خدیجه حاتمی پور

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the training of small groups with competitive practice in teaching the course of research method by experience of undergraduate nursing students at Tonekabon Islamic Azad University. This study was carried out qualitatively (content analysis) and in two stages. The first stage was to investigate the need to change the teaching method in the nursing research course in the research population. In the next stage, teaching was done in the form of small groups with competitive exercises in classrooms. The study population consisted of all nursing students of the Tonekabon Islamic Azad University Faculty of Medical Sciences. The criteria for entering the study were to choose the course of the research method and not to participate in the research methodology workshops before entering the study. The data gathering method was a deep semi-structured interview conducted with each student until data saturation was achieved. Sampling was purposeful. Participants were selected from volunteers after being invited to collaborate. Their number was 22, and after completing the full knowledge of the study and its objectives, they signed the consent form. Themes resulted from about 213 initial code related to the subject. With the continuation of work and systematic comparisons and integration of these themes, 6 themes and 24 sub themes emerged from experience and view of the students. The main themes were: a vibrant class, the immediate use of learning in action, collective problem-solving learning, unique learning, research spirit, ability to interact with others in the learning process. The motivation, interest, and skill acquired through this method will increase self-esteem and interest in learning actively in learners especially through competitive exercises, which will enhance the mentality of scholarship in addition to developing a search spirit.

Women with depression are falling in terms of psychological especially in the field of spiritual intelligence, health concern and psychological distress and one of the effective methods in improving the psychological characteristics is emotion regulation training method. Present study aimed to investigate the effect of emotion regulation training on spiritual intelligence, health concern and psychological distress in women with depression.

This study was semi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design with an experimental and control groups. The research population was women with depression referred to psychological services clinics of Ahvaz city in 2018 year, who among them 50 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced into two equal groups (each group 25 people). The experimental group received eight sessions of 90 minute for two months (one session a week) emotion regulation training and the control group placed on the waiting list for training. Data were collected by questionnaires of demographic profile, depression, spiritual intelligence, health concern and psychological distress and were analyzed with multivariate analysis of covariance method in the SPSS-18 software.

The findings showed that before training there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of spiritual intelligence, health concern and psychological distress (P>0/05), but after training there was a significant difference between groups in terms of all three variables (P<0/001). Based on the results of multivariate analysis of covariance, the emotion regulation training led to increased spiritual intelligence (F=107/15, P<0/001) and decreased health concern (F=139/64, P<0/001) and psychological distress (F=142/28, P<0/001) in women with depression.

The results indicated the effect of emotion regulation training on increasing spiritual intelligence and decreasing health concern and psychological distress in women with depression. Therefore, it is recommended that therapists and clinical psychologists use emotion regulation training along with other methods such as mindfulness training or acceptance and commitment training to increase spiritual intelligence and decrease health concern and psychological distress, especially in women with depression.

Obese females have a lot of physical and psychological problems, and in this field, strength training with an elastic band can help. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of strength training with elastic band on Body Mass Index, quality of life, and psychological well-being in obese females.

This study was quasi-experimental with a pre and post-test design with experimental and control groups. The research population was obese females referring to nutritional clinics of Qarchak city in 2018, who, among them, 40 females were selected by the available sampling method and randomly divided into two equal groups. The experimental group received two months (three sessions a week) the strength training with the elastic band by exercise instructor and the control group placed on the waiting list for training. Data were collected by instruments of body mass index and quality of life and psychological well-being questionnaires and were analyzed in the SPSS-18 software with multivariate analysis of covariance method.

The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in all three variables of body mass index, quality of life, and psychological well-being. In other words, the strength training with the elastic band led to a decrease in body mass index (F = 388.761) and increase the quality of life (F = 167.168) and psychological well-being (F = 175.576) in obese females (P < 0.05).

It is recommended that nutritionists and coaches of sports clubs use from strength training with the elastic band method along with other ways to improve the body mass index, quality of life, and psychological well-being of obese females.

