دکتر فواد عبدالله زاده

Despite the fact that the children's story (fantacies) is in contradiction with the real world, it comprises surreal characters and events. Further, it leaves a deep impression on the child's mind and spirit and prepares him to face the stages of growth and socialize with others. Such a critical look at children's stories is included in the cognitive function of children's literature. Since cognitive development plays a predominant role in the sequence and progress of other child development processes; Therefore, it is critical to pay attention to the appropriateness of the cognitive function for each age group in children's story writing. In this research, with reference to the descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of investigating the cognitive function of fantasy in promoting children's creativity, the processes of animating, allegorical symbolization, self-concept, self-esteem and self-efficacy in the stories of Adil Ghadban and Mohammad Reza Yousefi are comparatively investigated. The results indicate that the stories of two authors play a pivotal role in child's growth processes and strengthen his personal and social identity. Also, the use of characters with high self-confidence evokes a safe and secure hero in the child's mind, which increases his self-confidence. The characters of the fantasy stories of both authors instill the aspects of creativity to the audience/child with two important cognitive features of self-esteem and self-efficacy. 
The literary genre of fantasy, being prevalent in fiction, has successfully embedded itself within the realm of literature by virtue of writers' imaginative prowess and plays an egregiously pivotal role in children's narratives. An inherent principle of fantasy involves transcending established laws of existence and consequently, engendering the formulation of novel rules and patterns. Within this literary genre, an intriguing play unfolds using conventional language, space, and events. These elements undergo a transformative recreation, intending to evoke a sense of wonder. Beyond the provision of joy, fantasy endeavors to transport the child into extraordinary realms, fostering self-awareness and introspection. Simultaneously, it works to enhance the child's sense of empathy.
In the current study, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of investigating the cognitive function of fantasy in promoting children's creativity, the processes of animating, allegorical symbolization, self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy in the stories of Adil Ghadban and Mohammad Reza Yousefi are comparatively investigated. The results indicate that the stories of two authors carry paramount roles in the child's growth processes and strengthen his personal and social identity. Also, the use of characters with high self-confidence evokes a safe and secure hero in the child's mind, which increases his self-confidence. The characters of the fantasy stories of both authors instill the aspects of creativity to the audience/child with two important cognitive features of self-esteem and self-efficacy
As provided by this investigation, an exploration of data was undertaken through the lens of cognitive processes such as personification, metaphorical symbolism, self-concept, self-esteem development, and self-efficacy. To scrutinize and interpret the gathered data, components associated with text configuration, as well as structural and conceptual figures of speech, were chosen with a foundation in the cognitive functions of fantasy. Subsequently, the data has undergone a comprehensive analysis aligned with these chosen parameters.
The characters within the fantasy narratives crafted by both authors predominantly stimulate the creative facets of the reader or child, emphasizing two crucial cognitive dimensions: self-esteem and self-efficacy. Adel Al-Ghadban employs traditional fantasies, incorporating myths, magic, and fairies, to purify the child's mind from negative experiences and memories. Through these fantastical elements, Al-Ghadban endeavors to mold the child's sense of identity and foster their imaginative capabilities. In contrast, Yousefi utilizes his own writing prowess and creativity to introduce personification and metaphorical symbolism, enabling a child to similarly envision these elements within their realm of play. The incorporation of confident and heroic characters in narratives instills a feeling of safe and secure heroism within the minds of children, fostering their self-confidence—an aspect that both authors have diligently emphasized in their stories. Additionally, both authors, conscientiously aligning with psychological principles and cognitive functions of fantasy, have cultivated children's belief in their abilities. Through their narratives, they have depicted a positive, independent, and confident identity, thereby expediting the development of children's self-concept. The juxtaposition of good and evil, as well as ugliness and beauty in the stories of both authors, imparts a robust self-image to the child, influencing them to choose goodness and beauty.
The narratives crafted by both authors are tailored to align with the cognitive developmental stages of children within specific age groups. Both writers have underscored the significance of fantasy in nurturing children's creativity. Notably, Mohammad Reza Yousefi has undertaken this endeavor by introducing diverse and innovative forms of fantasy, whereas Al-Ghadban has chosen to emphasize it through the lens of classical and mythological fantasy. It is pertinent to highlight that children in age groups "B" and "C" foster creativity by engaging with myths and legends, an aspect that Adel Al-Ghadban has given more prominence to in comparison to Yousefi.

