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Experts in the field of adolescents emphasize that instructional programs can play an effective role in improving the attitude towards the life of children and adolescents. Among these programs, we can mention the life skills' training and therapy of acceptance and commitment on attitude, but so far, no independent study has compared the effectiveness of these two approaches in improving students' attitude towards life; Therefore, considering the research gap in this field and the importance of the mentioned variables, research in this field seems necessary.

The aim of the present study was to comparing the effectiveness of two methods of life skills' training and a therapeutic approach based on commitment and acceptance on the attitude to the life of female's junior high schoolers.

The current research is semi-experimental and includes pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the research includes all female's junior high schooner’s in Karaj city whose number was about ten thousand. 60 people of them who had low scores in the attitude towards life questionnaire were selected and randomly replaced in two experimental groups and one control group (20 people each). One of the experimental groups was exposed to ten sessions (each session 90 minutes) of the life skills' training package (Mohammadkhani, 2015) and the second experimental group was exposed to 8 sessions (each session 90 minutes) of the therapeutic approach based on commitment and acceptance (Hayes, 2011). One week after the sessions, both study groups answered the Battista's (1973) life attitude index questionnaire again. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods (including multivariate covariance analysis and Benferroni's post hoc test) were used.

The findings showed that the two methods of life skills' training and the approach based on commitment are effective on female students' attitude to life (P< 0.05). But there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of life skills' training with the group of acceptance and commitment on students' attitude to life (P< 0.05).

Considering the effectiveness of life skills' training programs and therapeutic approach based on commitment and acceptance, these approaches can be used to improve students' attitude to life in counseling centers, psychological institutions and educational centers, including schools.

Obesity is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon, and its control and treatment are outside the scope of a single discipline. Emotion regulation is considered one of the dimensions of obesity pathology. The inability to regulate emotion also affects eating behavior. Emotion is one of the most important psychological factors in eating. Emotion regulation refers to people's efforts to influence and express their emotions. Another psychological factor that may play an important role in obesity among obese women is life orientation. Mindfulness–based stress reduction is effective in the psychological and behavioral characteristics of obese women. Mindfulness–based stress reduction is how mental skills are developed. This approach combines mental meditation, body cognition, and Yoga. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness–based stress reduction therapy in emotion regulation and life orientation among obese women.

The present research was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design and a control group. The statistical population included all obese women referred to counseling centers for 12 months from March 2018 to March 2019 in Malayer City, Iran (n=492). The sample size was selected based on the minimum sample size in experimental studies. A total of 30 people (2 groups of 15 people, including one experimental and one control group) were selected as the study sample using the available sampling. The inclusion criteria were body mass index of 30 kg/m2 and above, satisfaction with participating in the counseling course, and not receiving psychological treatment. Subjects responded to the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Granefski et al., 2002) and Life Orientation Test–Revised (Scheier et al., 1994) before and after the interventions and in the follow–up phase (after three months). The experimental group received a mindfulness program in 8 90–minute sessions. The study data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that mindfulness–based stress reduction significantly improved the regulation of positive and negative emotions and life orientation of obese women (p<0.001). Also, after three months, the average follow–up scores showed the stability of changes over time.

Mindfulness–based stress reduction by changing people's lifestyles, thoughts, and cognition leads to an increase in positive emotion and life orientation and a decrease in negative emotion in obese women.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a psychological disorder that affects many aspects of students' lives. The effects of drug therapy is short. cognitive rehabilitation and education of mothers are non-pharmacological treatments. The research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of cognitive rehabilitation, training of mothers using the Barkley method and drug therapy on time perception in students with attention deficit disorder aged 9-12 years.

It was a experimental research of pre-test, post-test and follow-up type.The statistical population : all students aged 9-12 who were studying in elementary schools in Khorram Abad city in the academic year of 2018, with random sampling method, 45 students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in three rehabilitation experimental groups cognitive (15 people), education of mothers by Barkley's method (15 people) and drug therapy (15 people) were included. Connors questionnaire (Keith Connors, 1960) and time perception test (Nazari, Mirlo and Asadzadeh, 2013) were used in data collection. The cognitive rehabilitation group received 14 training sessions, the Barkley method training group received 9 training sessions, and the drug therapy group received medication. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures.

