داود شجاعی زاده

The most common type of violence against women is violence committed by a life partner, which is referred to as domestic violence or violence by an intimate partner. Women victims of domestic violence often suffer from physical injuries and many chronic health problems. Domestic violence can lead to a 50-70% increase in central nervous system problems, mental and emotional health disorders, increase in suicide attempts, substance addiction and antisocial personality disorders in women (1).If violent behavior against women occurs within the framework of the family and between husband and wife, it is interpreted as domestic violence (2). Domestic violence is the most common form of violence, with the highest probability of repetition, the least report to the police and the most social, psychological and economic complications, which is often committed by the closest family member (such as the husband) (3).Since the family consists of a husband and wife and the relations of its members are within the framework of the system of choosing a spouse (marital relations) and the system of mutual relations so that people can meet each other's needs, so the family is a unit that has many social roles. and the mutual relationship of its members is formed based on the foundations and cultural needs of the society (4).Considering the above and the negative impact of domestic violence on individual and social life on the one hand and identifying the factors affecting domestic violence on the other hand, and since by reviewing the research done inside and outside the country, research on the topic in question has been carried out. It has not been done, so the researcher is trying to answer the question, what are the qualitative factors affecting domestic violence against women?

This research is approved by the code of ethics IR.IAU.SRB.REC.1400.225 from Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Unit. To conduct the current qualitative research, which was conducted with a focus on grounded theory tradition. Among the abused women between the ages of 25 and 50 who referred to comprehensive urban health centers, the sampling was continued until the discovery and analysis process reached the theoretical saturation point. In-depth personal interview was also the technique used in this study, which was carried out in the form of a telephone and face-to-face interview according to the conditions and nature of the research. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part was using the theoretical coding method (derived from the grounded theory theorizing method).

According to the results of table (1), after coding the conducted interviews, it was determined that 144 primary concepts (open code) were extracted regarding the factors affecting violence against women. The obtained results also showed that the mental imbalance of the spouse was chosen as the most important factor of violence against women with 12.33%. According to 22.8% of women in the sample, traditional and patriarchal attitude is one of the most important reasons for violence against women. Also, humiliation and insult of women and lack of behavioral control are also the most important factors related to violence against women with 7.53 and 6.53 percent. According to the obtained results, it can be seen that 6 selective codes and 22 core codes have been extracted. In the following, the diagram of selected and central codes is drawn.Based on the available evidence and research findings, it can be said that poverty, unemployment and unfavorable economic situation provide conditions for pressure on families and individuals (especially men). Therefore, inappropriate economic conditions lead to family violence. For this reason, the possibility of aggression in men who are unemployed or have little income, due to social pressures and tensions and feeling weak and unable to take care of the family, is more than others.

The obtained results also showed that the mental imbalance of the spouse was chosen as the most important factor of violence against women with 12.33%. According to 22.8% of women in the sample, traditional and patriarchal attitude is one of the most important reasons for violence against women. Also, humiliation and insult of women and lack of behavioral control are the most important factors related to violence against women with 7.53 and 6.53 percent. According to the obtained results, it can be seen that 6 selective codes and 22 core codes have been extracted. The obtained results were similar to the results of the present study by Naeem and Rezaei Sharif (2018) (8).The more the level of literacy and knowledge of women increases; Their ability to deal with injuries increases. In the study by Kaskov and Parcell (2020), it was also found that unemployed men subject their wives to violence more than employed men. In a study in China, men's refusal to finance the family was the strongest factor affecting the occurrence of domestic violence. In this study, it was also suggested that men's managerial or high-ranking jobs are a protective factor in preventing domestic violence. The widespread prohibition of women from social activities with 17.24% is the most important factor, the loss of self-esteem in women and the lack of family support are also in the next ranks with 13.79%.In line with the study of Ahmed Hamed al-Dosari (2016), it was concluded that women's employment is effective in increasing household income and reducing the level of violence. In the current study, there was a significant relationship between women's employment and physical and psychological violence. Also, the findings of the research show that the history of parental misbehavior and witnessing violent behavior in childhood is one of the predictors of family violence. Women who had disordered families, and those who were victims of violence in their childhood, are likely to appear in the role of victims or perpetrators of violence as a result of the learning process in their family life. According to Bandura, children learn how to be violent from their parents. According to the theory of intergenerational transmission, which is based on the theory of social learning, people who experience or witness violence in the family when they are young are more likely to use it in adulthood (10).

