حمیدرضا پورعلی

In this study, effect of  replacement of fish meal by  Poultry by product meal  on  growth index,  biochemical and immune parameters of  Huso huso with average weight 108.83±5. 9gr ± SD that reared in fiberglass tank (2000 lit) for  8weeks were investigated. Six test diets (contain 42% protein and 18.5 Mj kg-1 energy) were prepared. Fish meal substituted by poultry by product  at 20% (PBM20), 40% (PBM40), 60% (PBM60), 80% (PBM80) and 100% (PBM100), respectively. In the end of nutrition period no significant difference were detected between Final weight (FW), Weight gain (WG) and Specific Growth Rate of fish fed (PBM0), (PBM20), (PBM40), (PBM60) and (PBM80) respectively )P>0.05(. Also, no significant difference by body protein were recorded between PBM00, PBM40, PBM60, PBM40 and PBM100, respectively) P>0.05(. but increasing of replacement led to decreasing of body lipid (P<0.05) .Catabolic enzymes (Aspartat amino transferase and Alanin Amino Transferase) were not affect by inclusion of poultry by product but plasma lysosyme was significantly higher than in PBM20compared to PBM 80 and PBM 100 (P<0.05). The result showed that high replacing of fish meal by poultry by product were not negative effect on growth index, biochemical and immune parameters of Huso huso in growth stage.

The breeding of Huso huso is a relatively new industry in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of choline on growth factors, carcass composition, and haematological-biochemical parameters in juvenile beluga (Huso huso). In this experimental study, 150 Huso huso in control, Cho2, Cho4, Cho6, and Cho8 treatments consisting of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8g/kg-1 choline of food with 3 replicates per treatment were fed for 12 weeks to evaluate growth performance, carcass composition, and some haematological and serological parameters. The data were analysed by analysis of one way variance and Duncan test, using SPSS 24 software. Findings: The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate index, protein efficiency ratio, obesity coefficient, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed with diet containing appropriate levels of choline (2-4g/kg-1) were significantly better than fish fed with other diets. The highest growth and food efficiency was observed in fish fed with Cho4. With increasing choline in fish diet, body fat and protein concentrations significantly increased, but carcass moisture decreased. Also, addition of 2-4g/kg-1 choline to diet caused a significant difference in the mean number of red and white cells, the activity of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), albumin, and total blood protein compared with control treatment. In order to achieve the best growth and optimal carcass composition of juvenile beluga, the most suitable amount of choline is 2-4g/kg-1 in the fish diet.

In this study 180 beluga(Huso huso) weighted 120 ± 10gr with stocking density of 12 fish/tank ,after adaptation with synthetic diet , fed different levels of AFB1(0,25,50,75 & 100ppb/kg of diets) under controlled conditions(T=18±2ºC,DO=7.3ppm). The fish were fed 3% of body weight four times a day for 120 days.Record of physical and chemichal water caracters include : DO , temprature , pH , did weekly . Residue of AFB1 in muscls in different exprements determined by HPLC method . The amount of AFB1 in mscle was between 0.36 -2.90 ppb .Based on international standards these amount is not harmfull for human consumption.

The present study was designed and conducted in order to evaluate effects of different dietary betaine supplementation levels (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 % Betaine kg-1 diet) on the growth rate, carcass compositions and some haematological-biochemical parameters of the blood serum in beluga, Huso huso to do so, 150 individuals (4.6±0.61 g) were randomely distributed into 15 fiberglass tanks (500 liter, 10 individuals in each tank). Three replicates were considered for each treatment and the fish were fed by one of five experimental diets for 12 weeks. Final weight, specific growth index, protein efficiency ratio, condition factor (CF) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly more favourable in the fish fed by diets containing 1.5 -2 % Betaine kg-1 diet compared to those fed by diets containing 0.5 % Betaine kg-1 diet at the end of experimental period. The higest growth performance and nutrient efficiency were also observed in the fish fed by diets containing 1.5-2 % Betaine kg-1 diet. The level of protein in the carcass was significantly increased as a result of adding Betaine to the fish diet. The mean number of white blood cells (WBC), activity of liver enzymes such as Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly lower in the fish fed by diet containing 1.5 and 2 % Betaine kg-1 diet compared to those fed by 0.5 % Betaine kg-1 diet. Consequently, it is suggested to use 1/5-2% Betaine in the food diet of juvenile beluga sinorder to obtain the maximum growth rate, optimized carcass composion, haematologicalparameters.

