companies from the total of insurance companies as statistical sample.Then, based on Dickey Fuller test, the variables were tested, by Kolmogorov Smirnov test, normality of data and by Durbin Watson test, the independent of the errors. In this study, Fisher's statistic at 95% confidence level was used to test the overall significance of the processed regression model. The results show that measures of asset management (liquidity ratios and fixed assets ratios) have impact on improving the economic consequences of quality of accounting information and quality of financial reporting.

The main purpose of this study is to explain the effect of confirmation bias on audit error and also to explain the moderating role of client characteristics (market value and institutional shareholder ownership) and auditor (industry specialist auditor and first-class stock exchange trusted auditor) on the relationship between them. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 1168 firm-year from listed firms on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2012-2020, is collected and analyzed. The results show that confirmation bias has a positive effect on type I audit error and type II audit error. The results also show that the positive effects of confirmation bias on type I audit error and type II audit error are less for clients with high market value, high institutional ownership percentage, and audits performed by industry specialist auditors and first-class stock exchange trusted auditors. The findings of this research could lead to development of theoretical foundations in auditing field, especially audit judgment and audit risk assessment. Further, the study results suggest additional training targeted at mitigating auditors’ use of heuristics may be beneficial.

Recent studies have revealed that if both conservatism and cost stickiness exist, not considering cost stickiness in estimating conservatism leads to their overestimation. The present study aims to examine the relationship between cost stickiness and conservatism levels according to the size of the company. This purpose is achieved using the combined data technique and three models of non-operating accruals, Basu model and market value model with a sample consisting of 113 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) over the period 2011 to 2020. The research results indicate that stickiness of costs is related to conservatism in all three models. However,the evidence shows that cost stickiness in the market value model and basu's adjusted model has a negative relationship with conservatism and causes it to decrease. to be The results also showed that by entering the variable size into the research model, in all three models, the stickiness of costs increases, which reduces the conservatism of companies.

Stock value and performance reflect the ability of a firm to generate cash flow. Therefore, it is helpful for investors to predict cash flow in order to forecast stock returns. This study aims to propose a model for evaluating firm performance by analyzing the correlation between cash flow and stock returns in both distressed and non-distressed financial situations. The population consisted of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange, out of which 197 were selected within the 2012–2021 timeframe as samples for statistical analysis using multiple linear regression. Findings reveal that the independent variable, cash flow, does not have a direct effect on the dependent variable, stock returns, in distressed firms, but there is a significant effect in non-distressed ones. In distressed firms, independent variables (cash flows: operational, free, equity, and capital) and control variables (firm size, financial leverage, and Tobin’s Q) do not have a significant relationship with stock returns. However, they have an inverse significant relationship with free cash flow in non-distressed firms, and no relationship with other independent variables. Thus, it is possible to evaluate firms in non-distressed financial situations through an analysis of the relationship between stock returns and free cash flow. To identify distressed and non-distressed firms, Kordestani and Tatli’s model was used; several models are derived from this model that are widely used in Iran and include the best explanatory variables in discriminant and logit analyses with an overall accuracy of 93%.

Auditing is an integral part of the economic information reporting process, enabling users to make informed judgments and decisions. The increasing growth and complexities of society also expand the need for auditing as a part of the reporting process. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the type of audit report on investors' behavior.

This study was conducted on 220 experts, investment managers, regular investors, and auditors who were randomly selected in 2021. To analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, a structural equation model was employed with the assistance of SmartPLS software.

Audit reports can impact stock prices for two main reasons. Firstly, the audit report may contain information that influences the estimation of future cash flow amounts and risks. Any data that could prompt a revision of these elements is linked to stock prices. Secondly, the audit report may provide essential details about the company's operational continuity (e.g., the audit report on operational continuity). The report should consistently mirror the auditor's access to internal information like projected data and management strategies, and the auditor's reporting choices disclose some confidential information.

The type of audit report significantly influences investors' rational behavior. When making investment decisions, investors prioritize logic and rationality over emotions.

Extended Abstract
Throughout history, predicting price in financial markets has always been of high interest to financial activists and analysts. Recently, various methods have been proposed and adopted to predict the dynamism of financial markets using time series of records of prices. However, high-precision predication of financial prices is still a deemed long-term challenge that constantly call for state-of-the-art approaches.

