فهرست مطالب داور شاهسونی

An article describing the extensive migrating fowl mortality In Miankaleh wetland, which per se can be accounted as a national disaster, has been published in Journal of veterinary researches and biological products (Maken Ali et al., 2020). The approach to record, report and interpretation of data and results arises some concerns, therefore, the critical evaluation of the article seems highly needed.

Oxidation is one of the most harmful chemical processes that affect the properties of food and health of consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the process of changes in the biomarkers of meat oxidation in trout during storage at 4°C as well as comparing these treatments with similar ones on the market. For this purpose the samples of trout (n=15) collected and maintained at 4°C for 96 hours and their MDA and carbonyl groups were measured every 24 hours (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours). Also, the same samples (n=30) were taken from the markets to measure those parameters. MDA levels in trout increased significantly from the initial value of 0.117 μmol/gw (in time of catch) to 0.189 μmol/gw within 96 hours (P<0.05). The amount of carbonyl groups in the salmon increased significantly from initial value of 1463.72 nmol/gw to 1756.19 nmol/gw within the 96 hours. MDA level of market trout was 0.17032 μmol/gw and did not show a significant difference with the samples collected and maintained for 72 hours. The amount of carbonyl groups in the trout of the market was 1551.15 nmol/gw and there was no significant difference with the treated samples during 48 and 72 hours. A Significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde and carbonyl groups of meat indicate an increase in the oxidation of lipids and proteins during storage at 4°C.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary enrichment with lemon pomace powder on lipid and protein oxidation of carp fillets during storage at refrigerator. Group 1 of carps as control group was fed with basic diet and groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed with 1.5, 3 and 5% lemon pomace powders, respectively. After the end of the study (4 weeks), 10 fish from each group were randomly captured and stored at 4 °C for 3 days. At the capture time and during storage times, 24, 48 and 72 hours at refrigerator, lipid and protein oxidation parameters of the muscle were evaluated. The results indicated a significant difference in the mentioned indices in group 4 compared to other groups (P<0.05). Therefore, a diet containing 5% lemon pomace powder is suggested as a natural antioxidant in carp diet to improve the oxidative status and increase the shelf life of the fillet during storage at 4 °C.

Due to the accumulation of lead metal in the fish's edible tissues, the safety and health of human food are also affected. This study was conducted to compare Ascorbic acid and Thiamine in prevention of tissue damages due to lead in some tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were divided randomly into 4 groups of 30 fish each. Group 1 considered as control group. Group 2 received lead acetate, group 3 and 4 respectively received thiamine and ascorbic acid in addition to lead. After necropsy, tissue specimens including brain, kidney and liver were prepared, and processed slides were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. Lesions in brain including hyperemia, edema and ischemic cell changes. Score of brain lesions were significantly lower than groups 2 and 3. In liver, hyperemia, hyperplasia of melano-macrophage centers, hepatocellular degeneration and intranuclear acid-fast inclusion bodies were observed. Severity of Hyperemia and degeneration in group 3 had a significant decreased in comparision to group 4. In the statistical comparison none of pathological indices in kidney including hyperemia, hemorrhage, intranuclear acid-fast inclusion bodies, necrotic changes, swelling of epithelial cells, hyperplasia of melano-macrophage centers, revealed significant difference between group 3 and 4 in kidney, but compared to group 2, some lesions in these groups, showed a significant difference. Based on the results, it can be concluded that ascorbic acid and thiamin might have some protective and therapeutic effects on lead poisoning in fish species

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of lemon pumace powder (peel and pulp), as an inexpensive and valuable source of nutrient in diet of common carp. Fish (60 ± 5 g) were divided randomly into four groups of 30 each. Group 1 fish were fed with basic diet, serving as the control. Fish in group 2 and 3 and 4 were fed the basic diet supplemented with 1.5%, 3% and 5% lemon pumace powder, respectively. Results showed that growth performance including final weight, weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased as compared to control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) values of muscle significantly increased as compared to control in all treatment groups and the decreeing effect of lemon pumace powder on malondialdehyde (MDA) values of kidney and liver was only significant in group 4, when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Protein carbonyl contents were significantly decreased in kidney and liver in group 3 and 4 as compared to control group and protein carbonyl of muscle significantly decreased as compared to control in all treatment groups. FRAP values of liver significantly increased only in group 3 as compared to control, and FRAP values of kidney and muscle significantly increased only in group 4 as compared to control (p < 0.05). These data suggest that supplementation of 5% lemon pumace powder to be more effective than its lower levels in strengthening the antioxidant system against oxidative stress.