Nosocomial infection is a health problem in all countries. Considering the role of midwives in controlling nosocomial infection, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on model on preventive behaviors of nosocomial infection by Babol hospitals midwives was done.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with intervention and control group. The interventions were performed in three 40-minute sessions in the Shahid Yahya Nejad Hospital in April and May 2017. The data collection tool was a structure Health Belief Model based(Awareness, structure Health Belief Model and behavior) on a questionnaire completed Its validity and reliability were assessed two months before and one month after Midwives who met the inclusion criteria education. Data were collected and analyzed by SPSS software v. 24 by Anova , T-test and ANCO one-way Covariance tests.

This research paper has been approved by the ethics committee IR.IAU.TMU.REC.1398.068 and informed consent will be taken from the participants in the study the information will remain confidential.

Before the intervention, the two groups did not differ significantly in terms of, mean scores of different model structures. After intervention, there was a significant difference in the mean and standard deviation of the effect of education on knowledge score (1.0±0.3), perceived sensitivity (2.8±1.5), perceived severity (3.6±1.7) Perceived barriers (-6.4±1.3), perceived benefits (5.1±4), self-efficacy (4.6 ± 2.6) and behavior( 3.1±1.1) was seen in the intervention group (P>0.05).

By increasing the scores obtained from the structures Especially self-efficacy and reduction of perceived barriers, designing and implementing an educational program based on model in midwives can increase their performance regarding the prevention of nosocomial infections.

Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic bone diseases. Given most health problems are closely related to human behavior, theories and patterns of behavior are used to prevent health problems. All constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) are belief-based, examining different factors. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the application of the TPB in the prevention of osteoporosis in women referring to comprehensive health service centers in Tehran in 2019-2020.

This quasi-experimental interventional study was conducted in 2019on 80 women aged 18-29 years referring to Tehran comprehensive health service centers. The participants were divided into two groups of control (40 people) and intervention (40 people). The data were collected before and one month after the intervention using demographic questionnaires and the TPB constructs. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using descriptive and analytical statistics.

The results showed that there was a significant difference in the mean scores of attitude, abstract norm, behavioral intention, and behavior of the intervention group after the educational intervention compared to the control group (p <0.05). However, the mean score of perceived behavior control was not significantly different before and after the intervention (P = 0.15).

Based on the results of this study, the educational intervention of this theory can be used as a suitable theoretical framework for designing and implementing interventions for the prevention of osteoporosis.

In recent years, women's experience of disrespect and misconduct during childbirth has been raised as a significant problem around the world. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of disrespectful maternity care and its associated factors.

This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 on 357 mothers who gave birth at hospitals affiliated to TUMS. The data collection tool included socio-demographic characteristics form, and the disrespectful maternity care questionnaire, measuring various domains of abuse. The questionnaire was completed by interviewing mothers. Data was analyzed using descriptive tests, Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression through the SPSS software version 24.

All participants reported at least one form of disrespect, of which “not allowing for mobility, fluid and companion” was the most prevalent (99.7%) and “stigma and discrimination” was the least prevalent (4.5%). Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between older age, ethnic minority, primiparity, higher socioeconomic status, delivery time (night, day) and a history of illness with more experience of different forms of disrespect.

This study confirmed a relatively high prevalence of disrespectful maternity care in hospitals based on international standards, which requires serious and prompt attention of top-level managers to take action to eliminate or limit this type of behavior.

Addicts are one of the carriers of HIV/AIDS who should be trained to prevent this transmission. Due to the importance of education in the prevention of HIV / AIDS, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of education based on the theory of planned behavior in the prevention of AIDS.

This quasi-experimental study was performed in 2019-2020 on 100 addicts referred to addiction treatment centers (DIC) in Sari who were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were gathered in two phases (before and two months after implementing the intervention) using a designed questionnaire to measure the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs fill for both groups. The educational intervention was designed in four educational sessions (one-hour) according to the results obtained in the pre-test and was performed for the intervention group. Data were analyzed using the statistical tests in the SPSS-23.