There is a difference between drug therapy and cognitive rehabilitation and training of mothers using the Barkley method on time perception in students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.(p=0.05)

Cognitive rehabilitation and training of mothers using the Barkley method can be used as complementary treatments to reduce the clinical symptoms of children with ADHD.

The aim of this study was to determine the indirect effect of early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles on obsessive-compulsive disorder mediated by defense mechanisms. The research method was correlational based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included people with obsessive-compulsive disorder referred to psychological counseling centers in Tehran in the period from the beginning to the end of 1398. 390 of these people were selected by available sampling method. Data collection tools were Madzley obsessive-compulsive disorder questionnaire (Hodgson and Rachman, 1977), early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (Young, 1998), attachment style questionnaire (Hazan and Shaver, 1987) and defense mechanisms questionnaire (Andrews et al. , 1993) was. Data analysis using Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling showed that there is a relationship between early maladaptive schemas, attachment styles and defense mechanisms with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P <0.01). There is a relationship between attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas with defense mechanisms (P <0.01). Also, the obsessive-compulsive disorder model has a good fit based on early maladaptive schemas, attachment styles, and defense mechanisms.

Nurses are one of the important links in delivering the service and promoting the quality of care. Nurses' exposure to individual, communication, and organizational stresses reduces their psychological well-being; this leads to a decline in positive psychological characteristics and resilience. Resilience is an individual's ability to respond appropriately to the vicissitudes of life and increase psychological wellbeing, resulting in quality care and job satisfaction. Schemas as the underlying variables affect individuals' cognitive processing, coping strategies, and lifestyles. Schema therapy is a therapeutic approach that, through cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal and empirical interventions, targets maladaptive schemas that are memories of childhood rigidities and lead to irrational thinking. While mental health is a sign of success in coping with adverse conditions, the nurses of the intensive care units are exposed to a higher rate of stressful events. Our research determines the effect of schema therapy on the resilience and psychological well-being of intensive care unit nurses.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design, a control group and a two-month follow-up. Its statistical population included all nurses working in the intensive care unit of Shohada Tajrish and Shahid Taleghani hospitals in Tehran City, Iran, in 2021. We recruited 40 nurses at convenience in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria from 86 nurses. Then, they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The inclusion criteria were as follows: willingness to participate in the research and delivering informed consent, employment for at least one year in the intensive care unit, not receiving psychological treatment or participating in other educational sessions at the same time, not taking certain medications, lacking stressful events such as divorce, death, etc. in close relatives in the last six months, obtaining a lower than average score in Psychological Well-Being Scale (average score=45) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (average score=55). Also, the exclusion criteria were unwillingness to continue cooperation during the research, not attending more than two consecutive sessions out of 11 training sessions, and unwillingness to do homework. The experimental group received 11 sessions of 75-90 minutes per week of schema therapy. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection tools were the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor and Davidson, 2003) and Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1989). We used them in three stages of pretest, posttest, and follow-up. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS software version 25. The significance level of statistical tests was set at 0.05.

There was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control groups in resilience (p=0.008) and psychological well-being (p<0.001). In the experimental group, resilience (p<0.001) and psychological well-being (p<0.001) had a significant difference from the posttest stage to the follow-up stage. The mutual effect of the test stages with the group also determined that resilience (p<0.001) and psychological well-being (p<0.001) had a significant difference. In other words, schema therapy significantly increased the resilience and psychological well-being of nurses working in intensive care units. The findings of the Bonferroni follow-up test in the experimental group indicated significant differences between the pretest and posttest stages (p=0.001) and between the pretest and follow-up (p=0.001) in the resilience variable. Also, there were significant differences between pretest and posttest (p=0.001) and between pretest and follow-up (p=0.002) regarding the psychological well-being variable. Also, there was the stability of the effect of the treatment schema in the follow-up stage on the variables of resilience (p=0.910) and psychological well-being (p=0.488).