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of lysine and methionine on growth, nutrient utilization and carcass compositions in beluga, Huso huso. Four experimental soy protein based diets D0 (without lysine or methionine supplementation), D1 (lysine supplementation alone), D2 (methionine supplementation alone) and D3 (both lysine and methionine supplementation) were fed to triplicate groups. 240 fish with average weight of 144.6 ± 4.64 g were fed the experimental diets for 12wk. L-Lysine and DL-methionine were added to the diets containing 344 g kg-1 soybean meals at 22.02 and 12.94 g kg-1 of dry diet respectively. Significant higher weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, condition factor, feed efficiency ratio, whole muscle protein and protein apparent digestibility were observed in fish fed soya protein-based diet supplemented with both lysine and methionine than that of fish of other dietary groups. There were no significant differences among fish fed diet supplemented with either methionine or lysine. Growth performances, feed utilization, carcass composition and apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, lipid and dry matter of fish fed control diet was significantly lower than those of fish fed diet supplemented both lysine and methionine and supplemented with either methionine or lysine. It can be concluded that beluga, fingerlings effectively utilize the supplemental amino acids (L-Lysine at 22.02 g kg-1 dry diet and DL-methionine at 12.94 g kg-1 dry diet) in the diets containing 344 g kg-1 soybean meals for better carcass proximate compositions, growth performance and feed efficiency and utilization.

Inroduction & Present study was carried out in collaboration with culture and propagation section of international research institute of Sturgeon fishes during fall 2014. Growth is one of the most complicated Phenomenons that food quality and quantity as well as ingredient of food are effective in it. Fish resistance level to infections should be improved using immunestimulator such as vitamins to reduce disease risks in fish. Since abnormal levels of vitamin D and Calcium (Ca) is a accidental factor in most of the diseases; so food chain, growth and immune system are a chain cycle that increasing or decreasing of one of them affect to others directly. The aim of present study was to show that there is direct connection between growth parameters and immune system in Acipenserpersicus during 8 weeks.60 fingerlings with mean weight of 18.56 g were divided in to fifteen 50 L tanks each contain 4 fish. 4 experimental diets and 1 control group were designed with three replications. Fish in treatment 1, 2, 3 & 4 feed by 6g/Kg Ca, 3000 IU D, 12 g/Kg Ca and 6g/Kg Ca + 3000 IU D respectively. Fish in control group feed by basal diet without Ca and D. fish weight and length were measured once 2 weeks and growth parameters were calculated. Blood parameters were measured at the end of experiment. Results showed that all growth parameters in treatments1 and 2 were significantly more than other groups (P 0/05).

With regard to increasing the fish meal price, utilization of hygienic and analyzed poultry by product meal as an alternative protein source in diets for Huso huso within growth period were investigated. Six test diets isonitrogenous and isocaleric (contain 42% protein and 20 Mj kg-1 energy) were prepared. Fish meal was substituted by poultry by product at 20% (PBM20), 40% (PBM40), 60% (PBM60), 80% (PBM80) and 100% (PBM100) in base diet, respectively. A total of 180 Huso huso with average (±SD) weight of 107.89±5.9gr were stocked in 18 fiberglass tanks (Voloum:2000 lit,Temperature:20±2C0) and fed satiation to 18 weeks. No significant differences were detected between final weight (FW),weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed (PBM0), (PBM20), (PBM40), (PBM60) and (PBM80) respectively. The Highest protein belonged to fish fed PBM20 (%16.97±0.36) with significant difference with PBM40 (% 15.41 ± 0.67), respectively. Body lipid fish fed PBM80 and PBM100 (%6.63±0.016) (%7.49±0.17) were significantly lower than other treatments. The Synchronic hepatosomatic index increased with increasing poultry by product in diets and highest rate were found in fish fed PBM 100, but except PBM20, visceral index in fish fed other treatments was same. The result showed that up to 80% fish meal could be replaced by poultry by product with no adverse effect on growth and feed conversion ratio for Huso huso within growth period.