Cyanide-induced oxidative damage may be involved in tissue lesions caused by sub-lethal cyanide poisoning. In the present study, some biomarkers of oxidative status were evaluated in liver, kidney, gill, and brain of Common Carp affected by cyanide poisoning. Moreover, possible beneficial effects of Spirulina were investigated for improvement of oxidative status and prevention of further changes. A total of 90 fish (approximately 60g) were divided into three groups, with 30 fish in each group. Group 1 served as the control. Group 2 were exposed to 0.4 mg/L potassium cyanide and received the diet without Spirulina. Fish in group 3 were fed with Spirulina (10% in the diet) in KCN (0.4 mg/L) polluted water during 30 days. The findings of the present work showed that a significant increase was observed in malondialdehyde concentrations in liver, kidney and brain of common carp following cyanide exposure. In addition, cyanide poisoning caused increment of protein carbonyls in both liver and kidney, although this increase was only significant in kidney. Supplementation of Spiulina in group 3 showed that the levels of malondialdehyde in liver, kidney, and brain effectively decreased and also it caused decrease in renal protein carbonyls to the levels that were not significantly different from control group. The findings of the present study showed that Spirulina has ameliorating effect on the KCN-induced oxidative damage in tissues of carp. Based on the present results, it can be suggested that Spirulina might have preventive effects on cyanide poisoning in carp and its dietary supplementation may have beneficial effects especially for fish species inhabiting in polluted aquatic environments.

Probiotics have shown beneficial effects on growth parameters of various food animals. In this research, the growth promoting effects of a multi-strain probiotic was investigated on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Accordingly, 200 fish (6-7g) were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups. The first group received placebo and was served as the negative control. The second group received the prebiotic Fermacto at 3g/kg diet and was considered as the positive control. The remaining 2 groups received a multi-strain probiotic (PTX) at 75 and 150mg/kg feed, respectively. The body weights and lengths of all fish were measured at the end of the experiment (day 45). The amounts of protein, fat, ash and dry matter of fish meat were analyzed in all experimental groups (n= 6 each). The probiotic, at 75mg/kg feed, significantly increased the body weights and lengths, as well as the condition factor. Consistently, the feed conversion rate was lower in PTX treated groups. The percentage of meat fat was significantly lower in groups receiving either the probiotic at 150mg/kg feed, or Fermacto, compared to the control. The fish receiving PTX at 150mg/kg feed showed significantly higher amounts of meat protein. The levels of meat ash and meat dry matter were not statistically different compared to the control group. The present study suggests that PTX, at 75mg/kg feed, is effective in improving the growth and feed conversion rates of common carps

Cutaneous lesions of fish from viral، bacterial، parasitic and chemical and mechanical factors are common. The rapid progress of infection and the mortality of fish need more attention. Allium hirtiofolium is a native plant in Iran which contains saponins، it has a role in inhibiting and killing cancer cells with anti-allergenic، anti-bacterial، anti-inflammatory and anti-virus effects. In this Study 120 Common Carp (10 ± 60 g) with 3% NaCl solution was sterilized for 15 minutes. At the beginning of the test a long cut 1. 5 cm and in depth of 2 mm in the rear (left side) of all of the fish was created. Afterward they were divided into 3 groups (n=40 in each)، Group 1 (control)، group2 (treated with5 mg / lit Sodium phenytoin) and group3 (treated with 5 mg / lit Allium hirtifolium). Days 0، 3، 6، 14 and 20 tests، seven fish from each group were randomly selected after that blood and tissue samples were taken from the site of the lesion. The results of the biochemical changes showed that difference in cholesterol and liver enzymes aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) in group3 compared to the control group was significant (P <0. 05)، in triglyceride was found a significant difference and it was higher in groups 3 and 1 (p <0. 05)، but No significant difference in blood glucose between groups were observed in any of the test days Between group1 and 3. Histopathology results obtained from 3 groups showed that in the group treated with phenytoin sodium healing was in less time than in group3. According to the results، further studies are recommended.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary melatonin supplementation (10 mg/kg body wt. for 4 weeks) on some erythrocytic antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation as well as some plasma biochemical parameters in common carp. The results showed that the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were increased significantly (p < 0. 05) after melatonin supplementation، whereas alterations in catalase activity were not significant. Malondildehyde concentrations in erythrocyte hemolysate were decreased significantly as a result of melatonin treatment. Plasma biochemical analysis revealed a significant decrease of glucose، cholesterol، albumin and triglyceride، in addition to a significant increase in total protein، AST and ALP values when compared to the control group. However، alterations in creatinine، urea and LDH levels were not significant following melatonin supplementation compared to the control values. These results offer that pharmacological amounts of melatonin effectively improve erythrocytic oxidative status biomarkers and also alter some plasma biochemical parameters in the common carp that some of them may be undesirable. However، more investigations are required to elucidate the pharmacokinetic effects of melatonin and also possible undesirable effects of high doses of this compound.