Thus, the purpose of the current study was to examine the efficacy of optimal stopping, also known as early stopping and use its connection with branching processes to predict the optimal buying and selling prices in several financial markets. gold ounce market and S&P 500 index have been predicted in short term and long-term frameworks on the basis of fixed horizon. And for each. frame work, different time frames have been selected. Closing price data from 1995 to 2022 have been used for every time frame.

Advanced methods for optimal stopping include approximating the value function and then using that approximation in a policy. Although such policies can work very well, they are generally not guaranteed to be interpretable (Siokan and Mišić 2020). On the other hand, some researchers have proposed that the optimal stop models are too complicated to solve well and the strategies of buying at a low price and selling at a high price are not very practical in this theory (Liu and Mo 2022). According to the issues raised, the researcher intends to use the optimal stop theory and its connection with branch processes to implement and examine this theory in a number of prominent international financial markets. In this research, we are going to use the optimal stop statistical theory to predict the time of buying and selling in these markets in an optimal way.

The optimal stopping algorithm seeks to determine the maximum value from a set of random variables that are exhibited in the order they are generated. Each variable should either be selected when exhibited or be skipped in favor of the next variable, and if all the variables till the nth variable are skipped, this variable is selected automatically. It should be borne in mind that the theory of optimal stopping first examines the previous data and finds out whether there is a divergence, according to which it determines which market cannot be predicted based on this theory. In general, these random variables are considered as independent and co-distributed. Yet, due to the complexity of this theory, even in this case, solving problems directly proves to be very difficult, and hence the correlation between this theory and branch processes are employed to simplify solution. The steps of this process are as follows:

Step 1 The analyst finds the planning horizon (20 - horizon in the present paper)
Step 2 Determine the statistical distribution of values using statistical tests, including the goodness of fit, chi-square, Chebyshev's inequality, and Q-Qplot (Moud et al. 1973)
Step 3 Transforming it to a normal distribution using Box-Cox Transformations (Cox-Box 1964), and converting to the standard normal distribution (minus mean value divided by standard deviation) (Moud et al. 1973)
Step 4 Using inverse distribution function (using probability integral transform theorem) (Moud et al. 1973) and transforming it to considered distribution in branching process and determining convergency or divergence of data (Ross 1983; Shishebor et al. 2004)
Step 5 Predicting the best point for optimal buy or sell at a determined horizon (Assaf et al. 2000)
Step 6 Reversing all transforms and predicting real values (Assaf et al. 2000)

The results indicate that by optimal stopping for short term framework, S&P 500 index indicates %67 success and gold ounce shows %53 success in the prediction of prices. In long term framework, S&P 500 index's success equals to %68 and gold ounce equals to %85 in prediction of prices. The obtained results show that the optimal stop theory has performed better in predicting the gold price in the long-term time frame and the S&P 500 in the short-term time frame.
The S&P 500 market and the gold market have obtained the most predictability based on the optimal stop theory. This can be confirmed by market traders because the S&P 500 and gold market are interesting markets from a technical and trading point of view. The number of transactions and high liquidity and the difference in spread and commission in these two markets compared to other markets can be indicative of this. Also, the high volatility in the two mentioned markets due to the uncertainty regarding the continuation of prices and key economic indicators presents countless opportunities to traders. According to the obtained results, the optimal stopping can be used as a trading and analytical indicator. Also, the characteristic of optimal stopping is that based on historical data, it shows the prediction as the optimal point (buying and selling price) in the future. Due to the fact that examining the financial markets both from the study and analytical point of view and from the trading point of view by using a variety of forecasting patterns and indicators requires understanding the possibilities of market behavior, choosing a time frame and having a strategy.