Inroduction & A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of lysine and methionine on growthperformance and haemato-biochemical status in beluga, Huso huso. 240 fish with average weight of 144.6 ± 4.64 g were fed one of four the experimental soy protein based diets D0 (without lysine or methionine supplementation), D1 (lysine supplementation alone), D2 (methionine supplementation alone) and D3 (both lysine and methionine supplementation) were fed to triplicate groups for 12wk. L-Lysine and DL-methionine were added to the diets containing 344 g kg-1 soybean meals at 12.02 and 12.94 g kg-1 of dry diet respectively. Significant higher weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, condition factor, feed efficiency ratio, haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell and total blood protein were observed in fish fed soya protein-based diet supplemented with both lysine and methionine than that of fish of other dietary groups. There were no significant differences among fish fed diet supplemented with either methionine or lysine. Growth performances, feed utilization and haemato-biochemical status of fish fed control diet was significantly lower than those of fish fed diet supplemented both lysine and methionine and supplemented with either methionine or lysine. The present study showed that soybeen meal could be included in the beluga diet up to 344 g kg1, to replace 40% of fishmeal supplemented both lysine and methionine without any adverce effect on the growth performances and feed utilization.

The utilization of corn gluten meal (CGM) was evaluated as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in practical diets for beluga Huso huso in growth up stage. Four experimental diets (isonitrogenus and isocaloric, 40 % protein and 18 kj/ g diet) were formulated. Fish meal was replaced by CGM at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% being named as CGM0, CGM20, CGM40 and CGM60, respectively. Fingerlings great sturgeon with an initial body weight of ± 78.876.94gr (mean ±SD) were reared in 12 fiberglass tanks and fed with diets for10 weeks at 20.00± 2 oC. At the end of experiment, growth performance (final weight, body increase weight, specific growth rate) of fish fed CGM20 and CGM40 were significantly higher than fish fed control diet, While feed conversion ratio were lower than fish fed CGM40 and CGM60 compared with control diet. There were not significant difference in condition factor, protein efficiency ratio and body protein in different experimental groups, but body lipid increased as dietary gluten meal increased (P<0.05). Different levels of corn gluten meal did no significantly affect Aspartat amino transferas (AST), Alanin amino transferas (ALT) and Triglyceride, but amount of cholesterol in fish fed diets CGM40 and CGM 60 were significantly lower than control diet (P<0.05). The present study revealed that CGM is a suitable source as replacement with fish meal and might be included in great sturgeon commercial diet up to 60 % with no adverse effect on nutrition efficiency, liver enzymes and biochemical parameters.

In this study، feasibility of replacing fish meal with poultry by product was examined. Six test diet were prepared based on anchovy fish meal (contain 45% protein and 20mj/ kg-1) and poultry by product substituted at levels of 0، 20، 40، 60، 80 and 100%، respectively. 180 fingerling Huso huso were stocked (28. 42±0. 17gr average initial weight) in 18 fiberglass tanks (six treatments and eighteen replicate) and were fed to satiation. At the end of 8 weeks feeding period، there were not significant differences between the final weight، increase body weight and specific growth rate of fish fed to (control)، (PBM20)، (PBM40) and (PBM60) (P>0. 05)، but growth performance were depressed significantly for Huso huso fed PBM80 and PBM100 compared with other treatments (P<0. 05). Replacement of fish meal with poultry by product at level of 60% had not negative effect on total protein (TP)، Albumin (AL)، Triglyceride (TG) and Cholesterol (CL). Also، it was not found any significant increase or decrease in liver catabolic enzymes (Aspartat amino transferase and Alanin Amino Transferase) for fish fed with PBM100 compared to other treatments (P>0. 05). Also، lysozyme were similar between PBM0، PBM20، PBM40 and PBM60 (P>0. 05). The result showed that up to 60% fish meal can be replaced with poultry by product with no adverse effect on growth and feed conversion ratio، immune system، and liver enzymes and is a suitable source for replacement with fish meal for feeding Huso huso in fingerling period.