Cyanide is a potent and ubiquitous toxicant. Acute cyanide intoxication could be fatal due to inhibition of respiratory chain. Moreover various health disorders and histopahological lesions have been reported following chronic cyanide poisoning in humans and animals. The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of choronic cyanide exposure on enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and rhodanese in some tissues of common carp. In this study 75 healthy common carp, weighing approximately 60 g were divided randomly into three groups of 25 each. These three groups were maintained in similar environmental and nutritional conditions and were exposed to 0.0, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/L potassium cyanide for 14 days, respectively. At the end of each exposure, enzyme activities in prepared tissue homogenates of liver, kidney,gill, and brain were determined using validated spectrophotometric methods. Cyanide exposoure (0.2 mg/L) caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in AST and LDH activities in the liver as compared with the normal control group. Additionally, cyanide exposure (0.4 mg/L) caused a significant increase in AST, LDH and rhodanese activities in the liver, AST activity in the brain and LDH activity in the kidney as compared to control group (p<0.05). The observed alterations in the activity of tissue enzymes reflect the metabolic disturbances due to chronic cyanide intoxication in studied organs.

Lead poisoning is of great importance in all living creatures including aquatic animals. In the present study, the effects of the ion –exchanging (chelating) agent, thiamin, on toxic effects of lead (Pb), as well as serum activities of some blood enzymes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were studied. Accordingly, 4 duplicate groups of 25 fish (60±5g) were used. The first group was considered as the control. All other groups received lead acetate at 7mg/L for 15 successive days. In addition to lead acetate, the 3rdand the 4th groups received thiamin at 40 and 80 mg/L, respectively. The activities of serum enzymes including GGT, ALT, AST, AST and ALP were evaluated. A significant difference was observed in ALT activity between the second and the fourth groups (P<0.002). The amount of GGT activity in the second group was significantly different from the third (P=0.023) and the fourth (P=0.018) groups. Serum LDH activity was significantly different between the first and the second (P=0.001), the second and the third (P=0.001), as well as the second and the fourth (p=0.001) groups. The levels of ALP and AST activities showed non-significant variations among different groups (P>0.05). The results of the current research suggest beneficial effects for thiamin in improving blood biochemical parameters in fish exposed to lead.

Normal values for serum parameters are of great importance in clinical evaluation and diagnosis of diseases in different species, including aquatic animals. In order to determine the normal values for some serum enzymes in Caspian roach, blood samples were collected from peduncles of 25 male and 25 female fish, captured from Tajan river. Following separation of the serum, the values for ALT, AST, ALP, CPK and LDH were determined. In addition to measuring the normal values for the whole population, the values in the male and the female were statistically compared. Possible correlations between different studied parameters in the whole population, as well as within each sex, were also studied. Accordingly, the normal values for the whole population were: AST: 455/00±375-561.3, ALT: 20/00±15.5±34.5, ALP: 101.5±79-150.5, CPK: 241.5±39.5-655/00, LDH: 2163±1701-2727 IU/L. The serum values for ALT, AST and ALP were significantly higher in the male. A significant negative correlation existed between CPK and LDH in both sexes. In the whole population, the values for ALT had significant correlations with those of AST and ALP. The values for ALP and AST were also significantly correlated. The current results provide valuable information regarding the normal values for some serum enzymes in Caspian roach

