فهرست مطالب دکتر سید غلامرضا اسلامی

Iranian architecture and urban planning, despite its abundance and diversity in various dimensions, is still a place of discovery and research. Based on this, the current research aims to provide a model for prioritizing the effective dimensions and indicators of the pattern language on underground cities and to explain the relationship between these two issues in order to understand underground cities. In this regard, two methods of grounded theory and structural-interpretive modeling have been used to analyze data and achieve research goals. The findings of the research show that this type of architecture can be recognized according to the pattern language in three dimensions, macro, medium, and micro, so that the indicators of the macro dimension are the most influential and the indicators in the middle dimension. have the greatest influence in the localization of architecture and urban planning in Iran today.

The house, has always been vulnerable against earthquakes. Also, post-earthquake reconstruction process requires sufficient knowledge of context in order to provide solutions of housing destruction problems. Interaction of the goals of reconstruction policy makers and survivors’ needs, provides wisdom of reconstruct. This critical change in situation, do not allows planners and designers to apply a normal design process that follows a conventional model in reconstructed houses. The lack of attention to imperceptible events that affect disaster managing process, creates product-oriented attitudes in reconstruction. This process sacrifices survivors on the pre-determined route of mass-construction and product-oriented point of view; resulted inconsistency. Thus, the intangible and aspects of the process of design homes may have been forgotten. This paper, compared two fields of design process and post-earthquake reconstruction in order to reach the goals of successful reconstruction design process. Also participation as a connection of the two fields plays an important role.The methodology is based on a qualitative approach, including field surveys and observations. The supportive case is the evidence from Gufel Village that have been selected among rural housing reconstructions after Manjil1990earthquake. The findings show that, there are several periods of time in design process of housing reconstruction, that make one step through successful reconstruction. In the transition of formal phase of reconstruction to post-occupation phase of living in reconstructed houses, trust, coordinated and organized stakeholders are effective for the successful post-earthquake house reconstruction.

This research focuses on the expansion of educational spaces compatible with the teacher-centered method that has caused the lack of improvement of these spaces with the student-oriented instruction methods. The hypothesis is that by applying constructivist approaches and theories of social production of space, school environments can be designed to enhance students’ interactions and active participation in learning that ultimately increases their motivation for education. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature and follows a qualitative and interdisciplinary approach as well as uses a developmental method. The educational spaces of three purposefully selected schools are analyzed using various theories. The analysis results in the identification of five types of educational spaces that can support the application of constructivist methods of instruction and promote students' social interactions. The proposed spatial structure includes classroom sets, public spaces, and common areas, aiming to create a spatial convergence and fluidity that prevent spatial disarray. The intention is to move away from teacher-oriented spaces and towards more flexible and open environments that foster social interactions and student engagement. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of how educational spaces can be adapted to facilitate the student-oriented instruction and promote constructivist learning approaches. The findings offer insights into the design principles that can enhance students' motivation and active participation in the education process.

Knowing and understanding the philosophical and allegorical meaning of artistic and architectural elements is undeniably critical. Chalipa is one of these elements. This ancient motif and the fundamental concepts of Iranian ontology have consistently and repeatedly played a role in art and architecture for over seven thousand years as a symbolic element in reflecting such concepts. Further, Islamic horizontality is considered a guiding principle in realizing Islamic architectural works as a principle derived from the monotheistic worldview and a belief in the unity of being in the universe. This paper discusses the pivotal role of light from the viewpoint of epistemology and ontology in Iranian mysticism and wisdom to perceive the ontology language of Chalipa as a symbol of light in Iranian thinking and culture. Afterward, it will be viewed analytically and comparatively through the principle of horizontality in terms of form and meaning.The theory of doubt in existence, or unity in multiplicity and multiplicity in unity, based on light, as a single and universal truth that has different degrees of perfection and imperfection, has been presented as one of the fundamental ontological theories of the Iranian people. This theory, which is passed down from ancient times, is brought up again at around 5th century AH, first in the guise of Tariqa and then through Sufi commentators and Islamic scholars. In this way, it is mixed with Quran's plethora of themes and the Sunnah and life of the Messenger of God and his family, together with intuitive perceptions and by using the language of philosophy and theology, becoming a stable and systematic intellectual tradition, and opening yet another chapter in Islamic wisdom and knowledge. This tradition of thought defines light as being equal to existence, meaning that light and existence form a single truth, and do not fundamentally differ from each other, except in the realm of ideas. This finds a decisive explanation in the mystical and philosophical circles, and therefore, the philosophical system of illumination and creation of light is transformed into the story of the creation of existential worlds. We are talking about the highest order of existence, which is infinite in terms of duration, intensity and number. Coinciding with this era, i.e. from the 4th-5th century AH, the principle of Islamic Horizontalism, originating from a unified worldview and based on the unity of existence, catalyzes the creation of Islamic works of art and architecture. In the process of realizing transcendental concepts, the Principle of Horizontalism acts as a structural guide, bringing the deep mystical meanings of existential unity onto the level of appearances as a non-hierarchical multi-scale model, characterized by a companionship, directionlessness, multiplicity and infinity infused with abstract simplicity. In ancient Iranian wisdom, the Chalipa is the only visual representation of the originary light, the "luminous gift" of existence. Thus, in the Iranian tradition, Chalipa acts as a precious and mysterious motif, which is the manifestation of the transcendental origin of the universe. In the continuation of the intellectual and artistic life of Iranians, Chalipa plays a critical role, acting in both fields of wisdom and art for more than seven thousand years, transforming the highest truths hidden in the depths of knowledge to the surfaces of comprehensible art. This research shows that from the semantics point of view, the Chalipa effectively expresses the fundamental concepts of the principle of Islamic Horizontalism and from a formal point of view, the Chalipa is a symbolic form that resists the limitations of perspectival hierarchy. The Chalipa consists of two arms of the same size, which are perpendicular to each other at their central point of intersection. The formal configuration of the Chalipa does not show preference for a particular point of view or direction and as a result, it can be viewed from any direction. Chalipa has thrived in Islamic art and architecture throughout the ages, due to its ability to be repeated and multiplied in various geometric patterns without creating perspectival or conceptual hierarchy or limitations. It is therefore widely used in shaping architectural spaces and ornamentations. Simultaneously simple and mysterious, the Chalipa demonstrates its special efficiency in responding to the needs of the viewers throughout the evolution and development of its conceptual history. Due to its unique geometry, the Chalipa has been widely used in combination with other symbols and geometries in order to create new artistic expressions based on the viewer's imagination and the transcendental definition of light. Therefore, Chalipa possesses both the conceptual and formal features proposed in the principle of Islamic Horizontalism.