Illustrating the countenances of renowned literary figures within the context of both native and national literatures is a prevalent literary trend that reflects the reciprocal connections between these literary traditions. In the realm of contemporary Arabic literature, the intersection with global literary expressions has paved the way for the emergence of distinguished poets and literary personalities. These individuals serve as conduits, translating the poetic endeavors of celebrated international poets into the domain of indigenous literature.The Romanticism movement is recognized as one of the foundational arenas for comparative literature on a global scale. Spanning the late 18th century and extending through the 19th century, it permeated all of Europe, capturing the interest of critics and writers alike. This era stimulated an inclination to assess various literatures and literary trends, fostering a spirit of comparison. Additionally, the Romantics displayed a fondness for exploration, venturing into distant lands and delving into historical depths. Consequently, this movement gave rise to a network of influence and reception within its scholarly domain.The trailblazers of the Romanticism movement in the Arab world, particularly in Lebanon, were exposed to French literature and the luminaries of French Romanticism during the period when French-language schools and educational institutions were active in Lebanon during the colonial era. Among these influential figures is Lamartine. Salah Labaki, captivated by Lamartine's persona, directly drew inspiration from him. In a poem titled "Lamartine," Labaki portrayed Lamartine's character and pivotal life events through a Romantic lens, thus expressing his own perspective on the subject. Given the evident influence of Salah Labaki from Lamartine, this research is conducted within the framework of the French school in comparative literature, where the research criterion involves not only resemblance but also the substantiation of the flow of influence and reception.The research necessity identified by the authors of this article pertains to the absence of a comprehensive and systematic examination of Salah Labaki's perspectives on Lamartine's character, as portrayed in the specified poem. The significance of this undertaking is heightened by Labaki's emergence at a pivotal juncture in contemporary Arabic literature, marking the inception of a literary school. The mentioned poem serves as a vivid representation of the influential impact of eminent European Romanticists like Lamartine in shaping the Arab Romanticism movement. The research approach adopted in this study is descriptive-analytical, and from a methodological standpoint, it aligns with the categorization of a comparative literature study, as elucidated in the theoretical foundations section of the research.The foundation for interpreting the studied work in this research centers on the acknowledgment that Salah Labaki has employed the events from Lamartine's life and character as a means to elucidate his own Romantic perspective. This serves the purpose of illustrating the fundamental resemblance between Labaki's worldview and that of Lamartine. Consequently, the current investigation applies the principles of the Romanticism school to analyze and delve into the examined text. Indeed, the aforementioned poem can be viewed as an outcome of Romanticism, a significant literary movement or school. It is crucial to note in this context that the influence exchange between the Romanticism school and Eastern lands operates in a bidirectional manner. For Lamartine, akin to other eminent Romanticists, these lands have perpetually served as wellsprings of inspiration, as the Orient appears to them as imaginative, mystical, and wondrous (Servat, 2003: 44), with diverse depictions of it present in European Romanticist texts.The poem "Lamartine" underscores the significant impact of one of the preeminent Romantic poets globally on contemporary Lebanese poetry, particularly in the works of Salah Labaki. Labaki, drawing inspiration from Lamartine's ideological perspectives, adopts a deeply reflective stance towards natural phenomena and human existence. His poetry deviates from the enumeration of moral virtues and traditional elegiac meanings.In this poem, Labaki's perspective on the enigmatic event of death closely mirrors Lamartine's ideological outlook. Within the Romanticist framework, death is perceived as a gateway to a transcendental and idealistic realm. Consequently, the conventional apprehension of death, a prevalent theme in traditional poetry, gives way in the poet's vision to optimism and a sense of surrender.In this poem, in alignment with the Romanticists' perspective, Salah Labaki attributes a sacred and divine significance to poets. He portrays Lamartine's character as a guide for the people, emphasizing the reformative role of Romantic ideology. Conversely, the realists, who oppose Romanticism, criticize Romanticists for being disconnected from reason and logic, accusing them of indulging in illusion and fantasy.Salah also imparts a spiritual and mythical dimension to the women who played roles in Lamartine's life, depicting them as his spiritual support on the journey of spiritual exploration and mystical ascent toward perfection. Through this approach, he somewhat rationalizes Lamartine's extramarital love affairs with his lover.According to Labaki, Lamartine's isolation and solitude stem from the Romantic belief that ordinary people fail to recognize the worth and dignity of geniuses. The Romanticists assert that only geniuses have the capacity to liberate individuals from blind imitation.Labaki's perspective on nature and natural occurrences in this poem aligns seamlessly with the views of other Romanticists, including Lamartine himself. The poet imbues the phenomena with the hues of his inner emotions and thoughts, establishing a connection with them. Within this worldview, natural phenomena deviate from their traditional representation in classical poetry, serving the purpose of conveying the poet's reflections and contemplations through the voice of the phenomena.

