دکترغلامرضا کریمی

Although the flotation separation of sulfides and their electrochemical interactions have been examined in some investigations, study the direct relationship between the flotation kinetics of sulfides and their galvanic interactions during the process yet has not been addressed. To fill this gap, an extensive study was conducted to explore the effect of galvanic interactions for chalcopyrite and pyrite on their flotation kinetics when they are wetting ground by three different grinding media types (steel, chromium, and ceramic). Assessment of the flotation test results indicated that there was no galvanic interaction between the ceramic grinding balls and chalcopyrite. The galvanic interactions were mostly related to the grinding of chalcopyrite by steel balls. EDTA analysis showed that by increasing the amount of iron oxy/hydroxy and their precipitations on the surface of chalcopyrite, the recovery of chalcopyrite was decreased. Furthermore, increasing the pyrite content in the flotation of chalcopyrite increased the flotation rate constant and then decreased it. Flotation tests demonstrated that grinding chalcopyrite by ceramic media type, which has lower electrochemical activity in comparison with the other considered media, can be resulted in a higher flotation rate constant and ultimate recovery. Grinding the mixture of chalcopyrite and pyrite by steel or chromium media can show almost the same effect on the flotation rate constant and ultimate recovery. In general, the experimental results showed that by increasing the galvanic interaction, the flotation recovery and flotation kinetics were decreased.

In humanities, especially within the field of international relations, the application of theory to the analysis of events or phenomena in foreign policy and the international system is widely recognized as a salient approach. The application of theories allows us to gain a more profound understanding of the actions and reactions of countries’ foreign policies in the international system. In this line, the present study aimed to develop a model to gain a better understanding of Iran–China relations. The research sought a clearer insight into Iran–China comprehensive strategic partnership by employing a set of theories at the levels of international system, foreign policy, and domestic scene of policy formulation and decision-making. At the level of international system, it is necessary to consider the convergence between Iran and China in the context of US-led Western hegemony and counter-hegemony. At the level of foreign policy, it is crucial to consider cognitive approaches in foreign policy analysis. At the domestic level, one must take into account Iran’s prevailing economic circumstances and its challenges stemming from the US- imposed sanctions, which have prompted the Look to the East policy. China also seeks to export the surplus of its production and advance the Chinese model through partnerships. Delving into these issues, the present article investigated both theoretical considerations as well as various dimensions of Iran–China relations in practice.

Literature Review:

Rekabian et al. (2021) assert that Iran and China have actively pursued closer cooperation in regional and international organizations as a countermeasure against Western interventions. Shafiei (2022) posits that China’s comprehensive strategic partnership with Iran is primarily motivated by its own strategic objectives, while Iran engages extensively with China out of its specific needs and requirements. Corneliussen (2020) suggests that the Iran–China agreement has the potential to reshape the strategic and geopolitical dynamics in the Middle East. Figueroa (2022) highlights that Western sanctions stand as the primary hurdle to the realization of the 25-Year Iran–China Agreement and the enhancement of economic ties between the two countries. Scita (2022) argues that Washington is actively attempting to manage the contradictions arising from these roles through continuous mediation efforts. According to Loft et al. (2022), China is actively pursuing control over critical technological and industrial sectors, essential infrastructure, strategic resources, and supply chains.

The present study used a descriptive method to offer an analysis of Iran–China partnership.

The approach taken by Iran and China in establishing their comprehensive strategic partnership can be seen as a form of convergence between the two countries. China, in particular, seeks to advance its own strategic goals through these partnerships. It is also important to recognize that there are shared identity constructs between Iran and China, which can be characterized as the power of ideas evolving within the realist framework in the international system. In addition, this partnership has emerged from a nuanced understanding and recognition of the geopolitical landscape, especially within the context of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran is pursuing its first significant international partnership and agreement in the last century. Beyond addressing domestic needs and fulfilling economic, political, and military requirements, the Iran–China agreement is rooted in a strategic grasp of counter-hegemony as a pivotal factor in forging such agreements.