Nurses due to rotational shifts and job stress face to health problem and relationship with spouse, and of the ways to improve health and psychological characteristics is positive thinking training method. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of positive thinking group training on psychological well-being, positive meta-emotion and couple relationship quality in nurses.

Present study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with control group. The research population was female nurses of Shahid Mofatteh and 15 Khordad hospitals of Varamin city in the spring of 2019 year. The research sample was 30 persons who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into two equal groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes the positive thinking group training and the control group no received training. Data were collected by the questionnaires of psychological well-being, positive meta-emotion and couple relationship quality and in SPSS version 19 analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance method.

The findings showed that in pre-test stage there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of psychological well-being, positive meta-emotion and couple relationship quality (P>0.05), but in post-test stage there was a significant difference between the groups in all three variables (P<0.001). In the other words, positive thinking group training led to significant increase the psychological well-being (F=129.645, P<0.001), positive meta-emotion (F=118.679, P<0.001) and couple relationship quality (F=112.320, P<0.001) in nurses.

The results indicated the effect of positive thinking group training on improving the psychological well-being, positive meta-emotion and couple relationship quality in nurses. Therefore, it is recommended to use positive thinking group training to improve the health-related characteristics, especially the psychological well-being, positive meta-emotion and couple relationship quality.

This research aimed to determine the effect of social skills training on stress, marital adjustment and social well-being in nurses. Present study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The research population was married nurses of Shahid Mofateh and Panzdah Khordad hospitals of Varimin city in 2019 year. The research sample was 50 nurses who were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced into two groups of 25 persons. The experimental group trained 8 sessions of 90 minutes social skills and control group didn’t receive any training. To collected data used from the stress questionnaire (Cohen & et al, 1983), marital adjustment questionnaire (Spanier, 1976) and social well-being subscale (Keyes & Magyar-Moe, 2003). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance method with SPSS versions 21 software. The Findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test in terms of stress, marital adjustment and social well-being. In the other words, the social skills training method led to decrease stress and increase marital adjustment and social well-being in nurses (P<0/05). Therefore it is suggested that therapists to decrease stress and increase marital adjustment and social well-being used from social skills training method.

In recently years the elderly population has great grown and aging is one of the sensitive periods in life which the health of individuals in that is reduced. Also, sport exercises have an important role in the prevention and management of diseases of this period. For this purpose, the aim of this study was determine the effect of Tai Chi Chuan exercises on happiness, sleep quality and blood pressure in elderly women.

This research was a quasi-experimental from type of pre-test and post-test with control group. The research population was elderly women who members of the Education retirees association of Varamin county in 2018 year. The research sample was 60 people that selected by purposive sampling and assigned randomly to two experimental and control groups (each group 30 people). The experimental group trained Tai Chi Chuan exercises 24 sessions of 45 minutes (weekly three sessions) and the control group placed in the waiting list. The data collected by the questionnaires of happiness and sleep quality and blood pressure measured by scorpion barometer and analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance method with the SPSS software version twenty one.

There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of the happiness, sleep quality and blood pressure. In the other words, the Tai Chi Chuan exercises led to increase happiness (F=212/94) and decrease undesirable sleep quality (F=93/17) and systolic blood pressure (F=41/25) of elderly women (P<0/001).

The results showed that the Tai Chi Chuan exercises led to increase happiness and decrease undesirable sleep quality and blood pressure of elderly women. Therefore, it is recommended that from the mentioned method as a one of the safe and affordable methods of complementary medicine used to improve the health of the elderly.