Nowadays, due to the complexities in the issues and extensive changes in the world of architecture, the benefit of creativity in design is felt more and more. However, the important point is the issues that are faced by architecture today with these developments, which are different from the challenges and issues of previous eras. As a result, this condition requires a unique procedure for dealing with issues so as to create creative works. The necessity of conducting this research is to pay attention to the effect of creativity and its strengthening in the way of individual or group attention. The aim of the present research is to measure the level of architectural creativity at both individual and group levels to develop the desired strategy in creativity education and strengthen it, achieving the desired results in the area of the architecture profession.

In this study, the collected data and materials will be examined with a descriptive-analytical method, and finally, we will analyze the results of the test by drawing diagrams using the quantitative data extracted from the test in the educational environment. This study is applied in terms of purpose. Moreover, the Delphi method was used to extract the factors of measuring and evaluating the design method as "individual or group" and the design product.

Based on the findings of the research, measuring the method of facing the issue of architecture (group method), which can be called a method fitting the current complex structure of architecture, after measuring the (individual) method and receiving its results, as controlled and imposing limitations to confirm its validity in subjects with the same subject of the individual method and the same individuals as a group showed; taking advantage of the group method, in which individuals simply get together to carry out architectural design, is not only positive but according to what was seen in the test, it also leads to a decrease in creativity compared to the individual method.

The results of the research showed that the scores for measuring and evaluating the level of creativity in the designed product in the group method, in groups that pay attention to the variables affecting the group, including size, diversity, cohesion, and communication system, and so-called synergy methods have occurred at a higher level than the scores in an individual method. It should be considered that synergy will occur when there is a set of conscious, coherent, and coordinated efforts by people to achieve a common goal(s) by which the promotion of creativity appears to be one of its consequences. However, it is obvious that architectural design relies on individual taste and creativity as well as group synergy and support for common ideas. Therefore, it appears that, in addition to focusing on the individual level, it is essential to pay attention to the ways of cultivating creativity at the group level in the area of education planning.

Study on the cognitive activities of designers is classified as an empirical study which is one of the ways to study on the scope of creativity in design process. Protocol analysis is an empirical research method for studying design behavior which is an appropriate method in this field. Concurrent with the use of protocol analysis, analysis methods have been presented by some researchers which can be used with the protocol analysis method. Among these analysis methods, linkography that is introduced by Gabriella Goldschmidt attracted the attention of many researchers. In this method, the design process of a designer is unfold by drawing a graph which is called linkograph. The current research, assesses creativity in conceptual design phase of design process of two Iranian professional architects with the use of protocol analysis and linkography. Certainly, measuring creativity in the design process of professional architects is a complex issue that with the help of such methods, some mysteries of this field can be revealed. In order to reach this aim, aspects of creativity in design process such as divergent and convergent thinking and creative insights, are studied in detail. Also, the way of analyzing these criteria by the linkograph was examined. The result shows that the level of creativity in the design process of one of the architects is at an appropriate level, while, the design process of the other architect, has not formed appropriately from the creativity point of view. This occurs in spite of the fact that sudden creative insights are distinguished in the second architect`s design process. What can be seen in the process of assessing creativity in the design process of the second architect is the lack of relative balance between divergent and convergent thinking.