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the structures of the theory of planned behavior between the two groups (p>0.05), but after the intervention, attitude scores from 18.12±4.96 to 21.92 ±6.62, abstract norms from 19.38 ±3.62 to 22.66 ±5.38, perceived behavioral control from 17.85 ±4.92 to 20.61 ±6.13, behavioral intention from 12.42 ± 4.62 to 15.44 ±6.65 and behavior from 12.40 ±4.34 to 16.38 ±6.47 in the experimental group (p< 0.05).

The results of the present study showed that the educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior is effective in preventive behaviors of AIDS in addicts. Due to the significant effect of the intervention on the structures of the theory of planned behavior, education based on this theory can be used as a framework for designing and implementing educational interventions to prevent HIV/AIDS among addicts.

Drug and psychotropic use have undesirable and devastating effects on the human body and soul that lead to an increase in family and social insecurity. Due to the difficulty of treatment, addiction prevention is always emphasized in the studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planning behavior on the prevention of psychotropic abuse among female high school students in Ilam, Iran, during 2018.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 120 students who were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups in the academic year of 2018-19. The data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior, which was used after the confirmation of validity and reliability at pretest and posttest. The educational content was designed based on the theory of planned behavior, and the outcome of the preliminary data was analyzed and administered in five sessions of intervention. The posttest was performed one month after the training, and the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) through the Shapiro-Wilk test, independent t-test, and paired t-test.

The results of covariance analysis and paired t-test showed the significance of the educational intervention in raising the awareness about the behavior of students in Ilam regarding the prevention of psychotropic abuse at an error level of less than 1%. Moreover, the educational intervention was effective in promoting abstract norms and the behavioral intention of students in Ilam, Iran, regarding the prevention of psychotropic abuse at an error level of less than 1%.

Educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior has effects on the prevention of psychoactive substance abuse in the intervention group. Therefore, it is recommended that education officials and other relevant institutions make use of educational techniques based on the behavior change patterns, life skills training, and student empowerment in order to prevent addiction.

The outstanding spiritual persons with spiritual health have prominent and excellent characteristics in the Holy Quran and Islamic teachings. Verse 29 of Raad Sura from the Holy Quran, introduces these instances, beautifully.  “Those who believe in God and work righteousness, is [every] blessedness, and beautiful place of [final] return. The exemplary aspects and religious models of Islamic spiritual health are summarized.

This article prepared from panel of the sixth Islamic Spiritual Health Conference which was held in March 2019 and completed by using library studies.

Throughout the history of Islam from the first to the contemporary, we find many prominent personalities, inspirational scientists, physicians and spiritual persons in the Islam and Iran culture and civilization. These examples of Islamic spiritual health are objective and effective models in different aspects of life including ethical, educational, scientific and professional behavior and lifestyle.

Human needs a practical model for moving to future. Therefore, the most natural, most effective and fastest method of training is the model method, which presents examples and the practical education. The role of models is the most sensitive of educational role which competent models lead people to excellence and corrupt models lead them to corruption. Recognition of the obvious and hidden characteristics of models life and introducing them to community is needed to promote Islamic spiritual health and is more effective than other promotional methods.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of educational program based on the theory of planned behavior in preventing smoking in students.
This research was a kind of method and in terms of collecting data in a semi experimental field. The research population was high school students in the district of Tehran, and a sample of 84 subjects was selected for each intervention and control group. The instrument of this study was a questionnaire of the proposed theory of cigarette smoking prevention from a sample of questionnaires used in the studies of Brothey et al., Abedini and colleagues, including 33 items that confirmed their reliability and reliability. The intervention included improving the attitude and abstract norms of smoking prevention behaviors in 4 training sessions of 60 minutes and 1 month (one session per week). Finally, to determine the normality of the skidding-elongation test, using independent t-test, chi-square and variance analysis to determine the hypotheses of the research, using normal t-test.
The findings of the study showed that planned behavior had a significant effect on knowledge, negative attitude, mental norms, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention and behavior (P < 0.05).
Based on the findings, it is suggested that by using education based on the theory of planned behavior that emphasizes on the important psychological factors of behavior or change, one can be aware of smoking, abstract norms and perceived behavioral control and improved overall smoking prevention behavior.

