داوود اسپرهم

The purpose of this study is to examine repentance from the perspective of Islamic Sufism as one of the most important and influential doctrines of mysticism and Sufism, with which the path to God begins in all mystical series and methods. In this documentary study, the concept of repentance in mystical prose texts was first examined, and then the sentences containing the word repentance were extracted and analyzed. Repentance for sin and the decision to forsake and atone for it is one of the most important conditions for the accuracy and acceptance of repentance in religious and mystical texts. Although repentance is of special importance to the commentators of the Qur'an and the religious scholars, the mystics have also paid special attention to it. On the other hand, depending on the two categories of divine attributes (attributes of glory and divine beauty), two types of mystical ideology can be distinguished: devotional Sufism, which is based on the mystic's preoccupation with the glorious attributes of truth, and romantic mysticism, which is more concerned with the attributes of divine beauty. Each of these two mystical views has offered different definitions and interpretations of repentance. Weeping, fear of God's punishment and forgetting the sin for the rest of one's life are expressions of repentance in devotional Sufism. In contrast, in romantic mysticism, God's love for the repentant, divine mercy and forgiveness are reflections of repentance. The results show that in these texts we encounter a third part of repentance which, although it seems to be a manifestation of romantic repentance, should be presented on a higher level than devotional and romantic repentance. In this regard, we are dealing with a new definition of repentance expressed in the words of great transmitters such as Rabia Adavieh, Abu al-Hassan Nouri, and Ahmad ibn Rowaim, which is equivalent to repentance for proving one's existence to the absolute existence of God. As long as this repentance does not take place, all kinds of repentance are not only ineffective, but can they become a veil of knowledge for the seeker.

There is no dubt that Attar is an exception in Iranian and Islamic mysticism. Creation of his valuable work “manteqotteir”, “Elahi-nameh” and “Mosibat-nameh” is sufficient evidence for Attar’s greatness of thought as well as his highness of status in mysticism and Su ism. Meanwhile, his brilliance in one field, i. e. mysticism and Sufism, has induced a lack of attention to his thoughts in other areas one of which is his political and social thoughts. This paper aims to explain Attar’s social and political thoughts through analyzing some of his poems. The present study, unlike some researchers who believe that Sufi thinking has led to stagnation of thoughts in   Iran, shows that not only Sufism has not induced degeneration in Iranian society, but also Sufi works, including those of Attar, have been the political language of their era and evoke dynamism, rather than stagnation. In fact, after idealistic thoughts of Early Ages dwindled, political and social criticisms substituted them, and, Sufi works were a great reflection of such critical thoughts in the era, Attar’s works being a great instance of them.

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra-lingual factors. Discourses are a kind of language of power relations due to the use of language and linguistic power. Since coherent and common meanings and themes (Semantics-based) that are crystallized in language are also prominent manifestations of cultural power; the authors of this article sought to explain it on the basis of semantics and discourse analysis in the development of cultural relations. The most important findings of this study indicate that in the approaches of semantic discourse analysis based on common celebrities in the field of common (non-linguistic) civilization, themes, mental and especially mystical schemes between common Iranian and Turkmen celebrities are evident. It also has mystical and moral schemas for Iran and Uzbekistan, which can be of interest for the public. The themes and mental schemas of the Shahnameh and the themes of some of the love poems or even the themes of Omar Khayyam's poems, which have been most welcomed by Georgian scholars, can be considered in writing Persian language textbooks in Georgia to provide deep cultural ties with friendly countries in the field of common civilization.

In this article, by examining the poetry flow of black romanticism in the thirties and forties in Iran, the representation of loneliness in the poems of the poets of this flow is analyzed. The main issue is the connection between the intellectual and ideological components of the black romanticism of these two decades with the emergence of the concept of loneliness in their poetic meanings. The main reason for the emergence of the black romanticism trend is the frustration Coup D’etat of 1332 Š./1953/ 1332, which has led to dark themes and blackness in this poetic trend, and it harbors nihilistic ideas. The discussion of loneliness has strongly considered this nihilistic trend. The main poets of this trend, based on their influence from the existentialist and humanist attitude, whose works are analyzed in this article, are Hassan Honarmandi, Forough Farrokhzad and Ahmed Shamlou. The results of this research showed that although the influence of the thoughts of French thinkers about loneliness is evident in this thought stream, this is associated with the unconscious influence of the background of Iranian thought in Persian poetry and concepts such as humanism, individualism, the endlessness of life, freedom based on It has reproduced individuality.

