دکتر یاور رستم زاده

A holy place is a place that is distinct and prominent from all its surrounding in most religions. One of the key elements to distinguish these places is the "dome". In addition to having a unique architectural structure, the dome is considered a valuable and universal symbol in different historical periods and lands. The main question of this research is to study the symbolic shape of the dome and explain the supreme wisdom used in the shape of the dome in the religions of Hindu, Iranian-Islamic and Byzantine Christianity. The main goal of this research is to investigate how the symbolic elements and hidden concepts are realized in the dome structure in the religions of Hindu, Iranian-Islamic and Byzantine Christianity. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and is performed using library tools based on traditional opinions. The results show that all religions follow a sacred geometry in the formation of temples based on circle and square; and the dome is considered as an element that connects the soul to God and represents unity.

Man can find the answer too many of his questions through experience, experiment and research and creating new hypotheses. But maybe nature is the best reference to find these answers. Nature has all the answers and these are the people who gradually learn how to get answers from nature. Since the beginning of the 20th century, concrete structures with a double-curved shell have been used in architectural design and building construction. Integral shells show high stiffness because their geometry transfers loads through membrane forces; but these shells have largely been replaced by more cost-effective mesh systems. Since mesh systems are covered with flat glass or metal pieces, they do not achieve the structural efficiency of monolithic shells, nor do their architectural elegance manifest in a continuous curve. The highly adaptable sea urchin shell combines a modular, multi-layered shell with a flexible, curved, as well as smooth design of an integrated structure. It is a descriptive-analytical and laboratory research method that has been used for the application of biomimetic in the design of building shells. The findings of the research show that the structural efficiency of the sea urchin skeleton and its principles can be used for innovations and innovations in engineering sciences and architectural design, while at the same time they can be used to describe the biological adaptations and the structure of the sea urchin shell using Modern and well-established imaging techniques such as microCT (μCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and various optical imaging techniques are reviewed.

Contemporary architecture has not been able to fulfill its role due to its disconnection from its indigenous culture and identity. Such a disconnection has brought irreparable consequences since it has made architects get disconnected from their true origin. This has resulted in overlooking the real rules and principles governing the design of buildings, especially cultural buildings that have an identity-maker role in society. Therefore, studying the laws and rules that govern cultural spaces, especially at the international level, due to the extent of their duties in promoting and preserving ethnic culture and teaching science and technology, is important and needs to be considered in the design of such spaces. Therefore, the main goal of the research is to study the rights related to cultural spaces included in the selected international documents of the research to extract principles and components for improving the quality and functionality of these valuable places. Due to the generality of cultural spaces and the fact that the majority of their audience is children, it is necessary to pay attention to and evaluate the cultural rights related to children included in international documents. In this regard, efforts have been made to examine selected international documents, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 1966, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 to see how the rules of cultural rights and a series of requirements and components provide architectural solutions to achieve these requirements. These solutions can improve the quality of cultural spaces and exercise relevant rights. The research method is descriptive-qualitative, and the method of data collection was library type. The result of the research indicates effective components such as sociability, the manifestation of Iranian identity, the responsiveness of spaces to children’s needs, and the efficiency and usefulness of space in cultural places.

The construction of religious buildings such as Hosseiniyehs was very prosperous during the Qajar period in the Shiye city of Kashan, which stood out and represented the religious culture of the people of this region. Considering the disorder and cultural discontinuity that can be seen in the architecture of Kashan city, the need for culture-building is felt in connection with the use of past patterns. According to the religious and cultural background of Kashan, the most obvious and lasting of these models is the architectural model of the Qajar period Hosseiniyehs, which are considered to be the hallmark of Kashan city. Therefore, the main goals that are followed in the research are the design of a cultural and educational space to spend leisure time and pay attention to the social and cultural development of the region, as well as culture and promotion of the native culture of Kashan region, inspiration from Islamic religious values and the presentation of a lasting work, preserving the identity and historical social values in accordance with the context and creating a responsive space. In this regard, it has been tried to design the cultural center and its spaces with a qualitative method based on the characteristics of the Hosseinieh architectural model. Therefore, spaces were created that, while having an independent personality and appropriate to their function, are connected with other spaces and have the ability to respond to the diverse needs of the audience by creating sociable and inviting spaces while defining the territory and maintaining to have security and finally to provide an integrated collection to increase social interactions and cultural exchanges along with educational programs and most importantly familiarity with the native culture of the region which was the main goal of the collection design; Therefore, the attention and emphasis of the plan is on the application of identity and cultural-religious concepts of the region, which is manifested in the form and spaces of the cultural center.