Today, creativity is an inseparable and essential part of the architectural design process and lies in it. In the architectural design process, in addition to problem surveying, how solve the problem and find a suitable solution to achieve the desired situation is of great importance.It should be noted In order to solve complex and ambiguous issues in the world of design, with creative methods, inevitably mental processes and data processing in the mind should flow.In this regard, one of the strategies that philosophers emphasize the problem creatively is to develop a condition where designers can change their way of thinking.Thus, the primary purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and effectiveness of the attention diversion period, its role, and its place in the process of creative solutions to the architectural problem. So that we want to know in this research what steps do these mental processes take and during which process are creative solutions for problems formed? and the important point is, what is the type of knowledge in this process? Therefore, in this research, we believe that by examining creative processes presented by thinkers, analyzed the problem solving process that we can benefit from in order to achieve creative answers in facing the architectural problem .Since the main question of this research to be effectiveness Attention deviation period It is founded on the achievement of creative ideas and this period in the bed phase Incubation From creative process it takes place, in order to Achieve The purposes of this research, our focus and our purpose, among the phases that play an essential role in the production of creativity, is to investigate the phase Incubation and its achievement in this process.Because it seems possible by creating attention deviation period and benefit of methods, your thoughts consciously on the way unconscious Placed and in the architectural problem solution process, achieve in the architectural problem creative solution.According to what was said In the first step, explanation of attention diversion period is explained by posing two questions:1-How will it be possible for the designer to reach the incubation period in the problem solution process?2-The type of knowledge the designer in what is the incubation period in the problem creative solution process? It is intended to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of the incubation period in order to in the architectural problem creative solution with the design of two hypotheses:1-Create attention diversion period It is effective in the problem solution process.2-There is a difference between the effectiveness of metaphor and analogy in increasing creativity in design products. The nature of this research is applicable in terms of purpose.The research method is a quasi-experimental intervention, a pre-test-post-test design with a control group.In this way, a comparison is made between the groups exposed to the independent variable (attention diversion period) and the group to which the independent variable has not been applied.The tool used in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire. It is worth mentioning in this research, in order to describe and analyze the data first, some descriptive indicators were reported and according to the research method, the most appropriate test was analysis of covariance. In order to use this test, it is necessary to establish assumptions such as the homogeneity of the slope of the regression line, the normality of the model error, and the homogeneity (equality) of the variance of the model error. Finally, the data were analyzed through the covariance analysis and Bonferroni's post hoc statistical test using SPSS 25.The results of the data covariance analysis between the two experimental and control groups indicate a significant and positive effect of the"attention deviation period" in the creative solution process of the architectural problem (F=205.28 and P=0.0001). Also, to check the difference between the two groups, the results of the Bonferroni test show that; Among the intervention strategies, the metaphor strategy has more effective outcomes than the comparison strategy (p=0.0001 and mean difference=9.61).Based on the research findings on the positive effect of attention deviation period; It seems that this kind of intervention method and its strategies can be used to provide creative answers in the face of the current complex and ambiguous problems of architecture in the field of education as well as the profession of architecture.

Based on the idea of the nature of order, Christopher Alexander studies all the phenomena of the universe under the two headings of living structures and non-living structures, and examines and recognizes the pattern of living structures according to fifteen fundamental characteristics. He accepts modern architecture. does not have and finds living structures in native architecture. In the meantime, Man Made Cave architecture is an example of native architecture that has responded appropriately to the needs of humans in relation to themselves, society, social structures, geographical location, climate, events and nature. Based on this, the current research aims to explain the common points between architecture and Alexander's theory and their comparison with each other, a more appropriate field for benefiting from the experience of past architects and understanding the intelligence used in these works and adapting it to the native. It provided the needs and necessities of Iran's architecture today in the direction of continuity for the future. Therefore, in terms of purpose, this research is classified as fundamental and in the category of qualitative research, and in terms of method, it is classified as an action-research based on library studies and field-survey observations, which The generalizability of the theory has been carried out in Isfahan province and purposefully in 6 underground cities. The findings of the research show that these collections are relatively applicable to fifteen characteristics, but of these fifteen characteristics, the role of different scales, strong centers, boundaries, ambiguity and deep coherence, contrast, degree Classification, heterogeneity, simplicity and inner peace and inseparability in localization are very large and impressive and the role of alternating repetition, definite space, good shape, local symmetry, echo and empty space is less.

Signs, in ancient Iranian architecture, are of the key elements of structures and traces of them can be found all over the history of Iranian architecture. Most of worship places are featured with minaret and dome, so that variations of these elements can be found in holy places of all divine religions. Unfortunately, today we witness that these elements are neglected or even removed from architecture of holy places and mosques in particular. Although, innovation is an essential part of architecture, the historical identity of a culture needs to be respected, if we want to achieve a stable form in architecture. Minarets in Iranian architecture represent specific signs and symbols that have formed and matured intentionally over the years so that they are considered as an archetype. These elements take the observers’ imagination to the old ages and to find out human’s ancient mental connection. Todays, traces of different fields of science are evident in architecture. One of these is semiotics, which is the science of perceiving phenomena in the world. The present study focuses on semiotics of archetypes as the constant patters that are rooted in collective experience of man. Studying architectural specification of archetypes and how their concepts are used in Iranian minarets architecture is another objective of the study. In our approach to semiotics of archetypes in architectural structures, we need to know some basic definitions in semiotics. To this end, concepts like signs, semiology, architecture, minaret, and their multi-aspect and close relationship are discussed thoroughly. The study is aimed at examining how the archetypal signs are represented in old minaret architecture in Iran and the way of using them in contemporary architecture in Iran in compliance with Iranian culture and history. To do this, using analytical and interpretive method, the bidirectional relationship was examined through quantitative study (from theory to instance) and qualitative study (from instance to theory).The study was carried out as analytical library work based on the available references. After literature review and representing viewpoints of the pioneers of semiology about signs and comparing their theories, a comprehensive definition of archetypes was proposed. Then, the semiotic systems in architecture of minaret, based on the proposed definition, were examined through semantic approach. Finally, a method to recreate the signs in the structures was brought in. Thus, the study begins with surveying the concept of semiotics and archetypes followed by some examples of minarets that try to regenerate architectural signs and convey an indigenous sense, which were examined through semiotics viewpoint. Finally a theory about archetype semiotics of minaret and guidance tower of Iran was proposed. Surveys of archetypes semiotics indicated that minaret is one of the main archetypes that represents variety of mythical concepts and meanings. Thus, it is not reasonable to eliminate such a valuable element regardless of its archetype aspects and even without an acceptable replacement. It is not hard to understand that the developers of minarets have tried to convey a message to the future generationsKeywords: archetype, minaret, semiotics, symbol, icon