The most dominant theme of the richest works on mysticism is perceptive imagery which has its origin in mythology and philosophy. Given their intrinsic link to the meanings and concepts, images are considered as the intellectual life of the writer and the poet. They attempt to create images depending on their own mental and intellectual capacity as the very same images distinguish the poets and writers from one another. One of these images is the "Sun or Sunlight" which is abundant in Masnavi as a macro metaphor and in Sohervardi's works as a pattern of thought. The present study aims to first decode the dominant thoughts which led to the creation of the image of "Sun or Sunlight" for the concept of the "Perfect Man" and second, to analyze how a single image is created for different meanings or how the same concept is depicted in different images. One possible answer is that man's understanding of various phenomena is influenced by the different "states and situations" he experiences to attain different perceptions leading these understandings to be pictured by various images.

The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles is one of the Famous Contemporary Linguistic Theories Attributed to Romagna Jacobsen, one of the Famous Theorists in this Field, who Believes that every Discourse Driven from one of the two Metaphoric or Metonymic Poles. He Holds that the Metonymic Pole of Language is Used in Prose while the Metaphoric Pole is a Feature of Poetry.  David Lodge, the Contemporary Literary Critic and Novelist, has Analyzed Roman Jakobson’s Theory, Expanding it. Interpreting Jakobson’s Theory, he Maintains that in Prose, in Addition to Contiguity Relations and the Metonymic Pole of Language, the Metaphoric Pole Also Exists. Lodge Sees the Modernist Fiction as a Blend of Similarity and Contiguity Relations, or Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles. In his View, Although the Metaphorical Pole is not Explicitly Manifested in Modern Novels, their Authors Draw on Techniques Through Which Prose -which is Essentially a Metonymic form- Takes a Metaphorical form and as a Result, the New Novels have Metaphorical Titles. Our Main Question in This Research is: in Contemporary Persian Novels, How are the Titles of the Story and the Text, Based on David Lodge's Linguistic Theory, Influenced by each other Linguistically and Semantically, and how did the Narrative Style Play a Role in the Formation of the Title? the Present Research has Applied David Lodge’s Theory to Six Prominent Persian Novels, Namely “Symphony of the Dead”, “the Blind Owl”, “the Last Game of the Lady”, “Nocturnal Harmony of Lumbers’ Orchestra”, and “the School Principal”. This Research Shows that this Theory can be Applied to Analysis of Novel Titles Based on the Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles. Therefore, Novels with Modernist Features that are Shaped According to the Metaphoric Pole of Language have Metaphoric Titles, and Novels in which Elements are Created Metonymically have Metonymic Titles.

Spiritual journey can be considered as the most important pillar of Sufism and mysticism and as the feature distinguishing it from other religious systems. So, a great part of Sofieh teachings has been centered on defining and explicating this spiritual journey. Existence of different steps in the evolutional journey not only superficialy indicates the existence of rituals, attitudes and educational systems, but also is in depth an influence of Sufis’ ontological view (as the one who plans the journey for his followers). Therefore, the place of God and Man in the hierarchy of the being and the relationship between these two plays a crucial role in howabouts of the journey.

This research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner using library resources.

Shams Tabrizi is one of the influential Sufis of the middle Ages. He is also regarded as an innovative and creative mystic in areas of anthropology, theology and ontology. In many regards, for example in terms of spiritual journey he has new and innovative ideas that deserve more attention. He believes that man has fallen apart from his true place, which is Khaliftulah. Therefore, he can regain his position through doing some actions and avoiding some other actions.

Shams’ teachings regarding spiritual journey can be divided into two categories: 1) What the seeker should pay attention to on the outside and in the material life (human journey in society) & 2) what should happen in the heart and mind of the seeker (inner journey). In the first case, what is most important is the feeling of an inner need and a relationship based on love and knowledge of hijab, and te external requirement which must be observed by the seeker is choosing a guru.