General health is one of the important psychological characteristics. The most important variables related to nurse's general health include social capital and organizational citizenship behavior. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social capital and organizational citizenship behavior with nurse's general health.
This descriptive, analytical and correlational study was conducted on all nurses of governmental hospitals in west Mazandaran in 2016. Two hundred nurses were selected by the stratified random sampling method and completed the questionnaires of general health, social capital and organizational citizenship behavior. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression models with a step by step model by the SPSS 19 software.
The results showed a negative significant relationship between social capital and organizational citizenship behavior with the nurse's general health. The high score in the general health questionnaire was meant as low in general health. Thus, by increasing social capital and organizational citizenship behavior, the general health of nurses will increase. Also, the variables were able to predict 33.7% of changes in general health of nurses. The share of organizational citizenship behavior was greater than social capital (P It is suggested that planners, counselors, and therapists take care about the signs of the variables of organizational citizenship behavior and social capital, and then design and implement appropriate programs to improve the general health of nurses.

Nurses are face a lot of stress, because the sensitivity job. Job’s stresses could led to increase depression and decrease quality of life. This research aimed to investigate the effect of group schema therapy on decrease depression symptom and increase quality of life among nurses.
This was a semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. Forty women’s nurse selected from all hospitals women’s nurses of Varamin city and randomly was replaced into two equal groups. The intervention group educated 10 sessions of 80 minutes by group schema therapy method. Data collecting instrument were included the questionnaires of Beck and Clarck’s depression and World Health Organization’s quality of life. Data was analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance method and with using SPSS (Ver., 19) software.
The findings showed before the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of depression and quality of life was 37/60±6/34 and 71/89±11/32 respectively, but after the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of them became 25/89±3/80 and 85/33±9/71 respectively. Also, there was a significant difference between intervention and control groups in the depression and quality of life. The group schema therapy revealed the decrease depression symptoms (F=35/738) and increase quality of life (F=23/451) of nurses (P The results indicate the importance of group schema therapy in decreasing depression and increasing quality of life of nurses. Therefore, nurses could use from group schema therapy method to reduce depression symptoms and improve quality of life.

Health care behavior is one of the major criteria for determining the health which improves the health and quality of life. This behavior helps the quality of life and having a good performance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health behavior and academic performance of elementary school students. This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 427 primary school students through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using Palang health behavior questionnaire. Academic performance was evaluated from mean score of students. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that there was a significant relationship between academic performance and health behavior of the students in the field of personal health care (r = 0.402, p = 0.001), nutrition (r = 0.546, p = 0.001), exercise (r = 0.389, p = 0.001), sleep (r = 0.332, p = 0.001) and stress control (r = 0.515, p = 0.001). The dimensions of health behavior can be a predictor of academic performance. Among them, stress control than the other dimensions plays an important role. According to the findings, it is suggested that planned measures should be taken to train the health behaviors to the students in educational policy for their learning promotion.

Diabetes is a metabolic disease with several psychological outcomes. One of the important indicators of diabetes treatment and control is enhancement of psychological state of patients with diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral training on aggression and emotional maturity of female adolescents with type I diabetes for assessing a new approach of care and nursing.
This semi-experimental study had a pretest-post-test design. The study population included all the female adolescents with type I diabetes referred to health care centers of Shahr-e-Ray in 2015. Totally, 30 patients were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two equal groups. The experimental group received cognitive behavioral training during 10 sessions (each sessions 70 minute). The experimental and control groups completed the aggression and emotional maturity questionnaires at pre- and post-test. The data were analyzed through analysis of covariance in SPSS, version 19.
There was a significant difference between the mean score of aggression and emotional maturity of the two groups, that is, cognitive behavioral training significantly decreased aggression and increased emotional maturity among female adolescents with type I diabetes (P≤0/01).
The results showed that cognitive behavioral training had a significant effect on aggression and emotional maturity of female adolescents with type I diabetes. Counselors and therapists can use this method to lower aggression and enhance emotional maturity.