To gain a deeper insight into the Iran-China comprehensive strategic partnership, it is essential to explore various aspects and variables, ranging from domestic factors to the perceptions of their leaders, decision-makers, and policymakers, and to the dynamics of the international system. Comprehending and recognizing the positions held by the leaders of both nations within the international arena can facilitate the identification of national interests, commonalities, differences, and potential conflicts. Therefore, to enhance our understanding of the comprehensive strategic partnership between Iran and China requires an analysis of both domestic and foreign factors and variables. This approach offers valuable insights into the rationale and strategies that underlie the Iran-China partnership. The partnership is shaped not only by domestic and international circumstances but also by the perceptions of decision-makers and authorities in each country. Moreover, the resistance to a third party, such as the US, can exert a significant influence. All of these factors lead to a realist perspective in the international arena, which can contribute to more informed and effective decision-making processes for both countries involved in the comprehensive strategic partnership.

With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, the United States gained global supremacy as a great power. But the developments in the international arena, especially the rise of emerging powers such as China, caused America to face serious challenges in the distribution of its power in the Eastern Hemisphere. China has become an influential actor in the international system and is seeking to expand its political and security influence in the world, especially in the Indo-Pacific area, by using its economic power. This issue is not acceptable for the Washington government, which has many strategic interests in this region. Therefore, the strategy of the United States to restrain China's power has appeared in the form of buck passing strategy in the Indo-Pacific region and India, among America's allies, has been able to play a role as one of Washington's main allies due to its special position in this region. This research seeks to answer the question of how India plays a role in America's buck passing strategy in the Indo-Pacific region? In response to this question that has been investigated with an explanatory-formative method and library research tools; the hypothesis and findings of the research show that the United States in order to strengthen the American buck passing was trying to build multilateral alliances with India through investment, bilateral trade, bilateral and multilateral alliances, signing military-security agreements, etc.

Changing in the concept of security occurred after the end of the Cold War, in line with developments such as beginning of the process of globalization, information and technology revolution. Changes in the structure of the international system occurred that led to the evolution of the concept of security and conceptual and theoretical developments have also taken place, from the narrow concept of security to the broader one. Thus, in today's world, the new concept includes individuals, groups, and transnational organizations that alongside governments play a role in the global arena and can be perceived in the formation of new concepts such as human security, cultural security, collective security, etc. Therefore, this study seeks the answer of this question: How has the evolution of the concept of security affected the international arena? The main hypothesis of this article is that the change in the concept of security caused that theoretical schools of international relations and security studies paid special attention to this development. The concept of security has changed and the importance of the concept of culture in world politics has increased. The study method of this research is explanatory-formative and the research data are collected on library and internet methods.

Messianism is one of the most important concepts in Judaism. The Zionist movement succeeded in establishing a Jewish state in the land of Palestine based on the changes it made to the traditional meaning of this concept. On the other hand, Messianism is the only common concept on which all the various Jewish sects agree. Accordingly, after the establishment of the Jewish state in 1948, Messianism entered into all aspects of Israeli domestic and foreign policies. Also, simultaneously with the Islamic Revolution in Iran, right-wing and religious groups came to power in Israel in 1977 after thirty years. One of the common traits of rightists is that they are Messianic; thus, the variable of Messianism in the foreign policy of Israel towards Iran became an objective factor and appeared in a hostile manner. Therefore, the present article uses the theory of constructivism, which in addition to material issues such as power, also considers immaterial variables such as religion to be important in international relations; it seeks to answer the question of how Jewish Messianism led Israel to pursue a hostile foreign policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Today, there is a deep belief that man, as a political animal, is motivated by emotions and internal functions of the brain and makes decisions within the framework of these emotions. From this point of view, psychology can be more effective than any other field in international relations as a window to understand politics. In the meantime, diplomacy, as the knowledge of the communication between representatives of countries and the beating heart of international politics in order to resolve disputes, needs to be equipped with psychology more than any other aspect of this field. In this regard, this article, with the aim of exploring the role and function of political psychology in diplomacy, seeks to answer the question; How and why can political psychology help diplomats in the process of diplomacy? Using the descriptive-analytical method and based on documentary studies, this hypothesis was tested that the actions of all people in the world are directed by their perceptual-personal treasury and mental expectations. Therefore, the mind as an active mirror shapes the phenomena and concepts, and the diplomat, by mastering psychology and personality cult, can reflect what he wants in this mirror to a large extent.