Discourse analysis is one of the interdisciplinary trends in linguistics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and so on. This tendency has two main perspectives: first, it evaluates the formation of meaning and message in relation to the intricacies (including the physiological and structural aspects of language) and, in the second perspective, examines the exogenous factors (the relationship between language and all external features that include the knowledge of sociology, culture, etc.) Discourses are considered as the open language of power relations, and since language teaching concepts are also manifestations of cultural power, the authors of this paper have sought to criticize the concepts of second language teaching based on the second view of discourse analysis. The most important findings show that in meaning-based approaches, the reliance is on common prominent figures, for example, between Iran and Turkmenistan (Abu Saeed Abul-Khair, Abulfazl Sarakhsi, ...), Iran and Uzbekistan (Rudaki Samarghandi, Amir Ali Shirnava’i, Attar Neishabouri, and ...). Community-based approaches identify target communities by examining linguistic geography to transform communicative potentiality to communicative action. A culture-based approach which identifies common roots in literature, art, and language, and the obvious examples of which are the customs of Nowruz celebrations, Welcoming Spring and Seven Sin between Iran and its neighbors such as Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and ..., refers to the creation of common cultural themes for the teaching of language learners. The psychology-based approach deals with the use of mystical literature, as well as its link with the concepts of participatory learning such as improvement of attitude in Hafez poetry and self-esteem in Saeb.

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach that can be explained in the fields of linguistics, political science, cultural relations, international relations, soft power, and etc. This approach includes two different attitudes: the first one specifically deals with linguistics and intralingual studies; and the second one, which is the focus of this study, examines the extra-linguistic factors including culture and cultural geography. Through soft power towards implementing the policy of cultural induction, language and literature become the means of hidden power relations because each country tries to pursue its own cultural interests through specific policies of cultural influence on the culture of the target country and its cultural transformation. Furthermore, one of the most important cultural policies to influence other cultures is teaching language and literature and this goal is achieved in two ways. In the first way, the relation between the transcendent culture (domineering) and the audience of the sublime culture (domineered, obedient) is usually made by the preachers and introducers of the former through preaching and explaining that culture along with its intellectual and cultural attractions. In the second way, the linguistic domination and cultural influence are created and strengthened through teaching language and literature in different levels, depths, and to a wide target audience; accordingly, cultural diplomacy is achieved through the soft power of teaching language and literature. Using a documentary method and a descriptive-analytical approach, this research seeks to answer the basic questions of how the soft power of Persian language teaching is analyzed and, consequently, where Persian literature stands in the strategic relations of cultural diplomacy, and how it is evaluated.
One of the most important achievements of this research can be the impact of teaching Persian language and literature in the form of showing historical, civilizational, religious, and linguistic commonalities through explaining the discourse analysis of the common cultural-historical contexts, especially in geo culture (cultural geography) and presenting a strategy for cultural diplomacy.

Action in mystical texts occurs under the influence of factors that provide a suitable space for mystical expression. These factors can be the result of inductive, prescriptive, incidental processes or the offspring of tension and state systems. The origin of these factors goes back to the binary oppositions on which the human system of thought is based, and the discussion about it dates back to the time of Aristotle and has continued in the 20th century in the structuralist and semiotic studies of scholars such as Saussure, Freud, Pierce, Morris, Greimas, etc. Therefore, it is based on these oppositions that in a semantic-semiotics approach, we can study the mechanisms of meaning production in discourse systems with different sensory-perceptual, cognitive and aesthetic dimensions. In the present paper, the author examines the discourse systems of the story “Pirchangi” as an example of poetic stories of Masnavi-i Ma’navi by Jalal al-Din Muhammad Balkhi (Rumi), in order to clarify the position of action, tension, existence and state systems in it and to show the transition of the main character from the initial disorder to the organized state at the end of the story. The result of the analysis indicates the prominent role of the state system in the main leap of the story in which the character moves into a state of belief through an “epiphany”. The attractiveness of this story for repeated reading, as Rumi himself points out at the end of the story, owes to the presence of the existential subject.