Reference values of serum parameters are important markers in health evaluation and diagnosis of diseases, as well as in controlling biological processes in aquatic animals. The aim of this research was to determine the reference values of biochemical factors in breeding Rutilus frisii kutum. Blood samples were collected from captured fish from Tajan River. Serum levels of glucose, BUN, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) were measured. The serum levels of different biochemical values in males and females were as follows: Na for males 387.1±11.5 mmol/L, and females 420.7±7.1 mmol/L; K for males 39.9±10.6 mmol/L, and for females 37.9±7.4 mmol/L; P for males 19.2±1.0 mg/dl, and females 28.9±2.8 mg/dl; Ca for males 15.9±1.5mg/dl, and for females 21.6±1.0 mg/dl; glucose for males 209.8±23.2 mg/dl, and for females 83.8±11.3mg/dl; cholesterol for males, 472.6±23.6mg/dl, and for females 306.6±22.9 mg/dl; triglyceride for males 393±23.3mg/dl, and for females 275.1±9.2mg/dl; total bilirubin for males 0.4±0.02mg/dl, and for females 0.3±0.02mg/dl; direct bilirubin for males 0.1±0.03mg/dl, and for females 0.1±0.02mg/dl; BUN for males 22.3±1.0mg/dl, and for females 24.1±1.1mg/dl; creatinine for males 0.5±0.1mg/dl, and for females 0.7±0.1 (mg/dl); total protein for males 5.8±0.5g/dl, and for females 4.4±0.5g/dl; albumin for males 3.3±0.2g/dl, and for females 3.0±0.2 (g/dl). The current results indicate that there are significant differences in serum values of glucose, cholesterol, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, triglyceride, phosphorus, sodium and calcium between males and females. The serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride (p<0.001), glucose, total bilirubin (p<0.01) and direct bilirubin (p<0.05) in males, and those of phosphorus, calcium (p<0.01) and sodium (p<0.05) in females were significantly higher as compared to the opposite sexes. It can be concluded that the studied parameters may be affected by physiological factors such as the sex of fish.

The aim was to investigate the effects of atrazin herbicide on oogenesis in zebrafish. In this investigation, the oogenesis in ovary of zebrafishes exposed to various concentration of atrazin (10, 100, 1000 ppm) for 14 days were assessed. The ovary samples were fixed in Bouin’s solution, mounted in parafin and cut into 5-7 μm-thick slices and then stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). This assessment was performed based on histopathological study of ovary and the criteria such as number as well as diameter of mature and immature follicles. In addition the experimental data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant level was set at P < 0.05. This study showed that the concentration of 100 and 1000 µg/l of atrazine caused a significant increase (P < 0.05) in atretic oocyte in the tissue sections. In addition the diameter of follicles in different groups showed no significant difference. The results demonstrated that the oogenesis in ovary of zebrafish is affected by atrazin, which as a result, the numbers of atretic oocyte increased and finally can reduce the reproductive potential of the animal.

Lead poisoning in aquatic animals is of special importance, as is also true for all livingcreatures. Alicin, one of the main active components of garlic, is expected to play a protective role against lead poisoning, due to its abundant sulfur amino acids. This research studied the toxic effects of lead in Common Carp focusing on blood serum enzyme activities. The study focused on five groups each including 46 Common Carp (100±10g). The groups 2-5 received lead acetate at 7mg/L for 10 days. Group 3 received 5mg allicin/KgBwt; and Group 4 received daily amounts of 10mg allicin/KgBwt, beginning 5 days before lead acetate was added. Group 5 received the same as Group 4, but received allicin for the same period as it received lead acetate. At the end of the experimental period a measurement was made of serum enzymes including GGT, ALT, AST, LDH and ALP. The studied parameters in Group 2, which was exposed to lead, were significantly higher when compared to the Control Group (p<0.001). The enzyme activities in groups receiving allicin (Groups 3-5) were significantly, and dose dependently, less than those of Group 2. However, no significant differences were observed between Groups 4 and 5. The results of the present research suggest a potent effect for allicin in alleviating tissue injuries following lead poisoning.

Supplementary feed exogenous enzymes have improved the growth rates of various food animals. In this research, the effect of Endofeed W, a multienzyme feed supplement, was investigated on the growth of carp. Accordingly, 134 fish (33.1 ± 0.8 g) were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups. During the first stage of the experiment (10 days), groups 1-3 received 1, 2 and 3 g Endofeed W per kg diet, respectively. The fourth group (control) received a placebo. All fish were weighed and redistributed for the second stage of the experiment, during which the test groups received 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g Endofeed W per kg diet, respectively. During the first stage of the experiment, the multienzyme supplement reduced the fish weights, dose dependently, being statistically significant with the highest dose (P<0.05). During the second stage of the experiment, a rather similar weight loss, especially with higher doses of the supplement, was observed. However, the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The feed conversion rates were evidently higher in groups receiving Endofeed W. The present study suggests the enzyme supplement, Endofeed W, is not only ineffective in improving the growth and feed conversion rates of carp, it may even exert negative effects with higher doses.