The spiritual health is the only forced goal that affects on physical, psychological and social dimensions of human wellbeing. Creating and maintaining spiritual well-being plays an important role in reducing the anxiety of students. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual health and anxiety of nursing students at the beginning of the hospital training.
The present study is a descriptive- correlational study that was conducted in the cross sectional form. In this study, 189 nursing students were selected by simple random method. Data gathering was done using Paloutzian-Ellison spiritual health questionnaire and Beck anxiety questionnaire. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and Z Fisher tests and SPSS software version 18.
Most of the students had high spiritual health (69.3 percent). The majority of students (41.8 percent) had mild anxiety. There was negative and significant relationship between the spiritual health of students with anxiety at the beginning of training (r=-0.255, p The findings showed an increase in spiritual health, especially the religious health, can reduce the anxiety of students at the beginning of hospital training. Policy makers and executives of educational programs in nursing and midwifery should provide appropriate content and learning environment and use effective teaching strategies to promote the spiritual health of students during the educational course.

Understanding the spiritual needs of patients can affect the method of having therapeutic relationship with patients and also on the method of providing spiritual care for the patients. This study has been done as a qualitative research with the approach of content analysis, and with the goal of determining spiritual needs of patients with cancer in Iran. The participants were 18 patients with cancer that had been admitted since March to September 2013 in Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran.

The sampling started focused on the goal and it continued up to the data satisfaction. We used the interview method for gathering the information, and then formative content analysis was used to analysis the data. Then the internal themes were extracted.

611 primary codes were specified, and then by analyzing the data, the internal structure of religion was extracted. It has 3 categories included the role of religious beliefs, relationship with God, need to worship. The subcategories included believe, faith, closeness to the God, trust in God, pray, worship and doing the religious ceremony.

Religion was effective and a motivating factor in patients with cancer. This study showed that Iranians are religious people, based on the cultural conditions, and they rely on religion to cope better with crisis. Having more religious beliefs can reduce the mental health problems, increases the coping and help the patients maintain their hope. The results of this research can be used by nursing managers to plan holistic care in this group of patients.

Nurses are one the important groups in patients’ recovery and safety and have an important role in the reduction of their mortality. The aim of the study was to identify nurses’ perceptions of patient safety culture in Mazandaran‘s hospitals. It was a descriptive correlational study which has been done in a two month period in the hospitals of Tonekabon, Chaloos, and Ramsar. The sample was recruited by census (n= 456). Data was collected by Persian version of HSOPS, developed by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) that measures 12 dimensions of patient safety culture, and analysed by descriptive statistics and t- test, one way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS-PC (v. 16). Amongst the 12 dimensions of AHRQ, the nurses assigned the highest score to "team work within units" (4/02 ± 0/98) and "Organizational learning-continuous development" (4/06± 0/75). They assigned the least score to “Staff” (2/39±1/11) and “non-punitive response to error” (2/53±0/98). Nurses (%53/7) reported 1-2 errors during the last year. There were significant negative correlations between the dimension of "team work within units”, age, and years of experience (P< 0/05). It seems the patient safety culture requires some modifications to be able to create a safer clinical environment. It is suggested that punitive culture be replaced with non -punitive culture so that health care staff share their clinical errors.

Backgrounds and Objective; Existence of suitable leadership style helps correctperformance of nurses who are the most specialized personnel in hospital and performance improvement results in the development of quality and reliability of the supervision and makes them responsible for their performance. This study was carried out to determine the effect of servant leadership style on the nurses’ performance. Materials a the current research is a correlation study which was conducted in tonekabon and ramsar hospitals. Subjects of this study were nurses of these two hospitals who met the requirements of the characteristics of research samples and ware randomly selected. In this study first the nurses’ leadership style was examined regarding the adaptation rate with the servant leadership indexes. Then, its effete on the nurses’ performance was determined. In this way, after distributing the questionnaire for determining servant leaders, 10 subjects were assigned to each of these two groups, one observing servant leadership style, and the other non servant leadership one, to homogenize subjects, 150 nurses (75 in experimental group, 75 in control group) responded the questionnaires. First, the degree of demographics variables was determined by the use of descriptive statics and annual evaluation used for determining nurses’ performances. Then independent t-test was used for comparing the score of the two groups, and independent t-test and ANOVA were used for determining the effect of demographic characteristics of head nurses on the servant leadership style. Data analysis by means of independent t-test showed significant difference at the mean of nurses annual performance evaluation score in the two experimental and control groups (p<0.05). Nurses annual evaluation score mean obtained using independent t-test by considering their gender (p=0.31) marital status (P=0.17), educational degree (p=0.44) wasn’t significant. Further more, ANOVA test didn’t show any significant difference between nurses annual performance evaluation scare in fourfold age groups and fourfold groups of service yours (P=0.59). ANOVA test also showed that servant leadership style had great effect on the nurses performance (P=0.01). These results are applied to each of performance parameters. considering the importance of servant leadership style in hospitals, the head nurses who particularly make use of the results of this study for managing the respective ward can be successful and this is possible through teaching them the most effective methods.