One Hundred Love Letters by Nizar Qabbani and Forty Letters to My Wife by Nader Ebrahimi are books that include letters written by the authors to their wives and published to the public. Such letters, because they are published for the general public, have the capacity to be examined in terms of structure, content and literary rhetoric. The purpose of this article is to compare the speech actions of these two works. The method used in this research is content analysis method and the content analysis unit is considered. Preliminary results indicate that the highest percentage of appearances in the book of 100 love letters is related to motivational actions and then emotional actions; Because Qabbani is often expressing his request for reunion and a reunion with his lost wife, Belqis, and he wants to show the depth of his feelings and affection to a wife who is not present in this world and in most cases is a transcendental figure. Found earthly, eternal and mythical. On the other hand, the highest percentage of appearances in the book Forty Letters to My Wife is related to emotional actions and then expressive actions; Because in these letters we are faced with a normal two-way marital relationship that despite their various emotional challenges, the relationship between husband and wife is their savior. In addition, the least used actions in both books are related to declarative actions and then accrual actions.

The positivist approach, which Martin Seligman founded in psychology, is one of the applied approaches in the psychological analysis of the novel's main character, and it implies the six virtues of the character, that is, courage, self-control, humanity, justice, excellence, and wisdom, which is a way to reach is prosperity; Seligman believes that a person should have an optimistic attitude towards the future and achieve real happiness by using the power of personality to be optimistic in the future. He talks about happiness as a combination of strengths, positive psychology while overcoming emotions. Negativity changes them and by improving positive emotions and giving meaning to life, it reduces people's mental problems and improves their well-being. Therefore, in this research, this positivist approach in the main character "Erian" in the novel Al-Ralzah al-Amin by Najib Al-Kilani, who is one of the contemporary Arab writers and is aware of the behavior of the characters and their influence in the human society, is analyzed with descriptive method. Analytical, examines and portrays his behavior and personality change and has an effect on cultivating creativity, empowering and improving the condition of people. Erian, an intelligent character, critical thinking and self-confidence in doing something, appears and in the continuation of the novel, he turns into a revolutionary and brave character who confronts the western culture. The findings of the research indicate that Erian, on the way Arriving at the truth cultivates the virtue of humanity in one's existence and covers the sense of altruism, responsibility, tolerance of opposition, respect for others' opinions and comprehensive forgiveness. . he is grateful to God and the creatures who corrected his life path. The character of Arian in this romantic and religious novel, with a coherent and heartwarming plot, is a character with chaste love who cannot satisfy himself with superficial and clichéd ideas and seeks to gain knowledge and basic truth by deeply studying Islamic teachings. With courage and control of his temperament, he puts aside all attachments and prejudices in the path of truth, has patience and forgiveness in the face of disturbances and implements human values, behaves justly in interacting with people, so as to elevate his truth-seeking spirit. Give (superiority). Finally, with his inherent and acquired wisdom, he considers God's pleasure and is optimistic and hopeful about his world and the change of his life path. In the novel, the virtue of bravery in Erian's character started with his encounter with Shams and his initial attachment, until he changes his religion and discovers the truth, and on the way he faces events and in this context, he risks his life. Erian controls his ego's attachments until he reaches the truth and knowledge and gets God's approval.