Iranian architecture underwent many changes under the influence of the Mongol invasion andtheir domination over the land of Iran. These changes are especially evident in the pre-existingreligious buildings. The changes that have taken place, sometimes have disturbed the spatialcoherence of the building so much that the relationship between the religious background of thebuilding and the physical characteristics of its builders seems to be quite confused. Therefore,the present study aims to explain the subject in two ways; First, by examining the historicaldevelopments in this period, the religious tendencies of the people and the rulers of the time wereanalyzed and the changes that have taken place in the religious buildings of this period with thechange of beliefs in the Ilkhanid rulers were investigated. In the first part, the research has beenconducted through a historical method, based on historical texts and documents. In the secondpart, six examples of the remains of buildings from the period under investigation have beenexamined. In this section, with the help of field studies, the changed components in the buildingwere identified and categorized, and how these changes became clear was stated. The presentstudy indicates that at the beginning of the 7th century AH, under the influence of the conflictsof the Shafi’i and Hanafi religions, major destruction took place in the buildings belonging tothese religions. Subsequently, with the abolition of the dominant religious tendency in the centralgovernment and the spread of the belief in Shamanism and Buddhism, such temples were built. Inthe second half of the 7th century AH, Christian and Jewish religions became more widespread dueto the will of the rulers of the time, and new religious buildings were built, and in some cases newbuildings were built on the basis of previously destroyed religious buildings. Finally, in the late 7thand early 8th centuries AH clashes between various Sunni and Shie religions have subsided, andthe construction of religious buildings became more common. The results of this research showthat just as the religious tendencies of the Ilkhanid rulers changed many times during this period,religious buildings have also undergone many changes, both in the spatial organization and in thedecorations and motifs

The purpose of this study is to identify physical and non-physical factors affecting the desired experience of primary school students in educational spaces in Isfahan, which is innovative in terms of the subject matter and the nature of children's life experiences of attending educational spaces. The methodology of the present article is based on mixed method that students' mental images and life experiences have been obtained using their drawings. Given the integration of the identifier and the subject of identification in this method, it can be considered a suitable way to represent and understand the life experience of children. A total of 192 drawings were classified by open coding method and analyzed by exploratory factor analysis by SPSS software. The results indicate that the five main factors affect the lived experience and students' mental image of the educational environment, which in order of priority include 1. Emphasis on building legibility; 2. Referring to various types of activities; 3. Emphasis on the overall appearance of the building; 4. Pay attention to natural factors and outdoor space and 5. Pay attention to the details of environmental-sensory stimuli.

The change in human lifestyle in recent decades has been accompanied by the neglect of the natural environment in the human living space and ultimately led to the growth of sick societies in terms of physical, mental and spiritual and has increased violence and vandalism in society. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to explain the relationship between the presence of the sky in architecture and human mental health and crime reduction.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, which was conducted in the first half of 1400 in Pardisan residential complexes in Qom, Iran. A sample of 110 households was randomly selected from the Basij neighborhoods and the staff union, which is part of the neighborhoods of Pardisan area with a large number of residential complexes, due to the presence of local residents, to answer the researcher-made questionnaire on human physical, mental and spiritual health in terms of the presence of the sky in the living space. The face and content validity of the questionnaire used was checked and confirmed. The questionnaire also had good reliability in three dimensions of physical, mental and spiritual with Cronbach's alpha 0.922, 0.813 and 0.775, respectively. Due to limited traffic and communication in Corona, the questionnaires were completed in absentia and online. Data were analyzed using dual regression analysis test in SPSS 26 software.

The results of 97 households living in Pardisan residential complexes in Qom, Iran were studied, of which 46 (47.4%) were women and 51 (52.6%) were men, 59 (60.8%) were in the young Sunni valley and 38 (39.2%) were in the middle age group. The results of regression analysis showed that the presence of the sky in the architectural space among the components of physical, mental and spiritual health, had a significant effect on all human areas. Determination of intensity and 62% was related to factors related to mental health and by comparing the constant regression value of 18.442 and the physical field coefficient of 0.217 and the spiritual field coefficient of 0.582, the greater effect of the spiritual field on human mental peace was explained.

The results of this study show that the presence of the sky in the living space of human beings, in addition to physical comfort, also causes psychological and spiritual comfort, and the presence of the sky in the space of architecture and man-made, more than anything, promotes human mental health and unwillingness. It turns into crime and violence.