Domestic violence during pregnancy poses the mothers to physical and mental health problems in the future. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of domestic violence on postpartum depression among the women referring to the healthcare centers in Rey city, Iran.
This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 females referring to the healthcare centers of Rey city in 2016. The study population was selected through convenience sampling technique. The data were collected using a questionnaire including three parts, including demographic information (10 items), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and standard questionnaire of domestic violence. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 22) using t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.
There was a significant positive association between physical violence and postpartum depression (P0.05).
As the findings indicated, physical violence could lead to the enhancement of postpartum depression among the women. Therefore, it is essential to take some measures targeted toward the reduction of physical violence by using appropriate educational and interventional approaches and encouraging the healthcare workers to establish an intimate relationship with the pregnant women.

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional problem in the world and is one of the main cause of anemia, especially in girls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational intervention program based on Health Belief Model (HBM) to increase preventive manners against iron-deficiency.
Material and This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 128 female students of high schools in the second grade Friedan city in 2015. They were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, HBM constructs and health performance questionnaires which were used after confirmation of validity and reliability of the tool. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired and independent t-test in SPSS 22 software.
Before training, there was not a significant difference in the mean scores of the health belief model constructs and health function between two groups, (p > 0.05). But three months after intervention, the mean scores of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, perceived self-efficacy, practice guidance and health performance were significantly different between two groups (p Education based on HBM has been effective in promoting the preventive behaviors of iron deficiency anemia, therefore this model can be used as a framework for designing and performing education interventions to prevent iron deficiency anemia.

All around the world, cardiovascular disease is the main reason of mortality and disability, due to importance of teacher’s role in health promotion. This research aimed at determining the Health Belief Model constructs to prevent cardiovascular disease among boys high schools teachers in Deloran in 2014.
This cross-sectional study performed among 78 of 10th grade teachers in Dehloran city which setected by census sampling method. The research’s questionnaire included demographic information and items of six HBM constructs , which its validity has carried out by expert panel of health education. Meanwhile to determine reliability Cronbach’s alpha coefficient separately for each component usedand the Cronbach's alpha range was from 0.64-0.89. The collected data analyzed by SPSS version16 using cross suitable statistical tests.
Findings: the average of teacher's BMI was 24.84. seventy five percent of participants were experts and 91% were married. Average score of cues to ation was 1.47 ± 0.32 and self- efficacy was 1.84 ± 0.69 . There was a significant correlation between the perceived suseptibility, job experience with self-efficacy, marital status with perceived benefits (PDiscussion & The results revealed components status had undesirable in cues to action and action and self-efficacy. This important issue indicates the necessity of planning to improve the self-efficacy and cues to action among teachers.

Smoking is a common health problem which has involved many young people in the society. This study was done to assess the effect of a health education program considered based on the health belief model (HBM) to improve smoking preventive behaviors among 3rd-grade high school students in Nowshahr city, north of Iran.
This study was a quasi-experimental study in was performed on 280 male students of 3rd-grade high schools of Nowshahr city; they were randomly allocated into experimental and control groups. Data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire including 40 questions based on health belief model (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers to smoking, and cues to action) and preventive behaviours of smoking. After data collection in the first phase, health educational intervention was implemented in the second phase. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18 with descriptive and inferential (Chi Square, independent t and pair t) tests.
The mean score of all HBM constructs in experimental group after applying health educational intervention compared with before the implementing the intervention was significantly different (p 0.05). Moreover, the mean score of all parts of HBM constructs after the intervention was significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group (p 0.05).
Implementing smoking preventive actions is effective on smoking preventive behaviors among high school students. Therefore, smoking prevention programs should be started before and during the high school period.

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality all over the world. According to life style changes it seems that risk factors of Coronary-heart disease started in childhood and adolescence the present study is aimed to assess efficiency of educational intervention about the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease which is implemented based on health belief model in sari.
the study was conducted as a semi-experimental study (post and pre-experiment) on 180student in 2014. The participants were divided randomly into two groups of 90 individuals. Afterward, the participants were observed at two stages (before / after 6 months). A two sections questionnaire (demographic and Knowledge about the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease based on component of HBM). Data analyses were carried out by using SPSS ver. 20 using Chi-Square test and independent T-test and Repeated Measurement. Level of significant was set at 0.05.
There were no significant difference between interventions and control group before Intervention in terms of health belief model component. There were significant difference between pre-test and post-test in knowledge (p It seems, this model can eliminate the perceived barriers. In addition HBM Can be Highlighted perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit about the prevention of cardiovascular and finally, self-efficacy regarding the prevention of cardiovascular disease among student can be enhanced with health belief model.