Today, various theories of linguistics with widely used procedures have a significant impact on the field of literary texts analysis. One of these theories is the social view of language based on the systemic functional linguistics proposed by the famous Michael Halliday (1994). The meta-function - from different types of language systems - is related to the type of attitude and insight of the messengers/literati in inducing the message to the messenger. " Resalat Al-Ghufran " by Abu al-'Ala al-Ma'arri is a mental text from Ibn Qareh's. Since the subject and the framework of this text are based on the design of concepts that express the system of Ma'arri function about supernatural issues, therefore, in the present study, based on the analytical method, the type of insight and experience of Abu al-'Ala and his writing experience in inducing a message to the reader are examined. The results show that the most frequent function process includes mental (30%), verbal (26%), and material (26%)processes, respectively. Accordingly, the type of supernatural travel and dealing with creatures, places and surreal events expresses al-Ma'arri’s extraordinary mentality and power of imagination. Moreover, the theological process indicates the complete attention and knowledge of Abu al-'Ala to the Holy Quran, hadiths, historical events, ancient poems, and literary texts, and the material process also indicates the role of dynamism of the text of " Resalat Al-Ghufran ".

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the reader’s presence and participation in the stories of Sobhi Suleiman. With the initial reading of the desired stories, it is assumed that the author has been influenced by the child's specific intellectual and linguistic framework in the creation of each of these stories.In modern literary criticism, the reader plays such an important role in reading and receiving the meaning of the text that many theorists in this field consider the reader as the main purpose of creating the text. This requires that the constituent elements of the text (author, reader, and message) have a proper and logical relationship with one another. In contemporary literary texts, it is the reader who chooses the text, and his choice affects the different stages of a literary relationship. If the author selects his audience while creating a work of art, he places the text in a circle of rules and special tastes of the reader. Deviating from any of them causes a noticeable decrease in the reading of that text by the reader. This approach in literary criticism is known as the mental presence of the reader in the text. In contrast, there is another approach believing in the indifference of literary texts to the reader's tastes and moods. They state that it is the writer who plays a pivotal and fundamental role in the emergence of a literary text. If the reader of such texts is a child, due to the complexity of the content and its wide vocabulary, the texts will fail to attract the child’s attention and to be welcomed. The present research seeks to analyze the children's stories written by Sobhi Suleiman, a contemporary Egyptian novelist, based on the descriptive-analytical method and the theory of the text reception and its adaptation to the child's literary texts. So far, several illustrated story collections have been published by this author. In this research, some of his short stories were randomly selected. These stories are generally written for age groups "B" and "C". The term "latent reader" was first coined by Aiden Chambers. To reach the latent reader, elements such as style, perspective, advocacy, and rational gaps must be explored. The style is the manner of using the language to convey meaning and to connect the author's secondary self and the reader within the text. It includes the choice of words, sentence structure, and the author's attitude toward beliefs and customs. The perspective is to place the reader (child) at the center of the story and to tell the story through his or her presence. The element of advocacy means understanding the child's world, aligning with it, and creating the conditions for the child to participate in the story as a reader. Thus, the author expects the child to both accompany the story and distance himself from it so that he can understand the story deeply. The rational gaps in this regard include infrastructure (content) and superstructure (form) gaps. In contemporary criticism, the author's dominance over the text gradually diminishes and the reader finds the main role. Therefore, in such a critique, a special look is taken at the position of the text and its interpretive power and the position of the audience and the way of receiving it. In children's literature, critics of reader-centered texts emphasize that the more attention the writer pays to the child and emphasizes the conditions of his presence as a complementary element of the text, the better the text is. They pursue the originality of children's literature neither in the eyes of the child's writer nor in the text, but in its ultimate goal, the reader (child). The results show that the above stories are closely related to the child's world. This is because, throughout the stories, the author uses techniques such as spelling, spacing characterization, dual structures, rotational rotation, prior awareness, and context with the aim of encouraging the child to read or listen to the rest of the story and making him or her an agent. Before writing the stories, Sobhi Suleiman had a general idea of the child's mental world, and this foreknowledge has given the texts of the stories a relational structure. To achieve this goal, he has left some spaces in the text blank or removed parts of the text by some dots. In order to receive the desired meaning, the child emphasizes his presence in the text and enjoys this mutual interaction through filling the blanks and suggesting different solutions for the characters of the story. In these stories, there are two ways of creating gaps in the common characterization; a character with a special physical dimension is introduced with different physical characteristics, or the phenomenon that plays a major role in the story is introduced significantly different from the adult world in terms of internal and emotional dimension.