From the moment of birth, human beings grow with the formation of their physical, physiological, and security needs, and then they are placed in the space of knowing the psychological realm and providing psychological and social security needs, as well as being respected and loved and loved. Due to the insufficient provision of these needs for human beings, he experiences the spiritual realm with the provision of respectful and self-fulfilling demands. All these areas and requirements are formed in an environment that is based on the two elements of earth and sky. However, being surrounded by the modern world, the contemporary man is influenced by self-made architectural space, which is led to mental and physical disease due to the elimination of natural elements such as the sky. Moreover, human needs are categorized based on the response to his physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects, which affect his activities according to the theory of thinkers. Also, the dependence of art on nature has caused people to express what they have learned from nature through art. In this regard, Iranians, who have had a special respect for nature from the past to the present, have been inspired by nature. According to Iranian mythology, the sky, as the father of nature, vast and glorious, has played a key role in shaping Iranian art. Iranian art from the past to the present, including stories and legends, poets, miniatures and paintings, music, carpets, shows the role of the sky in meeting human needs. On the other hand, the representation of the sky in the arts can prove its effect on the health of the human body and soul to emphasize the importance of the existence of the sky in the living space of human beings. In order to show the effect of the sky on the improvement of human life, two views have been applied, including Western and Islamic ones based on Maslow's view, and human areas, based on the Islamic view. Study of the existence of the sky in Iranian art and especially in painting and analyzing the meaning and concept of the sky in this art shows the special place of the sky in the body and mind of human beings and also considers the existence of the sky necessary to meet human vital needs. It should be noted that a large part of the image in blue or gold color shows the role of the sky in meeting the material, psychological and spiritual needs of human beings.  By using the qualitative approach, a descriptive-analytical method, and logical reasoning, the present theoretical research studies, how to extend the sky appears in the prominent Safavid paintings as well as which humans aspects are considered based on the pieces of evidence , are from the published library sources and the graphic works (Shahnameh, Shah Tahmasebi and Khamseh Nezami). The results show the sky in  the school of Isfahan causes meets spiritual needs in the Safavid era, flourishing spiritual arts in a way that motivates a man to communicate with the metaphysical world.

The most important element in knowing the identity of any building is its history. The history of a building means knowing the building in its historical context so that it can be fully understood in terms of its formation. It is, therefore, important to know the historical origins of any building and the period in which it was shaped and changed. A review of what is known about the historical origins of Iran's religious monuments, especially according to the records written in the 7th and 8th centuries A.H., shows that scholars who have been active in this field, despite their efforts, lack a deep knowledge of the geographical-natural context of Iran on the one hand and the socio-political-religious events on the other hand. The results of their studies are associated with errors. So, there is a lot of ambiguity about the factors involved in the dating of the 7th and 8th centuries A.H. buildings and the effects of the social, religious, and political developments of the Ilkhanid period on the physical changes in the religious buildings of this period. The present study seeks to identify the factors that have influenced the dating of the works of the seventh and eighth centuries A.H. by analyzing numerous instances. It also seeks to identify the relationship between physical changes and the political, social, and religious changes that took place during the Ilkhanid period. The analyses are conducted based on physical, documentary and historical studies. The results of the study show that most of the errors are induced by changes in the structures of this period, either in the spatial organization of buildings, the incorporation of decorations in later periods, or the use of various inscriptions in buildings. It can be said that the changes have mostly occurred with political-religious motives. The series of events that took place during the Ilkhanid era, from the beginning to the end, can be summarized in five waves. They include architectural dependency, the era of beginning and transformation, the period between transition and independence, the period of independence and production, and the period of isolation. The religious beliefs of the rulers also differed in each of these waves. From the Buddhist and Shamanic beliefs to the various forms of Islamic belief, each has an impact on the religious structure of this period. Finally, the factors influencing the ambiguity in the dating of the buildings in this period include a) the route of the Mongols' movement and the destruction of cities as the main factor affecting the construction and production technologies of this period abd b) the socio-political and religious changes of rulers and their impacts on the construction of buildings constructed. These factors have jointly caused inconsistencies in the decoration, motifs and inscriptions of the building during this period.

The architectural heritage of the Islamic Iran is a demonstration of the values, according to those, the appropriate prototypes of architecture, heeding sustainability and continuity could be discerned. One of the successful examples of the kind could be enumerated as the phenomenon underground cities. Cities shaped in response to security, religion Evidently defensive and strategic constrains could be enumerated as the most crucial issues in shaping these cities. According to religious courses, security has been the most important factor in establishing civilization. The current paper, with emphasizing the architecture of the underground city of KordOlia, and analyzing the architectural structure of its prototypes, aimed to adjust the aforementioned structure with the principles of passive defense and set for to analyze its categories. This paper, deals with the qualitative nature and descriptive analytical method and with emphasis on the method of library and field research on the architecture of underground cities. After reviewing the principles of passive defense architecture and adaptation and analysis in the field of underground and Man Made cave architecture, sustainable patterns of this type of architecture have been extracted. The result of this paper demonstrate that the architecture of underground city of KordOlia, ranked among the Man Made cave, have necessarily been formed according to the principles of non-defensive architecture, propagating to location finding, establishment, form, circulation spaces, residence spaces and their respected geometry had a sustainable entity and in comparison with other Man Made cave architectures, it can be a desirable and sustainable model for continuity in new urban structures.

Earthquake and its related phenomenon are often considered as the causes of instability and disorder in engineering and architecture, and have resulted in the destruction of many buildings and urban fabric. Despite this, by changing our attitude to earthquake: by redefining it from problem to potential and from chaos to complex organization, a different layer of this phenomenon can become evident. Earthquake and fault lines can be considered as an organizing factor, which play an important but hidden role in the geography of habitation, e.g. settlement location, urban spatial network, urban development and spatial-structural network of buildings. This article adopts a holistic approach and quantitative-qualitative methodology to identify the role of self-awareness and mental imaging in the complex system of earthquake-qanat-city and its effects on urbanism and architecture in different scales, which has resulted in an earthquake compatible architecture in different periods in the history of Iran and in some contemporary examples too.