The prevalence of genetic and congenital anomalies is higher in consanguineous marriage than that of non consanguineous. Since the majority of these diseases can be preventable through education before marriage, we aimed to evaluate the couple's educational needs about the role of genetic counseling in prevention of genetic and inherited disabilities.
This descriptive- analytic study was conducted on 250 couples who was about to marry. The instrument was a research made questionnaire, including three parts of demographic characteristics, questions about knowledge and attitude, whose content validity and reliability have been confirmed. The data was analyzed by SPSS software with the P-Value of less than 0.1.
Findings: sixty- six point five percent have unconsanguinous and 33.5% consanguineous marriage. The mean and SD of knowledge and attitude were 50.62±10.27, 54.55±7.66 of 100 respectively. There was Significant correlation between knowledge and age (r=0.143). There was significant relation between knowledge and consanguineous marriage (p=0.092). In addition there was correlation between genetic counseling with attitude (P=0.002).
In order to increase the family knowledge and attitude, health system should use different models of health education for couples.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity, mortality and disability around the world. Education based on training models such as the health belief model is one of the most basic methods of prevention of diseases. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of teacher education based on the HBM model on promoting knowledge, attitude and performance of students in prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
This interventional study was conducted on 78 first grade high school teachersand 467 of their students in the city of Dehloran during 2013-2014. Teachers were divided into two groups of intervention (n=41) and control (n=37) and students were also divided into two groups of intervention (n=249) and control (n=218). Intervention group teachers participated in 6 planned educational sessions based on the HBM model using teaching aids. Teachers completed questionnaires after 3 months and students after 6 months. Data was analyzed by SPSS software through descriptive tests, paired-t test and independent t-test.
Findings: The perceived benefits structure significantly changed for teachers in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (p Educational intervention can be used as an effective factor in reducing risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in teachers and students through the HBM model from low ages.

Physical inactivity is one of the biggest public health concerns. Due to various reasons such as pregnancy, women are more at risk of physical inactivity. This study performed to determine the influence of an educational intervention on promoting postpartum physical activity based on BAZNEF model, among women referred to health centers.
This was a quasi-experimental study which conducted on 168 women referred to health centers during six weeks to one year after delivery. Samples divided in two groups; intervention and control by using a random allocation. Data collected by BASNEF questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ).. The educational intervention was designed in four sessions. Control group received no intervention except postpartum routine care. Three months after intervention, the questionnaire was completed again in two groups.
Pretest results revealed no significant differences in demographic characteristics and BASNEF model constructs in both groups (p>0/05). However, after intervention there was a significant differences between two groups in terms of BASNEF model including knowledge, attitude, normative believes, enabling factors and intention (P The findings suggest that the educational intervention based on BASNEF model can improve postpartum physical activity.

Obesity has now become an epidemic in Iran and there is convincing evidence that psychological factors play an important role in obesity and overweight. Given the key role of employees, as valuable human resources, in providing services and the increasing sedentary lifestyle among them, the current study aimed to explore governmental employees’ perceptions of psychological factors that affect obesity.
This qualitative study was conducted through content analysis. In total, 4 focus group discussions were held with groups of 8 subjects (32 subjects). Semi-structured interviews were conducted on a diverse sample of 35 obese or overweight governmental employees between February 2014 and January 2015. All interviews were audio recorded and were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method.
As a result of data analysis, the 3 main categories of poor adaptability in stressful periods, low self-efficacy, and motivators emerged. Poor adaptability in stressful periods consisted of the 5 main subcategories of periods of university entrance exam, soldiering, career, marriage, and childbirth. Low self-efficacy was explored in the 2 main subcategories of lack of positive model and the sense of lack of control over circumstances. Motivators included the subcategories of pleasure and apprehension.
This study showed that perceptions of employees on psychological factors influencing obesity differed. Therefore, further researches, both qualitative and quantitative, are required in this field.