Independent auditors play a significant role in crediting financial statements. Choosing an independent auditor is the most important decision of shareholders to credit financial statements. Various factors affect the choice of the auditor, among these factors we can mention the psychological characteristics of the client's management, such as the CEO's narcissism. Also, considering the important role of women in the auditing profession and the role of men's narcissism in misogyny and patriarchal beliefs, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the CEO's narcissism in choosing a female auditor. The current research is of an applied type and has been carried out with a descriptive-correlation approach and the necessary data has been analyzed using the statistical population including 134 listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange for the time period of 2018 to 2019 by multivariate binary logistic regression method. The results of the research showed that the narcissism of the CEO has a negative and significant relationship with the selection of a female auditor. Also, the loss report has a negative and significant relationship and the percentage of shares owned by the major shareholder has a positive and significant relationship with the probability of choosing a female auditor. Since female auditors have more accuracy and audit quality compared to male auditors. Therefore, it can be said that the CEO's narcissism can be a measure to reduce the quality of financial reporting and audit quality.

The individual characteristics of the auditor have a significant impact on the quality of the audit and the quality of financial statement information. One of the auditors' personality traits is narcissism, the auditor's narcissism can have different effects on audit quality And as a result, it affects the methods of profit management by company managers.. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between auditor narcissism and profit management of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, a sample of 134 companies has been selected for the period from 1391 to 1400. Theoretical foundations and research data have been obtained through library studies. Data analysis is based on multivariate binary logistic regression. The findings of the present study show that the auditor's narcissism has a negative and significant relationship with profit management. Also, the percentage of shares owned by the major shareholder has a negative and significant relationship with profit management and the type of auditor has a positive and significant relationship with profit management.

Subject and Purpose of the Article:

 The purpose of this research is to examine the characteristics of narcissism among audit partners in the public and private sectors of the auditing profession in Iran.

According to its nature, the present research is an applied research. The statistical population of this research includes the managers and audit partners working in the audit organization and institutions of the Certified Public Accountants Society of Iran. The number of them in this study was 379. The hypothesis test is based on the method of comparing the average of two independent samples using the t test.

The average narcissism of public sector auditors is higher than the private sector, and the narcissism of male and female public sector auditors is higher than that of male and female private sector auditors, respectively. Men are more narcissistic compared to women.

Conclusion, Originality and its Contribution to the Knowledge: 

The results of this research can provide useful information to the policy makers of the auditing profession and inform the legislators of the auditing profession about the impact of the environment on the personality and judgment of auditors, as a result of this knowledge, it can lead to the formulation of new guidelines to monitor performance of auditors

One of the fundamental principles in the financial system for economic development and poverty reduction is financial inclusion, which is in line with the principles of justice and equality in the Islamic financial system. Financial inclusion refers to the accessibility, availability, and usage of the formal financial system by all members of an economy. Therefore, financial inclusion is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that requires effective supervision. Effective supervision not only strengthens the stability of banks but also ensures economic growth and builds trust in the financial system. One way to build trust is through the enactment and enforcement of laws that protect the interests of all stakeholders in a comprehensive economy.Therefore, the aim of this research was to present a model for analyzing the impact of central bank regulatory laws and financial technology on financial inclusion in the interest-free banking system in Iran. This study used a new approach to estimate the financial inclusion index. The research findings indicated that the regulatory laws of the central bank and financial technology are effective in developing financial inclusion. Furthermore, the research findings suggest that the development of financial technology, especially in the banking industry in recent years, has led to the expansion of financial inclusion in Iran, creating fair and equal access to financial products and services for individuals in society, which is the main goal of financial inclusion, and with the expansion of financial inclusion, financial deprivation in society has decreased.

Financial statements have been prepared in same form for a long time, which has led to some criticism. Therefore, the current research seeks to provide a model to examine the proposed changes in financial statements using grounded theory. After literature review and framework determination, a semi-structured interview with university professors, accountants, auditors, and stockholders began. After depth conversations with 29 people due to saturation, the theoretical sampling ended. The data collection process was done by studying the research literature, interviewing, and referring to new sources. Data analysis was based on open, axial, and selective coding of Strauss and Carbin's grounded theory approach and a paradigm was formed. The Axial category is “tests”, which was influenced by inputs including causal conditions (including points, do, don'ts), contextual conditions (including tests and subjects) and interfering conditions (including functional, individual), causing different strategies (including time, emotions, confidence, effectiveness) and consequences (including time, emotions, confidence, effectiveness). The features of the new financial statements, the conditions of the tests and subjects, and the control variables are the inputs of this model. Conducting the test follows the reaction of the participants, which will be quantitatively expressed through valid scales. These outcomes include "feelings", "confidence", "efficiency" and "effectiveness".