According to the findings, schema therapy increases the resilience and psychological well-being of intensive care unit nurses. Therefore, this treatment is usable as an effective intervention for improving the psychological capabilities and mental health of nurses.

Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses experience more stress than nurses in other units. They are at higher risk regarding health and psychological well–being than nurses in other units. This issue affects the vital aspects of their performance. Cognitive emotion regulation is one of the psychological factors that can potentially improve people's health and performance in different work settings. Emotions play a significant role in solving problems, processing information, and analyzing it. Emotion regulation how people change their reactions to emotion expression time. Emotion regulation plays a key role in the normal transformation and health of people. Weakness in emotion regulation skills significantly causes psychological problems. Schemas are one of the factors affecting the lack of emotion regulation in people. Yang proposed schema therapy to change them. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the schema therapy's effectiveness on the cognitive emotion regulation of ICU nurses.

This quasi–experimental research has a pretest–posttest and a two–month follow–up design with a control group. Its statistical population included all nurses working in the intensive care unit of Shohada Tajrish and Shahid Taleghani hospitals in Tehran City in 2021. We conveniently selected 40 nurses for the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and then randomly divided into the experimental and control groups. The inclusion criteria were as follows: willingness to participate in the research and providing informed consent, employment for at least one year in the special care department, not doing psychological treatment or not participating in other educational sessions at the same time, not taking certain medications, lacking The stressful events, such as divorce, death, etc. in close relatives in the last six months, obtaining a lower than average score (average score=72) in the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al, 2001). The exclusion criteria were as follows: unwillingness to continue cooperating with the research, not attending more than two consecutive sessions out of 11 educational sessions, and unwillingness to do homework. The experimental group received eleven 75– to 90–minutes sessions per week of schema therapy. The control group did not receive any intervention. The data collection tool was the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2001) in three stages of pretest, posttest, and follow–up for two groups. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS software version 25. The significance level of statistical tests was set at 0.05.

The effects of time (p<0.001), group (p<0.001), and the time and group interaction (p<0.001) on cognitive emotion regulation were significant. In the schema therapy group, the cognitive emotion regulation scores increased significantly in the posttest compared to the pretest (p=0.001). Also, in the schema therapy group, no significant difference was observed between the posttest and follow–up stages regarding the variable of cognitive regulation of emotion, which indicated the lasting effect of the intervention in the follow–up stage (p=0.986).

According to the findings, schema therapy improves the cognitive emotion regulation of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. Therefore, this treatment approach can be used as an effective intervention to improve the nurses’ emotional regulation and psychological health.

Obesity can create physical and mental disabilities in social interactions and communication skills. One of the factors affecting obesity is body image, i.e., mental representation of body size, shape and form. Body image comprises cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. Also, obesity may cause anxiety. Overeating is another psychological factor that can affect obese women. Cognitive–behavioral therapy is one of the treatment techniques that may positively affect the psychological status of obese women. Group cognitive–behavioral therapy is a type of psychotherapy that combines cognitive and learning theories with therapeutic techniques derived from cognitive therapy and group behavioral therapy. Another helpful therapy is mindfulness–based reduction stress therapy. It is one of the psychological approaches that may be effective in reducing psychological disorders in obese women. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of these two stress reductive approaches on improving the body image, anxiety, and overeating among obese women.

The present research is a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population included all obese women (n=492) referred to counseling centers in Malayer City, Iran, during 2018 and 2019. Of them, 45 women (3 groups of 15 women, including 2 experimental and 1 control groups) were selected as the study samples using the available non–random sampling method. The inclusion criteria for the study participants were having a body mass index of 30 or above, being interested in participating in the counseling course, and not receiving other psychological therapies (for the experimental groups). Subjects responded to the Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) (Kash, 2000), Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988), and Binge Eating Scale (Gormally et al., 1982) before and immediately after the intervention and then at the follow–up phase (three months after the intervention). One experimental group received group cognitive behavioral therapy (White, 2001) in eight 90–min sessions and the other experimental group underwent the mindfulness–based stress reduction program (Kabat–Zinn et al., 1992) in another eight 90–min sessions. For the control group, no intervention was presented. The study data were analyzed by descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measures analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test) in SPSS software version 21. The significance level of statistical tests was considered at 0.05.