Pain is one of the most common problems for which human have always been looking for efficient treatment. Several different factors may cause pain, but one of the most widespread reason is the application of some treatments and nursing measures such as intramuscular injection. The present study was designed to compare between the intensity of pain due to intramuscular injection by two different Z- track and Air lock method. In this semi-experimental study, 60 volunteer female nursing students were included. The subject was injected with one milliliter of sterilized water two times within 24 hours: the first injection by Z method and the second one by the Air lock method. The intensity of pain was measured two times by a scale graded from zero to ten. The results were compared by using descriptive statistics and independent t-test by SPSS 12 software. Our findings showed that the mean of pain intensity in Z method was 1.80 ± 1.90, and raised to 3.13 ± 2.33 in Air lock method. Moreover, the intensity of pain in these two different methods had significant difference (p <0.01). These results indicated that the pain caused by Z method is less than the pain felt through Air lock method. With respecting to these results the Z method is proposed as preferred method for intramuscular injections.

Mercury is a dangerous substance for human health and mercury thermometers are major pollutant for environment. Using less dangerous and less expensive devices like digital thermometer can be an alternative for mercury thermometers. The aim of this study was to compare the body temperature measurement by mercury and digital thermometer. In this descriptive- analytical study, 542 patients (331 Female and 211 Males) were selected through convenience sampling. Data was gathered by demographic information form. Body temperature was measured simultaneously by digital and mercury thermometer while each thermometer was placed axillary, and after 5 minutes they were read by a nurse. The mean temperature measured by mercury and digital thermometer was 36.48 ± 0.84 and 36.51 ± 0.87, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference between measurement by mercury and digital thermometer. For detecting fever, digital thermometer had 85.4% and 95.7% sensitivity and specificity respectively. Positive and negative predictive value for digital thermomentr were 81.1% and 96.8%, respectively. Regarding low sensitivity of digital thermometer, it can be concluded that mercury thermometer is still suitable device to detect fever.

Quality of life in congestive heart failure (CHF) patient’s comrade with declines mortality, psychosocial, physical and social restriction due to inability effect of the disease. So, the aim of this study was the assessment effected continuous caring and educational intervention (home visit) on quality of life in the CHF patients. In a clinical trial study, a total of 110 patients were selected and accidentally were put in two groups (experimental and control). Each group was equalized based on sex, age, education, living place, heart failure and ejection fraction. Then, experimental group was educated about heart failure disease, drugs being used, self care plan and life style that this educational plan followed by three home visits. In all of the patients, quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) was filled in two steps, in first study and six months after discharge. Data were analyzed using independent and pair t-tests. Before intervention, the results indicated that there was no difference in two groups base on six, age, education, living place, cardiac failure degree, ejection fraction and quality of life main score (P<0.05). But after the intervention, quality of life main score in domains physical function, limitations in usual role activities because of physical health problems, vitality, social function, body pain and general health in intervention group were greater than control group (P<0.05). Pair t-test was detected quality of life main score after six months was increased in the intervention group and decreased in the control group (P<0.05). Our results show that, nursing intervention and education in congestive heart failure patients base on need and life style improve physical status and quality of life of these patients.