Contrary to past approaches to texts often referred to as "text" or "text authors," from today's literary critique approaches are attention to "text reader" and discussion of the reader's role in meaning to the text. These categories of theories suggest that the text does not have a stable meaning, but the meanings of the product of the reader's creativity. One of the most important contemporary schools of thought that refers to the importance of the reader's role in perceiving and receiving meaning, but also in the creation of the meaning of the text, is the theory of "Aesthetic of Reception", known as Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser. The general conception of the historical transformation of literary theories is that the importance of the reader's position in shaping the meaning of the text, and the role of the reader in the meaning of the text and the problems surrounding the perception of meaning, is the theoretical achievement of the recent centuries in the West. However, the accuracy and revising of some of the past rhetorical texts suggests theoretical reflections and some of Islamic thinkers and rhetoric's views on the importance of the reader and his role in creating the meaning of the text. The present study addresses the reflections of three rhetoric and literary critics of the Islamic world on the relation between text and reader and the reader's position and importance in determining the meaning of the text.

Love is the most important key word for all mystical texts, especially in the school of thought of the Maulana. Love cannot be expressed in a simple and direct way; therefore, the mystics, with various linguistic and conceptualization means, attempt to clarify their meaning by using a wide range of linguistic and conceptual tools. In Masnavi, love is also a key element. In this paper, metaphors that have been reflected in the love of Mowlavi's Masnawi have been studied. The theoretical basis of the research is the conception/cognitive theory of Lakoff and Johnson's metaphor in which, contrary to the traditional approach, metaphor not only has an aesthetic role, but it also is a cognitive tool for understanding the author's worldview and thinking. At the beginning of the article, a report of the conceptual/cognitive metaphors of love in Mowlavi's Masnavi is presented and these metaphors are analyzed based on the source and destination. The present study aims to identify the main metaphors of love in Masnavi and discover Rumi's view of love. These metaphors, in terms of content, fall into four main categories: a group that presents a positive image of love, the second group highlights the negative qualities of love, the third is twofold metaphors, and the fourth category is metaphors that are conceptually neutral. The cognitive analysis of each group/network is presented from metaphors according to their central metaphors. The results revealed that burning, befuddling, and sentiment are the most important aspects of love from Mowlana's point of view. He also believes that beloved is very powerful and has all authority; on the other hand, lover is needy, dependent and follower of beloved

Coherence is achieved through creating a link between words and sentences which have specific content and meanings. Hence, the meaning is clarified through the meaningful relationships between the textual elements of a text. Cohesive factors are of the three types, namely, syntactic, lexical and relational. The present study aims at investigating lexical cohesion in the story Gaumart based on Halliday and Hasan’s Theory. The study had a descriptive and secondary research approach. The results of the study showed that the poet has been able to create close ties between different elements of the text through the application of lexical elements, especially repetitive ones.

Nietzsche mentions two central pillars for the genuine influential civilization of ancient Greece, i.e. , the Apollonian and the Dionysian principles. The first principle, using the logic of wisdom, has structured and formed all affairs and orders of the Greek's world, and thus contributed to the formation of the unique individuality of the Greek man. The second, relying upon passion, madness and ecstasy, has tried to reach beyond the systematized frames and limited individualities of the first principle and therefore has led to a more extensive and comprehensive individuality by means of passion and excitement. The growth and transcendence of the Greek man has taken a big step forward through the constant conflict and dialectic between these two contradictory elements. Meanwhile music and sculpture have functioned as the containers of these two elements, representing the Greek wisdom and madness. However, based on mythical, historical and cultural evidence, it must be said that the two mentioned contradictory principles did not originate in ancient Greece but ancient Iran. The present article is an attempt to shed light on the Iranian origin of the two principles by analyzing their main features. Next, their background in the ancient Iranian civilization is presented. Finally, their continuation into various Iranian cultural trends, especially the mighty trends of mysticism and Sufism, undergoes discussion.

As a linguistic device, parody has such a high power that can be used to reflect many controversial social issues in an improving manner. Parody and mainly satire, as indirect linguistic devices, are extensively used at the time of cultural and ethical crises to reflect and make the situation better, when no direct language use can be improving. This paper investigated that how AtaMalek Juwayni, like many other Iranian satirical figures and critics, has optimally used these effective linguistic devices in favor of social and cultural development. Through a satirical and critical view on many of his contemporary actions, beliefs, and events, and like a social and political reformist, he has reflected the existing problems of his time and tried to resolve them. The findings of this study also showed that his critical and satirical writings did not only include the Mongolians, but they also comprised the ordinary people, women, Khwarazmian commanders, Sheikh-al-Islams and many of the well-known figures of the time. It seems illogical to expect such a great writer to put himself at risk of death and his writings at risk of destruction through explicit criticism of the violent governors of his time. Juwayni's critics and satires are quite implicit and hidden that special consideration is needed to be understood.