Fish may experience periods of food deprivation or starvation in nature (such as seasonal migration and reproduction) and under culture conditions (unpredictable stress such as transporting and sorting). With respect to vital role of starvation periods on body composition, the current study was carried out in autumn 2010 at International Sturgeon Research Institute. After adaptation for one month to experimental conditions, 240 experimental fish, with initial body weight of 19.26±0.89 g were randomly distributed in twelve 500 L fiberglass tanks. The control group (C) was fed to apparent satiation throughout the experiment and other three groups were deprived of feed for 2 (T1), 4 (T2) and 8 (T3) days, respectively. At the end of starvation periods, Samples from each treatment for the analyses of body composition (protein, lipid, moisture, fiber, carbohydrate, energy and ash) was collected. The results indicated that different starvation periods did not affect moisture, ash, fiber and carbohydrate values between the treatments and the control group (P> 0.05). Protein value in the fish starved for 2 days was significantly lowers (P< 0.05) than the control fish. Fat value in the fish starved for 2 days was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than the fish starved for 4 and 8 days. Also, energy value varied significantly (P< 0/05) between the control and the fish starved for 8 days. It could be conclude that Siberian sturgeon could adapt to short-term starvation and fish body tried its best through physiological and biological means to buffer the effect of starvation on its body composition.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of short term starvation periods on hematological factors including hemoglobin، hematocrit، red and white blood cells and corpuscle indices (MCV، MCH، and MCHC) of great sturgeon (Huso huso) and Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) with initial body weight of 45±1. 5g and 19. 71±0. 83g، respectively. After adaptation for 10 days with dry diet were randomly divided to three treatments and replicates. The fish were exposed to 3 different feeding regimes: T1 (2 days starvation); T2 (4 days starvation) and T3 (8 days starvation). At the end of each starvation period blood samples were collected from the caudal vein and were immediately transported to the laboratory. The results indicated that different starvation periods did not affect MCV. Red and white blood cells count indicated significant difference (P< 0. 05) between all treatments in both species. Hemoglobin concentration and MCHC of Siberian sturgeon in T2 and T3 and MCH value of Siberian sturgeon in T3 were significantly higher (P< 0. 05) than great sturgeon. Hematocrit value of great sturgeon was significantly higher (P< 0. 05) in T3 than Siberian sturgeon. The current study indicated that white blood cell count in Siberian sturgeon was significantly higher (P< 0. 05) than great sturgeon. It could be concluded that short-term starvation periods weaken the immunological system of cultured juvenile great sturgeon but hematological factors of juvenile Siberian sturgeon were not significantly affected by short-term starvation. Moreover، the observed differences in other hematological factors between two species probably derived from inter species differences.

A 12-week feeding trial was carried out in 500 L fiberglass tanks to evaluate the effect of dietary choline at 0, 2, 4, and 8 g kg -1 levels on growth rate, body composition and total liver lipid of juvenile Acipenser baerii (37.67±0.67 g). A semi purified basal diet was formulated using vitamin free casein and wheat gluten as a protein source, a mixture of animal and plant oils as a lipid source and dextrin as a carbohydrate source. Four isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isoenergetic (18 MJ kg-1) diets were prepared and fed to the fish three times daily to apparent satiation. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly affected by dietary choline (p0.05). Total lipid of liver and plasma, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids levels showed an increasing trend with increasing levels of dietary choline, but not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). Based on the results, we recommend adding a 1.5 gkg-1 choline to commercial diet of juvenile Acipenser baerii.

Microalgae as a source of valuable compounds such as fatty acids are isolated from the natural environments and their mass production with high nutritional value is one the necessities of many hatcheries. The present study aimed to determine the effects of enriched daphnia with microscopic algae on some growth indices and survival rate of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae. Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus were purified and cultured. Then, Daphnia longispina was fed microalgae including Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus enriched with Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The microalgae densityto enrich daphnia was estimated at 5× 107 cells mL-1. Three treatments with three replicates and a control group were considered in this study. A total of 30 Acipenser persicus larvae were allocated to each sixty liters tank. Experimental fish were fed daphnia enriched with Chlorella vulgaris (treatment 1), daphnia enriched with Scenedesmus dimorphus (treatment 2) and daphnia enriched with Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus (at the rates of 50%) (treatment 3). Persian sturgeon larvae in the control group were fed like VNIRO stage from daphnia caught in pond. Larvae were fed 30% of body weight per day for four times. During the experimental period, water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH ranged between 18-24°C, 5.8-7.2 mg l-1 and 5.6-8.2, respectively. The minimum (219 ± 98.4 mg) and maximum (315.16 ± 140.8 mg) mean (±SD) weights were observed in the control group and treatment 3, respectively. The results obtained from the body weight increase (BWI %) revealed that there were significant differences between treatment 3 and other treatments. Highest (4.6±1.13% day-1) and lowest (5.5±1.24% day-1) mean (±SD) specific growth rates (SGR) were recorded in fish fed the control group and treatment 3, respectively. Lowest (68%) and highest (85%) survival rates were recorded in the control group and treatment 3, respectively.