Though, positive correlation and relationship between physical activity and maternal health, is proved, but, for a few reasons, physical activity declines during pregnancy. Some study suggests that self-efficacy is correlated with sustaining engagement in physical activity. The purpose of this study was to obtain physical activity level; self-efficacy and knowledge about benefits and safety during pregnancy among 205 pregnant women refer to health center of 22- region in capital Tehran. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sample of 205 pregnant women refer to health center.Tools of current study were self-reported questionnaire for assessing self-efficacy and knowledge about benefits and safety during pregnancy, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and demographics questionnaire. To assess statistical differences between groups, one-way analysis of variance & Chi-Square was conducted. Alpha level for statistical significance was set at 0.05 and data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software Version 16.0 (SPSS). physical activity self-efficacy was significantly related to maternal education (p=0.047) and physical activity level (p=0.008). There is significant relationship between maternal physical activity level and their education (p=0.011) and job (p=0.015). There is not significant relationship between self-efficacy and age (p=0.363) and gestational status (p=0.954). Only 33.1% (n=68) of participants knew that activity would increase maternal energy level, 52.2% (n=107) perceived that exercise can prevent the risk of gestational diabetes, and just 25.9% (n=53) reported that a mother who is overweight is more likely to have an overweight child. Results verified that education was important role in women’s information about health benefits and safety knowledge related to physical activity during pregnancy.

Work settings provide a unique opportunity for health promotion interventions. Considering the issue of obesity among employees, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the intervention based on new communication technologies and the social cognitive theory on weight control in the governmental employees of the city of Hamadan in 2014. This clinical trial study was conducted among “telephone-assisted intervention”, “web-assisted intervention”, and “control” groups comprising 435 employees with excess weight or obesity. The educational intervention was performed for 6 months under the title of “lifestyle program.” Then, the participants were evaluated in terms of weight and changes in the constructs of the social-cognitive theory 6 and 9 months after the intervention. A researcher-made questionnaire based on the Dishman and Dewar questionnaires was used to evaluate the constructs of social-cognitive theory. The data were collected and analyzed using one-way ANOVA, two-way analysis of variance, and linear Regression test through SPSS 20. The lifestyle intervention resulted in a weight loss of 1.92 and 1.08 kg among the telephone-assisted and web-assisted intervention groups, respectively. The intervention in the mobile telephone-assisted group increased the mean scores of the participants in the constructs of self-efficacy, environment, outcome expectations, and outcome expectancies. In the web-assisted intervention group, the mean scores of the constructs of self-efficacy and outcome expectancies increased. The results of the present study showed the effectiveness of the intervention based on new communication technologies and the social-cognitive theory (SCT). We recommend conducting studies to evaluate other health challenges based on the Social-Cognitive Theory in work settings.

Introduction and Pregnancy is a good time for changing the feeding behaviors. Nutritional education plays an important role in maternal and child health promotion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education based on Health Belief Model during pregnancy on knowledge and attitude of women. This quasi-experimental study was conducted among pregnant women referred to health centers of Gonbad Kavoos city in 2013. Cluster sampling was used for selection of 80 subjects in each study groups, and data were collected using an unstructured questionnaire. Validity and reliability of questionnaire were evaluated by panel of experts, test-retest and reported as Cronbach’s alpha. Classified information of two groups were compared before and 2 months after intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS v.16. After educational intervention, the mean score of knowledge and Health Belief Model constructs, were significantly increased in intervention group than the control. But the mean of cuse to action of the experiment group, was not significantly different compared to the control. Education based on Health Belief Model was effective on knowledge and attitude of pregnant women about nutrition and educational interventions in this field are recommended.

The aim of this study is determining factors related to workers'' use of hearing protection devices in Shoga factory Yaft Abad، based on Protection Motivation Theory. In this cross-sectional analytical study، 60 workers who were exposed to harmful noise selected among factory shifts by randomized sampling method. The questionnaire included 6 demographic questions، 8 knowledge questions، 20 perceptions questions، 2 behavior questions، 7 improvement questions. Questionnaire acquired its validity by content test and its reliability was acquired by using Test-retest & Cronbach Alpha test. Data were analyzed on the SPSS (15) software by using descriptive statistics and analytical tests. 19. 2 never used it. 40. 4 percent of the workers used the hearing protection device most of the time، 44. 4 used it usually. There were significant positive correlations between perceived vulnerability score with self-efficacy score (r=. 41، p=. 001)، perceived response efficacy score (r=. 44، p=. 03) and protection motivation score (r=. 5، p=. 002). There were significant positive correlations between perceived response efficacy score with evaluation of coping score (r=. 34، p=. 01 and protection motivation score with behavior score (r=. 56، p=. 03). There was significant negative correlations between perceived cost with evaluation of coping score (r=-. 84، p=. 002). The percentage of using hearing protection is inadequately in the workers. For increase the percentage، planning effective interventions based on protection motivation theory which improves perceptions of severity، vulnerability، perceived cost، self-efficacy and perceived response efficacy is recommended.