Time has the most obvious function to improve the structure of the story among the constituent elements of the story. Gerard Genet, as one of the theorists in this field, provided a clear theoretical framework for evaluating and analyzing the element of time in the story. Genet believes that in analyzing narrative time and comparing it with calendar time, three important categories such as order, continuity and frequency should be analyzed in order to extract and evaluate the most important narrative techniques used in each work of fiction. Ahmad Saadawi's novel Frānkenštāin fī Baghdād (Frankenstein in Baghdad) is a suitable novel for analysis based on the Genet model due to its great emphasis on time. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt is made to investigate the element of time in the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" based on the descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of discovering the salient aspects of time turbulence in post-modern novels. The results show that the widespread use of retrospectives, negative accelerations and positive accelerations, has caused irregularity and discontinuity in the narrative time of "Frankenstein in Baghdad". This sometimes confuses the reader in the story, which of course is one of the features of postmodern stories, and Ahmad Saadawi has been able to make good use of this techniques.

The technique of defamiliarization is one of the stylistic features in literature. For the first time, this technique was presented by one of the great formalists who lived in Russia, named "Viktor Shklovsky". He thought that the output of literature is defamiliarization because it keeps the mind out of falling into the habit and creates literary taste and pleasure by making the language poetic. Haroun Hashem Rasheed, an Islamist Palestinian contemporary poet has used defamiliarization in his poems widely especially semantic defamiliarization. Keeping in mind the importance of this feature in stylistics, it seems necessary to study it in Haroun Hashem's poetry in order to recognize his poetic method in a better way. Therefore, Haroun Hashem's poetry was studied in the present research with the descriptive-analytic method in order to clarify the role of aesthetic technique in the structure of his poetic style. Results of this study indicate that the poet was interested in employing the semantic defamiliarization based on personification and it is regarded as the most important feature in his poetry. The images that the poet presented based on personification, reveal his sincere feelings toward Palestine and his close ties to it and its people's tragedy, in a manner that all things were conformed with him even natural phenomena and abstract matters.

Islamism in the literature is an independent school that followed the publication of Western literary schools in Islamic countries. In this school the poet looks at the universe and humanbeings from the Islamic point of view. He believes that the only alternative way of solving all social and individual crises is found in following the Islamic teachings. Ma'moun Jarrar (1949), the Palestinian poet, received the effectiveness of such approach to create his own poems. For The importance of this stream in the literary field, this study tries and is based on the descriptive-analytical approach to review the Islamic trends in the poetry of Mamoun Jarrar. The poet’s reliance on “Islamic” principles in his treatment of various social and political issues is one of the most important characteristics of his poetry. His review of the Palestinian issue with a religious connotation, the lament of the entire Islamic nation, the desire to adhere to the Islamic teachings to revive the religious culture, and his extensive use of Quranic intertextuality and prophetic hadith in all its poetic contents, all this clearly indicates the extent of the poet’s commitment to Islamic principles in his poetry.