The pretest mean scores of body image of the group cognitive–behavioral and mindfulness–based stress reduction therapies increased from 165.14 and 165.95 to 205.47 and 209.53 in the posttest, respectively. The follow–up mean scores of the body image for the group cognitive–behavioral and mindfulness–based stress reduction therapies were 205.5 and 204.47, respectively. Compared to the posttest scores, these scores show the stability of changes over time. The pretest mean scores of anxiety of the group cognitive–behavioral and mindfulness–based stress reduction therapies decreased from 44.73 and 46.16 to 33.53 and 36.33 in the posttest, respectively. The follow–up mean scores of the anxiety for the group cognitive–behavioral and mindfulness–based stress reduction therapies were 33.73 and 34.67, respectively. Compared to the posttest scores, these results show the stability of the outcomes over time. The pretest mean scores of the overeating of the group cognitive–behavioral and mindfulness–based stress reduction therapies decreased from 32.04 and 31.93 to 17.47 and 17.27 in the posttest, respectively. The follow–up mean scores of the overeating for the group cognitive–behavioral and mindfulness–based stress reduction therapies were 16.47 and 19.47, respectively. Also, compared to the posttest scores, these scores show the stability of the intervention effect over time. However, in all three variables of body image, anxiety and overeating, the mean scores of the control group did not change significantly between the pretest, posttest, and follow–up. The effects of time (p<0.001) and group (p<0.001) on all three variables of body image, anxiety, and overeating were significant. There were no significant differences between group cognitive–behavioral therapy and mindfulness–based stress reduction therapy regarding the variables of body image (p=0.662), anxiety (p=0.158), and overeating (p=0.201). Nevertheless, in all three dependent variables, significant differences were observed between the two experimental groups and the control group (p<0.001).

Based on the study results, group cognitive–behavioral therapy and mindfulness–based stress reduction therapy are both equally effective in improving psychological problems of obese women.

Current investigation started with the aim of compilation of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) structural model based on Early Maladaptive Schemas, Attachment styles, Mental Defenses Mechanisms, Emotional Self-Regulation and Anxiety.

In this study, 390 samples suffering from OCD, applied to consulting institutes in Tehran with purposive method based on 27 variable(parameter) in two groups of male and female had selected to investigate. The measuring tools includes: Maudsley OCD Questionnaire, Brief Questionnaire of Yang’s Schemas, Hazan and Shavior’s Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire, Andrews and others Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire, Hofmann and Kashdan’s Emotional Self-Regulation and Anxiety Spilberger’s Questionnaire, Analysis of data with the structural model with the help of Amos software has been completed.

The mean (SD) age of participants was 38. And in current study provided that assumption is linear and normalizing of multi-Parameters with the Amos software, analysis would take place. Result have shown that Early Maladaptive Schemas and Attachment Styles with mediated (interposition) of Defense Mechanisms, Emotion Self-Regulation, Anxiety had direct/indirect meaningful effects on OCD.

The results of structural model analysis with the use of experimental data have shown that three variables Defense Mechanisms, Emotional Self-Regulation and Anxiety regarding OCD and Early Maladaptive Schemas, Attachment Styles play a mediator role.

The current study aims to determine the difference between mindfulness, logotherpy and behavioral activation treatment on negative automatic thoughts and depressed female students' attention.

The method was quasi-experimental with pre-test design, post-test and procedure with a control group. The population in the current study including female students in B.A who referred to Omid-e-Mehr consulting center in 1398 upon a call and 60 participants were selected by sampling and divided into 4 groups based on homogenization. The participants responded to Beck Depression Inventory (1961), Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire by Hollon and Kendall (1980) and D2 Test Attention by Brickenkamp (1981) in three stages of Pre-test, post-test and procedure. The experimental groups received 8 sessions of mindfulness treatment, 10 sessions of logotherapy and 10 sessions for behavioral treatment. To analyze the data, mixed analysis, SPSS software and the significance of 0/05 were exploited.