Today, the green spaces of parks can be one of the main places for temporary accommodation, especially in the 1st district of Tehran, due to its location in the main underground axis of danger during an earthquake. Therefore, choosing a "suitable place for temporary settlement" of populations affected by accidents is one of the most important issues that is always the concern of organizations responsible for crisis management. In Iran and most parts of the world, the location selection for citizens' green space after an accident is usually done experimentally by relief organizations without considering the necessary standards. Therefore, the main topic of this article is the location of urban green spaces for temporary accommodation using fuzzy algorithms. The research method is to perform fuzzy integration operation and green space locating operation for temporary accommodation, considering the wide capabilities of IDRISI software, which was used in multi-criteria decision analysis problems. The results of this research show that according to the definite limits applied in the Boolean method (classical method), in this method, the located areas have more number than the methods based on fuzzy logic. to be The findings of the research show that the WLC method, despite its simplicity, has a very high efficiency and gives the power to the trustees to assign different weights to different factors according to their importance. Assign Also, in the end, it seems that Jamshidiyeh Park in the first place and Qaitarieh Park in the second place have the maximum combined points of Boolean and Fuzzy logic to enjoy temporary accommodation in the 1st district of Tehran.

The Qajar period is known as one of the important periods in the history of Iran in terms of giving importance to the construction of religious buildings due to the religious tendencies of the Qajar kings; As a result, the Hosseiniehs enjoyed a special status, Also, the city of Kashan, due to its religious background and the existence of Shieh scholars, was highly regarded by the Qajar kings Which led to the construction of numerous religious sites, including the Hosseiniehs. However, the architectural model of these Hosseiniyehs and also the reliance of the Qajar period as the ritual architectural model of this period has always been questioned. Therefore, achieving the architectural model used in Hosseiniehs of the Qajar period as an example of the religious architecture of this period to remove ambiguities and more importantly to introduce a model consistent with the context and function. In order to improve the quality and culture of the current architecture of Kashan, it is important; Therefore, the purpose of the research is based on achieving the architectural model of the Qajar period Hosseiniehs in Kashan. In this regard, In this regard, 5 Hosseiniyahs of Kashan Qajar period were identified and Based on a descriptive-analytical method with field studies along with the study of ascriptions, documents and historical texts at three levels of macro, medium and micro was analyzed and reread, Finally, by adapting and analyzing the collected information to the questions raised in the research Including the characteristics of the spatial physical pattern of the Hosseiniehs as well as the similarities and differences in this pattern were answered. Despite the slight differences in the input components as well as the number of inputs, dimensions of the dome and extensions, the results of the comparison and adaptation of the analyzes In the case of each example, there is a fixed, distinct and centralized physical spatial pattern in terms of plan, form, spatial organization, facade, materials, space, as well as decorations. Which fully follows the principles of ritual architecture (symmetry, hierarchy, centralism and introversion). As a result, the most characteristic features of the spatial physical pattern of the Hosseiniyehs are Specific geometry and form, easy access, theatrical, sacred and centralized spatial manifestation through spatial organization and the use of special architectural elements such as skylights, domes and applications in a space with an average area of 200 to 350 square meters.