A 4 × 4 factorial design was conducted to quantify the optimum carbohydrate ⁄ lipid ratio to minimize the dietary protein level in growing beluga, Huso huso (initial weight 891.9 ± 33.4 g, mean ± SD). Fish were fed with sixteen experimental diets formulated to contain four protein levels (35, 40, 45 and 50%) and four dietary carbohydrate ⁄ lipid ratios of 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 for 108 days. At the end of trial, there were no significant differences in growth parameters among fish fed with 35, 40 and 45% protein levels. No significant difference in growth parameters and feed efficiency (FE) was also observed when dietary carbohydrate ⁄ lipid ratios decreased from 1.7 to 1.1 within the same energy level (P > 0.05). The highest carcass protein content was observed in fish fed 0.8 and 1.4 carbohydrate to lipid ratio (P

This study was carried out to evaluate the suitability of formulated diets of Acipenser persicus larvae in comparison with live food. This experiment was studied in the International Sturgeon Research Institute. Growth and survival rates of A. persicus larvae produced from the same female breeder were studied through a period of 40 days. The larvae under study were fed formulated diets (Feed B=diet which was produced in the International Sturgeon Research Institute; Feed C=diet which was imported from France; Feed E=diet which was imported from Belgium) without going through a period of adaptation. The initial weight of larvae (mean±SD) in the experimental group was 121.7±17 mg and their final weight was 1181.4±216 mg. Fish showed normal distribution in terms of initial weight and length. The significant differences of growth and survival were observed among all experimental groups (P<0.05). The results obtained from the experiment revealed that the control and Feed E diets had a significant effect on growth and survival rates of A.persicus larvae. The larvae fed Feed C showed the best feeding and growth indices during a period of 40 days; however the survival rate during 40 days was lower in larvae fed Feed C compared with others. Minimum survival rate belonged to fish fed Feed C (16.5 %), whereas maximum survival rate were reported in the control group. Formulated diets have a poor effect on A. persicus larvae feeding.

The Effect of starvation interrals on hematological factors including hemoglobin, hematocrit, red (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) count and corpuscle indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri, with an initial body weight of 19.71±0.83g was studied in a flow-through rearing system. After adaptation for one week to experimental conditions, 15 experimental fish were randomly distributed each in twelve 500L fiberglass tanks and were subjected to 4 different feeding regimes: C, control (fed four times daily); T1 (2 days starvation); T2 (4 days starvation) and T3 (8 days starvation). At the end of the starvation periods, blood samples were collected from the caudal vein and were immediately transported to the laboratory for analyses. Hematocrit value in the control group was significantly lower (P<0.05) than the fish starved for 2 days. MCHC value in the control group was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than the fish starved for 2 days. Hemoglobin concentration, RBC and WBC counts, MCV and MCH did not show any significant difference between the treatments and the control group (P>0.05). WBC count decreased with longer starvation periods, though not significant (P>0.05). It could be concluded that hematological factors of juvenile Siberian sturgeon were not significantly affected by short-term starvation. But analysis of these factors alone might not give a clear picture of the physiological condition of fish and hence the use of other blood physiological factors is suggested in future studies.

Culture of sturgeon species is of great economic and ecological importance for those countries such as Iran whose natural stocks have declined. This species has shown a good growth performance in many types of production systems and in tanks with different sizes. Recently, sturgeon species is also offering good prospects for aquaculture in north of Iran, including: Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. Several species of sturgeon are now considered attractive candidates for whole-cycle production in Iran. Production analysis may help manager of a sturgeon farm in decision making and in adjusting to changes. Economic assessment provides a basis not only for decision making among farm managers but also for formulating government aquaculture policies. Over the period 2006, based on previous experiments with cultured cam, shrimp and trout farming, total costs, total income, profitability and the contribution of production costs for sturgeon farming were determined by completing questi.....