Cutaneous lesions in fishes due to viral, bacterial, parasitic, mechanical and chemical agents are very common, leading to severe infection and high mortality. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of long term bath of zinc sulfate (15 and 23 ppm), healing of cutaneous lesions caused by surgical incision in carps. In this study, 210 carps were disinfected by 3% salt solution for 15 minutes. In each fish, an incision of 1.5 cm long and 2 mm deep was made on the left dorsal side. The fishes were then randomly divided into 3 groups, 70 fishes in each group. One group served as the control, and the other two groups were considered as the test groups which treated with 15 and 23 ppm of zinc sulfate respectively. During the study, at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21, 7 fishes were randomly selected and tissue samples were prepared from incision site. Histopathological examination revealed that regeneration process of epithelial tissue was started at day 2 and was completed at day 7 in all fishes. However the healing process in group 2, particularly the formation granulation tissue, was started and completed earlier than group 1 and the control group. According to the results of clinical assessment and histopathology, it is concluded that long term bath of zinc sulfate has positive effects on fibroplasia during the healing process of cutaneous lesions.

Lead is one of the heavy metal that is very toxic for environment and organisms. Lead can inhibits many physiological processes and it is so dangerous for body tissues. In this study, four groups of fish (carassius auratus) 35 in each, were used for experiment. Group 1 was as control, in group 2 fishes were exposed to lead acetate at concentration of 8. 5 mg/l, fishes in group 3 and 4 were also exposed to lead acetate in the same concentration of group 2 supplemented with vitamin B1(thiamine) at doses 30mg/l and 60mg/l, for 21 days respectively. Tissue specimens including gill, brain, kidney and liver were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and stained with H&E. Results of histopathological findings evaluated with two non parametric Kruskal- Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney Test. Histopathology of brains of fishes in group two, showed hyperemia, privascular edema, prineuronal edema and ischemic cell changes. According to Mann-Whitney Test, hyperemia and edema lesions, the difference between group 2 and 4 was significant. This result showed some efficacy of thiamine at concentration of 60mg/l in prevention of brain lesions caused by lead poisoning. Histopathology of kidneys revealed hyperemia, degenerative and necrotic changes, swelling of epithelial cells, hyperplasia of melano- macrophage centers, intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells. In kidney, goup 2 and 3 showed significant difference in swelling of epithelial cells, intranuclear inclusion bodies and degenerative necrotic changes according to Mann-Whitney test. In liver, hyperemia, hyperplasia of melano- macrophage centers, hepatocellular vacular degeneration and intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed. In liver, the difference of hyperemia were significant in group 2 and 4. Considering the histopathological findings and based on Mann-Whitney test, non of lesions revealed significant difference in gill. According to the result of this experiment, it seems that thiamine has some degrees of protective effects on lead poisoning lesions in brain, kidney and liver of Goldfish, and it seems that the thiamine has a dose depended role dose on lead poisoning in fish.

Acipenser persicus is ponto–caspian endemic species and primarily in the eastern of the south caspian. Acipenser persicus has become the most popular sturgeon in aquaculture due to its good rearing characteristics so the histopathologic and histochemical study of gastrointestinal tract in order to use some methods for proper feeding and prevating of toxic materials on larva، can be used to produce more valuable product with much lower cost in a short time. Methods and material: This study was carried out on Acipenser persicus at the age of 1-14 days post hatching (dph). Histochemical and histological studies for observation of yolk sac resorption process، and the changes of digestive system were done d with HE، (PAS) and alsian blue (AB) pH2. 5 pH1 staining. In fishes digestive tube is undifferentiated simple tube and filled with yolk platelets. On 7dph، stomach differentiate into glandular and non glandular portion. In this study، stomach increased in size and the glandular portion had positive PAS and negative AB reaction. The stomach of 14 day old larvae shows the columnar epithelium cells that probably the presence of mucous substances stained strongly with PAS. The intestine was identified with a layer of columnar epithelial cells on day 1 after hatching. The melanin plug was disappeard from the lumen of the spiral intestine on day 12. Goblet cells were interspersed among the columnar epithelial cells. Because of mucosubstances presence in goblet cells thay had very strongly reaction with PAS and AB staining.

Water pollution due to chemical substances such as anionic detergents causes different disorders in aquatic animals. We studied the effects of anionic detergents on biochemical parameters of gold fish using 152 fish (18-20cm) which were divided into four groups. Group one was used as control and the other three were exposed to 5, 10 and 15 ppm of anionic detergents for 21 days respectively. Sampling of the fish serum was conducted on day 21 and the levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, ALT and phosphorous were determined. An ANOVA with multiple-range Duncan test were used for data analysis. Urea levels were significantly tower in test groups I and 2 and uric acid level was significantly higher in group 2 compared to those of the control (P<0.05). Creatinine level of group 3 and phosphorous level of groups 2 and 3 were significantly higher than those of the control (P<0.05). AST level significantly lower in group 2 compared to control (P<0.05). As for ALT level in groups 1, 2 and 3, tests showed a significantly lower lever compared to those of the control group (P<0.05).