In the village, housing is a part of the general identity of the village and plays a multifunctional role. The post-earthquake reconstruction process of rural housing due to the recent earthquakes in Iran is a significant matter considered by the planners and designers of rural housing. Meanwhile, attraction people’s participation leads to positive results in the adaptation of the proposed architectural designs for the reconstruction of the housing with the needs, demands, limitations, and facilities based on the villages’ opinions. The current research aimed to consider the mindset of the residents of Kanzagh village to understand the influential attributes and factors in the post-earthquake reconstructed housing from villagers’ point of view. The current study used library studies and field surveys to recognize the characteristics of rural housing and identify and classify the villagers’ mindsets and concerns in the reconstruction process of rural housing by using Q methodology and interviews with the villagers. The people with high correlation were divided into two groups by extracting the statements, sorting them, and statistical analysis in the SPSS software. The mindset of the first group included the propositions regarding the context and public land uses of Kanzagh village and the general decisions regarding the collective and public feedbacks of the village environment, and the placement of the land uses in the context of the village raised as the environmental factors. The second group presented the propositions regarding the design of the rural housing and the issues related to the interior spaces of the housing and often indicated the private feedbacks of the households, architecture of the house, the interrelationship of the interior spaces, and alike studied as the physical factors. By taking into account the villagers' mindset and participation in the design process, the designer can enhance the satisfaction and success in the reconstruction by analyzing and comparing the opinions of the villagers struck by the earthquake to understand their needs and demands.

The different approaches towards reconstruction after the earthquake affected areas of interest to planners and an architect in the reconstruction process is affected houses. In the meantime, choose the optimum approach or approaches, requires consideration of a number of indicators such as cultural background, family and community to improve safety conditions, the cost of reconstruction, restoration and improvement of living conditions, political situation, implementation mechanisms, and how to raise capacity the society is damaged. The main factors that interfere in the decision-making process have a special role in the reconstruction process. Including the role of the central government agency responsible for reconstruction, reconstruction of participating agencies, local government, and the affected community and above all the participation of victims in natural disasters are in line with the design or manufacture of the affected areas. In this article, using meta-analysis to review and summarize studies and experiences in the field of participation of victims in the process of reconstruction after the earthquake deal; the data collection instrument consisted of library studies and documents have benefited. At the end, all the available research is summarized and analyzed. And their results are discussed in the form of tables.

On the Khazar coast, Turkmen Sahra and especially Gomishan some kinds of residential architecture are seen amongstTurkmen tribes which are a valuable instance of local knowledge in rural housing, in a way that shows a sort of correlation between architecture and environment in these regions.In Gomishan houses are made of local materials and special techniques to be as useful as possible. On the other hand after burring Turkmen’s tents in 1926 and making them to live on the Caspian Sea coasts a kind of house which is called Tam engender which are evaluated and revised in this study. Since there is no research done on construction of Turkmen tams, the necessity of this research is clear. So in this article based on descriptive – analytic method using information gathering tools (including: field research (2006-2007), interview with experts, review of literature, documents) it is attempted to study this residential architecture. At the end using the positives notes of these regions some suggestions will be made.

Growth and development of the urbanization cause the reviews and evaluations of cultural process of urbanization in comprehensive perspective. These requirements have been challenged in Iran, with the consideration of these compilations:1) In Iran Urbanization accrues as a progressive movement not as a gradual and slow process2) The balanced distribution of resources and urban utilities has not been accrued in adaptation with regional and national levels.So, it is necessary that the evaluation of citizen's behavioral patterns to be reviewed and collected. In addition, the spaces and landscape of city should be designed and planned in conformity/ coincidence to citizen's requirements and behavioral patterns.Thus, without these reviews and evaluations, it is not possible that urban spaces and conditions to be suitable and conformed to citizen's requirements. These requirements and needs have been reviewed in this research using of Meta analysis method in descriptive and analytical approach with attention to librarian studies. In this article, the methods of evaluation of urban citizen's behavioral pattern have been collected, in order to be used by urban planners and architects to be considered while they are trying to construct and establish a suitable environment considering the requirements of its placement.