Comparative study of critical theories of contemporary Arab and Iranian poets can have a unique part in literary analysis. In general, new poetic critical theories are under the influence of the intellectual origins of contemporary German and French philosophies. Adonis and Shafiei Kadkani are two influential critic poets who have discussed poetic concepts and components in their critical articles and books with specific tact. The present study was a descriptive-analytical investigation into analyzing critical views of these two poets based on American school of comparative approach in the fields of definition of poetry, and language and music of poetry. The results of the study showed that the two critics have common intellectual foundations; therefore, they have some similar critical viewpoints. However, their critical approaches are different in terms of both methodology and intellectual depth. Compared to Shafiei Kadkani, Adonis has a deeper, more organized, and more daring view toward poetic categories and poetic language.

Any text can play a significant role in reproduction of its specific ideology provided that it can gain access to those discourses that make social actors involved in hegemony. Van Leeuwen’s (2008) discourse-oriented theory is one of the approaches to discourse analysis that aims at unraveling the hidden layers of language in written and oral texts by drawing on socio-semantic factors and with a focus on social actors. This approach to discourse analysis can have a special position is Quranic studies since discoursal structures of Quran and their mysterious features indicate that the hidden ideology behind them are more or less the same. Drawing on analytical-descriptive method, and Van Leeuwen’s (2008) discourse-oriented model, the present study aims at examining the discourse of Al-Jinn (English equivalent of “Goblin”) Sureh. This Sureh was selected because it involves various social actors and speech acts by narrating a group of Goblins. The results of the study indicated that discoursal elements related to candidness in comparison to those of secrecy were more frequent (with the frequencies of 172 and 24 respectively). This finding suggests that using a stylish creativity and innovation, this Sureh has attempted to familiarize the audience with persons, groups, places, and times in which the social actors have an active role. Besides, specificity of allusion type (with the frequency of 63), role specificity method (with frequency of 60), and nature specificity (with the frequency of 49) had the highest representations among the social actors’ statements and remarks.

Metadiscourse analysis is a kind of linguistic analysis that drags reader to beyond text and provides cooperative communication between reader and writer. In this field, Ken Hyland with providing of metadiscourse theory pattern has expressed a wide range to better understand for participatory communication between attitude of reader and author of the text. In this theoretical framework, writer has been used from metadiscourse different tools such as positive and negative attitudes (characters such as eloquent and weak), hedges (words such as May) and boosters (constraints such as inevitably) to express the values of a phenomenon, the doubts and certainty of a transmission. Study of criticism books based on this pattern is a criterion for determining of way critics attitude. This study try to investigate linguistic-rhetorical of »FY aladab e alabbsi, alroyat va alfan« book; Ezaddin Esmaeels work, with descriptive-analytical way and based on Hyands metadiscourse pattern. Results of study are that high percentage of linguistic categories in the following order: citations with 451 and transitions 335, demystify 324, collective self-mention 269 and interactive resources 246. This linguistic analysis implies to this work that writer has been provided most important role of reader beside himself.

Poetic symbolization based on past symbols in order to create a romantic situation is one of the important poetic evolutions. Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati is one of the modernism strongest poets in this field who could express his poetic approaches in the most effective way by applying different symbols of dream. This article which is done in descriptive analytic method studies symbolization and its importance in al-Bayati's poetry in general as well as analyzing Hallaj symbol. He has applies this symbol in many different poetries such as "Hallaj's Torture". The common points in two characters caused forming mask technique in the best way.