The pressure of consumption spots in eater supply systems is one of the most important hydraulic parameters can be used in optimized management of water distribution networks. Since the pressure has some different effects on various parameters of the network management including its hydraulic functions, reliability, stability and leakage, its control is of great importance in different management levels. Performing the plan for two water supply systems, this paper aimed to analyze and compare the pressure, leakage and quality of water in different spots of the network. For modeling the network, the software of Water Gems v3/0 was used. It designed and modeled the current network in forms of gravity distribution and direct pumping. at the minimum time of consumption, the pressure in 45 percent of junctions of the gravity distribution network is more than 70 meters; while in the direct pumping, except two junctions, it is not more than 60 meters. At the maximum time of consumption, pressure in 15 percent of junctions of the gravity distribution network and 35 percent of the direct pumping is less than 30 meters. The rate of water leakage in gravity distribution network at the minimum time of consumption is 43 percent more than that of direct pumping network. The rate of remained CL in 62 percent of pipes of direct pumping network is standard and in 100 percent of pipes of gravity distribution network is less than standard. Comparing the parameters of pressure, leakage rate, water age and rate of remained CL between two systems of gravity distribution and direct pumping, this study indicated that all of these parameters in direct pumping network are in better conditions and closer to its standard rates.

Focus group discussion is a research methodology in which a small group of participants gather to discuss a specified topic or an issue to generate data. Menstrual prob-lems are a major cause of morbidity for women. This study mainly aims to determine the impact health education based on focus group discussion on promotion Hygienic practices during menstrua-tion of female adolescents welfare boarding centers of Tehran city. This is a quasi-experimental intervention study، conducted Female adoles-cents inhabitant welfare boarding centers of Tehran city. All eligible persons were selected (n=61). Data collection tool was a questionnaire including demographic information، performance regarding pubertal physical health and that completed before training and one month after training by inter-view. Educationalinterventionwasimplementedin3 months. Data was analyzed by statistical methods (Paired T Test and Kalmogorov– Smiranov Test) using SPSS16 software. After educational intervention the mean scores of Hygienic practices during menstruation increased from 12/114/43 to 16/502/79 based on Statistical test was significant (P<0/001). After training through group discussion Increased Hygienic practices during menstrua-tion، so this method can be used in education to girls during puberty.

Health-promoting lifestyle helps elderly population to enjoy longer life, without burden of diseases or disabilities. This study was designed and performed to determine the effect of educational intervention on lifestyle of elderly population based on health belief model. This quasi-experimental study was performed on 80 elderly individual who visited the clinical centers of Eslamshahr, Iran in 2013-2014. In the pre-test stage, randomized sampling was carried out among the elderly who visited the clinical centers of Eslamshahr. The participants were divided into two interventions (39 persons) and control (41 persons) groups using block randomization method. The intervention group participated in educational courses designed based on Health Belief Model. Three months after the end of the intervention stage, post-test was given to both intervention and control groups. Data were entered into SPSS version 19. Then it was analyzed using repeated measures and Chi-square test. Three months after the intervention, mean perceived susceptibility between both groups was statistically significant. (P<0.001). Mean perceived severity was also significantly different (P=0.002). Mean of perceived barriers and perceived benefits was significantly different in both groups (P<0.001). Similarly, three months after the intervention, self-efficacy components and cues to action were significantly different (P<0.001). Prevention (P=0.03), exercise, and nutrition (P=0.03) showed significant differences. However, no significant differences were noted in stress and interpersonal relations between the two groups (P<0.005). Three months after intervention, mean lifestyle scores increased significantly in intervention group (P=0.03). Education based on health belief model may affect healthy lifestyle promotion in the elderly population.