The traditional Iranian bazaar, as a prototype of Islamic-Iranian art and architecture and rich cultural heritage, like other urban contexts, has not been immune to the consequences of developments resulting from modern life in its inner and outer realm. New structures are necessary to change and create for the survival of historical contexts, and in this regard, there must be attention paid to the concept of contextualism and its purpose in the historical context, based on the need to know and extract the language of the context, for structural integration in peripheral development. In order to investigate the inconsistency of infills in the historical context of the Iranian-Islamic city and critique of the existing contextualism, this research first explains the pattern language in the traditional market of Ardabil with a descriptive-analytical method and then based on the characteristics of the fractal model, uses the fractal analysis method as quantitative research method and the fractal dimension parameter as a correlation geometry and the criterion of proportionality between scaling and the number of scales, in order to measure the degree of visual integration between contemporary infills. The facade of five contemporary passages in the second-class region of Ardabil’s traditional bazaar is examined qualitatively through field observation based on the components of theoretical foundations of research, and for quantitative factual analysis, by box counting method and software Image-j Fractional analysis, the fractal dimension of each sample is calculated. Due to absence of facade in the nature of the traditional market, the documents related to the interior views of Ardabil market are prepared, calculated and finally the results are compared with each other. The findings suggest that the fractal dimension of the specimens, as a measure of integration, is in the range of less than 1.5; while the traditional market model has a fractal dimension above 1.5. Therefore, it is necessary to address the components of comprehensive scaling and distribution of scales, as fractal-like pattern language of historical context, instead of formalism in contemporary infill designs.

The main benefits of green buildings for energy and water conservation have been investigated and well recognized in previous studies. However, indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and human health benefits of green buildings have not been examined comprehensively. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review over the current status of green and non- green buildings on their occupants’ health and satisfaction.

A systematic search was conducted throughout the following databases: Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Springer. We reviewed 690 articles that examined the relationship between buildings and health. In total, after excluding the irrelevant titles and non- English articles, 40 papers were included in the final analysis. Articles that evaluated IEQ factors and occupants’ health through surveys from 2005 to 2018 years were selected for investigation.

The most important result of this study was identification of important factors in IEQ, including building design, aesthetics, and ergonomics, which have been less evaluated in previous research. Contrary to our assumption, the results of several studies indicated a further decline in IEQ parameters in buildings with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED, USA) and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM, Europe) certification. However, performance improvements were reported in green buildings located in Asia (especially Singapore and Taiwan).

According to this systematic review, we cannot claim that occupants of the green buildings enjoy higher IEQ, satisfaction, or health, compared with the occupants of non-green buildings.

This study primarily aims to determine the architectural and Landscape factors contributing to a sense of security in rural temporary housing sites in earthquake-stricken villages of Ahar, Heris, and Varzaqan. In doing so, architectural and Landscape weaknesses affecting the sense of security in these rural temporary housing sites were examined and identified. This qualitative study used a conventional content analysis model for data analysis to learn about the opinions of people who had directly experienced life in temporary housing sites. 21 person, who had volunteered to experience the life under such conditions, were chosen in a purposeful method. The researchers used semi-structured interviews in the participants’ houses and in religious settings such as mosques until data saturation was achieved. To analyze the data, Graneheim and Lundman’s steps were used. The validity of data was also ensured through the application of Lincoln and Guba’s criteria. Afterward, two major aspects/themes constituting (1) “physical themes” with 6 sub-themes and (2) “environmental themes” with 11 sub-themes were identified and classified. The findings of this study are as follows: the temporary nature of such housing sites; lack of awareness about the social and architectural characteristics of rural settlement areas; little attention paid to the quality of construction; and inadequate measures taken to provide for the residents’ daily needs, which can adversely affect the sense of security in such sites as viewed from the perspective of those in the charge of crisis management. The findings of the present study and the suggestions made here can have far-reaching implications for policymakers in that they can improve the quality of life in temporary housing sites, thus ensuring a sense of security and satisfaction for the residents.