In this paper. personality dimensions of Abu Sa’id Abu al- Kheir as one of the grand scholars of mysticism was studied with respect to the text of Asar al -Tohid based on personality theories of Duane and Sydney Schultz ( Eysenck and Cattell).
Methodology used in this research was descriptive- analytic. This research was aimed at establishing relationship between modern psychology and old literature and establishing the personality dimensions of a grand mystic scholar based on scientific and psychological theories and their application of today. Where as mystic scholars have comprehensive and perfect personality , they provide full- fledged role models for human community, they are unique role models for all human as they have sublime personality in all respects. On the other hand , frequent approach of the humans to prominent mystic, political, historical and social figures in forming intellectual and lingual- literary and visual factors, is a fundamental issue that can account for the cultural, historical and social factors of the national literature.

GerardGenette presented Transtextualite theory due to the theory of Yulia Kristeva''s intertextuality at the second half of twentieth century. This theory is divided into five sections: 1) Intertextualite. 2) Metatextualite. 3) Arcitextualite. 4) Paratextualite. 5) Hypertextualite. Inspired from Shāhnāme، tradition of epic storytelling continued after Ferdowsi. The reflection of Shāhnāme in all of epic works، after 4th century، is quite obvious. One of these works is Shāhkār by Rahim Moini-e Kermānshāhi which is included the history of Iran from Sasaniyan''s fall until late of Qajar dynasty in rhythm of Shāhnāme and form of mathnavi. Shāhkār is an artifact and historical work that is influenced by Shāhnāme in different fields. Based on Intertextualite theory، the effect of Shāhnāme on Shāhkār is very high and ThisReflectingcreatesabeautifuland desirable work. In this research، impact of Shāhnāme has been analysed based on Transtextualite theory.

Magical realism is a new method in fiction. In this method the author uses the technique of magic and fantasy that mixed with reality. Najib Mahfouz and Gholam Hussein Saedi are the pioneers of this style. One Thousand and One Nights and Mourners of Bayal are examples of magical realism method. This paper attempts to examine these stories. Magic and fantasy، myth and the duality of the two stories are common. But Sufism and familiarization are special of the story thousand nights and night and Noise and odor and descriptions expressionism and surrealism are special of Mourners Bayal. Therefore، the study of magical realism in the fiction of the nights thousand nights and night Written by Najib Mahfouz and Mourners of Bayal written by Gholam-Hussein Saedi the both can be considered successful in Persian and Arabic fiction literatures. Although the two elements of magic and illusion in terms of quantity and quality is the most used in Najib Mahfouz story. But the symbolism of duality has been used more and more tangible in the story Mourners of Bayal.

In the history of Persian literature، some works have been entitled which is a general name. Majales is a type of didactic literature from the point of litrary typology and it is subcategory of it. Some of the important resourses of Majles Goyie or oratory are instructions and guidances of holy Quran and Nahjolbalaghe. The frequent subject of Majales is preaching and notification. Preaching interwoven with concepts like rehetoric، proselytize، didactics، advice، guidance، notification، admonition and sometimes it uses with same value. In this type of literature، preacher tries، in front of audiences، to say moral norms and deemphasise abnormalities for reformation of idea and behavior of society. The topic of those gatherings is didactic lessons which has been done in two forms (public and specific)، each one has its own special conditions and customs. Talking in public demands special oratory which is different from literary oratory and it is called «Pulpit oratory» which have special characterstics and specific elements. In this article the evolution of the topic from the beginning to the end of Safavi dynasty has been analysed.

Mowlavi’s sonnets have been repeatedly and from different points of views analyzed by several famed literary characters. Considering the structure and features of sonnet، as a poetic form، and its evolution course، it seems that Mowlavi is offering a new version of narrative sonnet – the issue had been paying attention by Attar and Sanaie before him. ‘What measures and techniques had Mowlavi used to enrich his sonnets as the base of storytelling? ’ and، ‘what kind of literary genres and features are there in his sonnets? ’ are the main questions to be answered in present essay.