In the current study, the effect of interventions on negative automatic thoughts was reduced (P= 0/001). Time effect caused a reduction in negative automatic thoughts to the pretest stage (P= 0/001). The interaction effect of time among the groups made an alleviation in negative automatic thoughts (P= 0/001) compared with the experimental group. Interventions had a rising effect on attention (P= 0/001). Time effect caused a rise in attention to the pretest stage (P= 0/001). The interaction effect of time among the groups increased the attention (P= 0/001) compared with the experimental group.

It was indicated that all three approaches of mindfulness treatment, logotherapy and behavioral activation treatment are effective by targeting one aspect of depression on negative automatic thoughts and attention in depressed females.

Depressive disorders are chronic and debilitating conditions that affect numerous individuals worldwide. Sleep disorders are among the most frequent symptoms of mood and emotional conditions, especially depression and suicidal ideation and attempts; sleep problems have been identified as a risk factor for suicide. Depressed patients present decreased mindfulness than others; therefore, Mindfulness–Based Therapies (MBTs) can facilitate treating depressed patients and improving their symptoms. Logotherapy is used to treat depressed patients and offers the acceptance of life and the search for its meaning in the most tragic circumstances. Behavioral Activation Therapy (BAT) is a novel psychotherapy approach used by psychotherapists to treat depressive disorders. This study aimed to compare the effects of MBT, Logotherapy, and BAT on sleep quality in depressed female students.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest–follow–up and a control group design. The statistical population of the present study included female undergraduate students who were referred to Omidmehr Counseling Center in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019. The study participants were recruited by a call. In total, 60 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method and divided into 4 age–matched groups; MBT, Logotherapy, BAT, and control (n=15/group). The inclusion criteria of the study were obtaining a score higher than the cut–off line (>5) on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse et al., 1989) and a score of >17 on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1961); no chronic bio psychological illnesses, not abusing drugs and alcohol (clinical tests were conducted on very suspicious cases); not using antidepressants (medical records were reviewed), and not receiving concurrent psychological interventions (the records of suspicious cases were reviewed). The exclusion criteria of the study included absence from one–third of intervention sessions, as well as encountering a particular crisis or failure to meet the inclusion criteria of the research during th received 8 sessions of MBT per Wolf and Serpa’s intervention protocol (2015); 10 sessions of Logotherapy based on Hutzell’s intervention protocol (2002), and 10 sessions of BAT per the intervention protocol of Lejuez and associates (2011). However, the control group received no e intervention sessions. The study participants completed the PSQI and BDI at pretest, posttest, and follow–up stages. The experimental groups intervention. The obtained data were analyzed using repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni posthoc test in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.

The present study data suggested the significant effect of an intervention in the experimental group on sleep quality (p<0.001). Accordingly, at least one of the provided interventions affected the sleep quality of the explored depressed students. The effect of time was also significant on sleep quality (p<0.001). Thus, the presented intervention altered the posttest and follow–up scores of the study subjects, compared to the pretest phase. The interaction of time and group was significant for sleep quality (p<0.001). Additionally, repeated–measures ANOVA data concerning the effect of the group demonstrated a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups (p<0.001). Bonferroni posthoc test data indicated a significant difference between MBT, Logo therapy, and BAT groups and the controls (p<0.001). There existed no significant difference between the three treatment groups in this respect (p=1.000). Bonferroni test data indicated a difference between the pretest and posttest mean scores (p<0.001) as well as pretest and follow–up values (p<0.001) for sleep quality; such findings highlighted the positive effects of the provided interventions and the continuation of such impacts until the follow–up stage (p=1.000).

The present study results revealed that all presented approaches, including MBT, Logotherapy, and BAT, each targeting a dimension of depression, were effective on the sleep quality of depressed females and improved the relevant symptoms in them.