Earthquakes have always been known as the most devastating phenomena, affecting human life and properties all around the world. Furthermore, their frequency, severity and catastrophic impacts have increased in recent decades. Likewise, Iran is not an exception due to its seismic location. The huge casualties and losses following shocking quakes that have happened in this part of the world. Post disaster reconstruction and planning is considered as the most important processin responding to disaster and consequent damages requires authorities, planners and reconstruction policymakers to provide adequate knowledge about the damaged contextIt has been well approved that corresponding the problems of reconstruction with effective survivors’ participation, leads the whole process to success. It should be noted that, time as a key component in all reconstruction phases, plays a vital role. Often in the process, speeding up the physical reconstruction and the number of permanent houses being ebuiltpave a way forthe acceptance of a more linear - thinking instead of cyclic - thinking and spiral approaches in reconstruction planning and its design process methods. These approaches lead to choosing irrational solutions for the settlement’s reconstruction design problem in long - term and changing the disaster to complicated and multi - component crisis in damaged community life.The main issue that is discussed in this paper is the growing gap between users, designers and paying clients in reconstruction phases. This inconsistency and gap together with the lack of proper construction supervision could result in increasing physical vulnerability while blocking the way toward build back better’ goals in the affected areas and communities.The methodology is based on a qualitative approach including content analysis of field surveys and observations,In - depth interviews with survivors and authorities for every case study. The evidence were selected from post - earthquake reconstructed villages in three disaster milestones in Islamic Republic of Iran. First, the village called Gufel in north of Iran, in the category long-term results of reconstruction, after 1990 Gilan - Zanjan earthquake. Second, Baj –a-Baj substantially damaged after 2012 East Azerbaijan earthquake, as a medium-term process; and finally, Ghouchi - Bashchi  village that located in west of Iran reconstructed recently after 2017 Sar Pol –e- Zahab earthquake.The findings show that, in order to achieve an acceptable and successful reconstruction that satisfies survivors, participation of the affected community from planning to implementation and post occupancy period is proven to have a vital role. Nonetheless should be taken into accountthat eradicating the gap between users and designers in reconstruction policies in all phases is possible by promoting process - oriented approaches rather than product - oriented approaches in the design process of settlements, from emergency shelters to permanent housing. There is a triple level framework suggested for the participatory design process in post - earthquake permanent housing reconstruction. This framework consists of a design circle with the increased vulnerability, at the first level prior to the earthquake impact on the communities. The linear approach at the second level which seeks product is what is known as the official period of reconstruction with the presence of authorities; and finally, the spiral helix of design process after the end of official reconstruction procedure.

The lack of continuity of the values of Islamic art and architecture in the design of new structures in the historical context is a limitation and threat to the life of these precious urban areas. Among these, contexts of traditional Iranian bazaar , as valuable but problematic areas which have been subjected to the crisis of functional-physical constraints of new and uncontrolled structures, are the fields whose recognition of their qualitative features is essential for the emergence of coherent interactions with context. In this paper, therefore , aimed at explaining the language of the context-centered pattern of traditional market as an outstanding example of traditional Iranian art and architecture, first the analytical-descriptive method, as the subset of the qualitative research methodology, is used to collect and analyze the necessary information.In the second part, using the visual fractal analysis method , the correlation between the context-oriented quality components of the traditional market elements , was examined with a fractal geometry pattern, with emphasis on open and closed spaces. The findings suggest the context-orientation of traditional markets in urban, neighborhood and domestic scale in such a way that the visual analysis in three macro-, medium and micro scales confirms the overlapping of quality values of context-orientation with a fractal-likel geometric pattern manifested concretely in conceptual mentality of traditional architect. Fractal geometric scales embodying behavioral-functional scales reflects the semantic integration from unified and dynamic Islamic worldview. The patterns similar to (chambers) Timcheh and pattern for open spaces as strong centers of medium provides the junction and integration of macro and micro scale and corresponding to law of reverse power of fractal dimension, the more scalable the micro components are, the greater they are in number.

The traditional Iranian bazaar is considered as a great example of Iranian art and architecture with a rich cultural heritage. This phenomenon of outstanding architecture, self-sustaining and coherent with the surrounding urban landscape, like other urban texture, has not been immune from the consequences of the transformation of modern life in its internal and peripheral arena. On the other hand, the transformation and creation of new structures for the survival of life of historical textures is essential. The concept of contextualism and its purpose in the historical context, based on the qualitative concepts of the creation of a living, coherent and dynamic, is based on the need to recognize and emphasize the extraction of the texture pattern language for structural and functional cohesion in peripheral development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the degree of coherence of new structures on the continuation of the traditional texture life of the traditional bazaar in order to analyze the heterogeneity of infill buildings in the historical context of the Iranian-Islamic city and criticize the existing context, first, with a descriptive-analytical method, on traditional Ardabil bazaar as a case study. Then, in order to answer the question of the extent of the infill coherence effect as a context-oriented parameter on the continuity of the pattern language as a characteristic of context survival, field survey, as well as the questionnaire as a tool for collecting information and SPSS software as an analysis tool, and data evaluation were used. By developing the hypothesis that there is a significant relationship between the amount of context-oriented contemporary infills and the survival of the traditional bazaar context, the research begins qualitatively and to test, the continuation of the traditional bazaar is dependent variable and the degree of contextualism between the infills is the independent variable. First, qualitative studies are conducted based on deductive reasoning and field studies, and then the results are quantified by presenting a questionnaire and examining the views of the resident business people who have at least two generations of bazaar presence, as well as those of contemporary merchants and experts.
The findings in the first section show that the powerful functional-physical centersare of scale that create the pattern of the life of different structures. In the case of the traditional Ardebil bazaar,it is in accordance with the three macro, middle and macro scales, indicate the highest quality of life and it brings forth the semantic coherence of the unified and dynamic Islamic worldview in the structure of the traditional bazaar. The findings in the second part indicate a general lack of coherence between contemporary infills in the 2 nd grade zone of the traditional Ardebil bazaar. Also,it shows that   structural integrity, visual coherence and spatial integrity variables have a direct and significant effect on the dependent variable of the physical life of the traditional bazaar ,and  the activity coherence variable and the cognitive integration of the new building as a predictor variable on the functional life of the traditional bazaart. Therefore, dealing with concepts such as scaling and scale distribution, necessity to go beyond the strictly limited use of the brick and the limited height of the building and the window frame in the traditional bazaar becomes vital to consider, so that deep concepts of the language of the texture pattern can be continued and the new recommendations for design identity in the historical context can be created for designers to emphasize "modeling" rather than "formalism".

Cultural heritages, among which architecture and urban planning are the upmost manifestation, are not rendered to the next generation without making effort. It is a vital prerequisite to benefit from historical remaining essences. The first step in doing so is historical understanding which itself needs not only insight and perception of history of the heritages, but also their content and existential role during the history up to today. In other words we should have a perception accompanied by qualitative understanding of it throughout history which encompasses present time and future. Human, who is a part of boundless universe, is necessarily in need of other parts of such whole being and has a permanent relation with them. If we consider nature, the universe without human, we can conclude that these two are homogeneous and they mutually affect each other. In epistemology, human is in search of criteria for real understanding of the surrounding nature. Therefore epistemologists try to study human mind potentials. Cognition in human history has been appeared as scientific and artistic cognition, through another medium. This cognition is philosophic cognition and also cognition on information and communication. Everyone in this world is feeling their surrounding through the senses, and by their understanding of the world they pass the first step in cognition.
Thus they have a little understanding of the universe. Through passing the second step, human can conceptualize his perception, develop and deepen this understanding and make it more real. Generally through human’s relation to his surrounding world and on the basis of psychology of perception, there are various ways to understand and review architectural relics. Working on and understanding architecture aid us to have better perception of human’s different dimensions; spiritual, material and mental. Studies show that in order to have perception of architecture, firstly we should have broad understanding of the definition of human mind framework in the process of creating the space. It can in itself broaden discussion in this field. In the analysis of a work of architecture together three different space in front is detected: The cultural space developer, personal looks at the cultural space and personal cultural space that expressed the achievements made by the manufacturer and consumers, according to the analysis and based on the knowledge and views of the building, understands anything of the work nature show also differ by individual quarters. This is where we can make an impact and studying the architecture of the two categories realized from each other. Basically, there is a reciprocal relationship between critics and cognitive architecture. By concentrating on the issues in epistemology, a clear-cut method can be gained in our understanding in the fields of art and architecture. The research have been to find a definition for knowledge in the fields of art and architecture. The results of the studies show that to achieve the recognition of architecture, first we pay attention to a holistic concept of architecture that could broaden the field of discussion in this regard.

Despite having very simple components, Qanat is a complex phenomenon which has emerged from indigenous knowledge and a collective intelligence inherited through many generations. The technology of the Qanat benefits from a deep understanding of climate, water basins, geography, culture, religion, architecture and city planning. Qanat is not just an instrument for water supply, but rather it is a self-organizing old machine, which is generative, self-regulating and flexible towards its environment and the natural irregularities that occur around it. Because of the informational connection of this phenomenon to the upper layers of consciousness, one can assume an artificial mind for this primordial machine. By dismissing dualectic and oppositional theories, this paper focuses on the continuity of mind and matter in technology, and attempts to demonstrate that the concept of the Qanat is fundamentally different from modern technology and as a model of thought it has paradigmatic value which can become a prototype for Cognitive Architecture and Cognitive Urbanism. In this paper we have explained Qanat and its productive networks with city, people, nature, geography.

According to Islam theories, the major duty of human being is to recognize himself, which under this circumstance he would be able to know God too. Scrutinizing such a divine message, we come to this conclusion that human being can achieve the highest aim of creation while getting the knowledge and recognition of the world’s infinite intelligence. It is obvious that achievement to the greatest aim of creation must be parallel to human perfection. Self-recognition and self-identification are two important issues that should be more concerned by Iran educational system. From this point of view, the success of any subject of education must be evaluated and assessed in terms of this criterion that how high the educational system can realize the human being. Based on what is said, there arises a very particular question: what method of teaching and creation of architectural work can result in self-recognition as the intersection of science and art? As the problem raised in this research has been ignored by many researchers, we got right into the fields involved with the issue of awareness of human conscious such as humanistic psychology, symbolism and phenomenology. The culmination of this analysis is to recognize the fact that all these field, have the same principles and strategies. All these fields strongly focus on the fact that if human is honest toward himself and communicates with the surrounding phenomena in the same manner of dwelling, he can have access on a great part of his own identity. Based on these approaches, phenomena are not things we can see or touch, but they are half recognized in material worlds expecting for being realized completely by creatures. Observing the honesty and avoiding the domineering view can pave the way to achieve the non -visible part of these phenomena. According to scientists` view, human being can have self-recognition with honest communication resulting in growth and development of virtues. This type of self-recognition accompanied by cosmology occurs in daily life activities unconsciously when the human beings have a complete compatibility with the surrounding phenomena and has a dwelling relationship. The most important point is that the self- recognition is concomitant with constructions. Therefore, the architecture topic can be regarded as the most suitable and reliable realm of self-representation for creator and audience of architectural work. The research hypothesis has been formulated in such way. The settlement -based design can result in self-recognition. Settlement refers to a strategy which relies on horizontalism and prevention from domination on the self-reality and surrounding. Based on the practical experiences of this research, the trainee tries to recreate what he has touched several times and can love. The phenomenological analysis of this design method shows that the experience of humanistic moments in revealing the details of architectural spaces helps the trainee to remove the duality and contrast of innate feeling and reality of the material world in a compromise towards the unity. The trainee is the organizer of functional spaces and also involved in the thought architecture.