In this paper we use a separate production function( Cobb-Douglas) for banking industry and investigate the effect of banking sector’s performance on macroeconomic variable , like production ,interest rate spread , loan and deposit interest rate, investment, consume, employment and….. . like a lot of developing countries , who don’t have enough resources for investment, in this model we suppose that all of resources are provided by borrowing from abroad. After using  banking technology shock and tax shock on banking sector labor, the accuracy of results have proved by using Bayesian statistics including Markov chain Monte carlo  and comparison between prior and posterior distribution. In this model’s framework , a positive banking technology shock will make the borrowing from international supplier much easier and that leads to expand loan’s supply and consequently the transmission of  supply function to right side and make it possible to meet all of demands that have been have been enlarged as the result of this shock. Because this shock have raised the level of bank’s deposits too. The increasing in capital level finally leads to high level of production and employment. On the other hand the tax shock on banking sector labor will decrease the investment and consequently production and employment by falling the level of deposits and loans. The foreign interest rate Is also one of the most important  effective factors that can affect the financial and real variable of economics.

The process of recovering metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is difficult due to the complexity of the metal components. Therefore, the separation and extraction of metal ions from the leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries requires a set of hydrometallurgical processes. In this research, precipitation and solvent extraction processes have been used to the final recovery of metals. Initially, 96.5% of manganese ions were precipitated by applying potassium permanganate with the molar ratio of manganese ions to potassium permanganate: 2 and pH: 2. Then, via dimethylglyoxime in molar ratio of nickel ions to dimethylglyoxime: 0.5, and pH: 5, 96% nickel recovered, approximately. Subsequently, using 30 v/v% D2EHPA and 5 v/v% TBP respectively as an extractant and a modifier of the organic phase, and under optimal conditions of Vo/Va: 1, pH: 5, temperature 25 ºC, time 20 min and mixing speed 400 rpm, it is possible to achieve 93.38% cobalt extraction efficiency and also control the loss of lithium at 16.74%. Finally, in the molar ratio of lithium ions to sodium carbonate: 0.7, temperature 100 ºC, time 40 min, mixing speed 400 rpm and the pH: 12, the lithium precipitation efficiency reached to 98.84%.

Saudi Arabia and Iran have long been recognized as the two main rivals in the middle east regional. But over the past years , relations between the two countries have become very complex and have taken on new dimensions. Meanwhile , one of the issues that has strained relations between the two countries in recent years is the internal developments in yemen. Therefore , the purpose of the present article is the identity and ideological confrontation between Saudi Arabia and Iran in the study of yemen. On this basis , the author seeks to answer the fundamental question of how Saudi Arabia and Iran played a role in the developments in yemen? The hypothesis that arises in response to this question is that Saudi Arabia and Iran have played a role in the developments in yemen through identity factors , This has led to a challenge between the two countries.Given the Sunni and Wahhabi identity of Saudi Arabia and its concern about the spread of Shiism and the strengthening of Iran's influence in the Persian Gulf region and ultimately the entire Middle East , the Saudi – Iranian confrontation in yemen can be explained based on a constructivism approach.

After World War II, the United States succeeded in establishing its currency, the Dollar, as the international reference currency, gaining the position of the world's leading economic and military power while leading the capitalist world. The US Dollar, according to existing metrics, still maintains its hegemonic position in the international monetary and financial system. In the new century, events such as the Euro currency supply, the 2008 financial crisis, and China's persistent efforts to internationalize its currency have gone to seriously challenge the hegemonic position of the Dollar. In this regard, the main concern of the article is to look for the factors that perpetuate the hegemony of the Dollar in the international financial and monetary system. The hypothesis tested in this regard is that the continued hegemony of the US dollar relies on the structural strength of the US in both economic and political areas and based on factors such as the depth of the capital market, ease of access to the dollar, security commitments and trust. The paper shows that the lack of these factors in relation to the Euro and the Yuan has prevented them from becoming hegemonic currencies. The findings of this study are very important for our country, which is severely facing the difficulties caused by financial sanctions due to the hegemonic position of the Dollar in the international economy today.

Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) is an acute enterocolitis syndrome causing mild colic, fever and diarrhea in all life stages in horses. It is also responsible for abortion in pregnant mares. The agent of PHF was diagnosed as Neorickettsia risticii. PHF was first diagnosed as a livestock disease, by veterinarians in Maryland State of USA in horses living around Potomac River. Since, most of the cases of disease were recorded in July, August and September, then it was regarded as a seasonal disease. Later studies revealed that a trematode vector takes the role as a vector for transmission. Routine cell culture and PCR were used for clinical diagnosis of the PHF. Using indirect fluorescent antibody tests revealed positive cases in most places of Canada and America, which regarded as former contacts with the agent of disease. Neorickettsia risticii could not be seen in monocyte in prepared blood smears from clinical cases of horses and this is contrary to Anaplasma phagocytophilum which very easily seen in granulocytes of blood in infected horses. Neorickettsia risticii has been isolated from released trematodes from fresh water snails. PHF is not a contagious disease and infected horses could be kept near susceptible horses. PHF is not regarded as a zoonosis. It is concluded that related veterinarians to horse industry in Iran should be informed about the possible occurrence of disease.

Unearthing the immune defects associated genes and genetic variations may lead to locating novel targetable elements and introducing the underlying mechanisms and pathways of the desired condition. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are essential for protein antigens presentation and inducing immune response as well as are associated with production and phenotypic traits. The MHC class II genes of cattle and buffaloes, Bovine Leukocyte Antigen (BoLA) or Buffalo Leukocyte Antigen (BuLA), are located on the short arm of chromosome 23. It has been demonstrated that the second exon of BoLA-DRB3 (BoLA-DRB3.2) is highly polymorphic, having more than one hundred identified alleles, that each of them can form special binding pockets for corresponding antigenic peptides. Concerning the populations of cows, unique native and hybrid, and buffaloes are distinctly divided into different regions of Iran, analysis and interpretation of the polymorphisms’ expression status of this locus can be implemented to find better breeding strategies like selecting highly resistant animals to infection diseases, in herds. It also can help to develop effective and novel vaccines regarding allele frequencies in populations; different allelic variants of MHC class II binding to different peptides. Immunogenic evaluation of animals’ genome/genes characteristics has always been used as a model for the study of similar genes in humans.

The use of Chemoinformatics for drug discovery and development plays an important role in introducing new and more effective drugs, optimizing the properties of existing drugs and the growth of drug-related industries, as well as the health of human, animal and plant communities. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine and evaluate the advanced methods of rational design of drugs and biological products based on modern knowledge of Chemoinformatics.        

The present systematic and meta-analytical review study was conducted in 2020. Chemoinformatics includes logical design, creation, organization, management, retrieval, analysis, dissemination of information, visualization and use of chemical information. This science is not only successful in the discovery and development of chemical drugs, but correspondingly in the development of biological products (vaccines, antibodies). The four main well-developed methods in drug informatics design include; High-yield virtual screening is based on molecular docking, quantitative correlation of activity structure, pharmacophore search, and fragment-based design. Therefore, the methods were reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages were introduced based on the evaluation of the results of studies and related articles.

The results and high quality of analysis of small molecules and biomolecules and evaluations of their interactions and behavior can lead to the cost of time and manpower in achieving the ideal drugs for various diseases. Therefore, it can be of great help not only in the field of treatment and prevention but also in the diagnosis and tracking of infectious and non-infectious agents.

In the present study, effort has been made to clarify new parts of the drug design and engineering with the help of bioinformatics science for its use for Iranian researchers in the field of research and production. This can lead to innovative solutions in accessing better-performing drugs.

Saudi Arabia's aggressive regional policies toward Iran from 2003 to 2020AbstractThe present study examines Saudi Arabia's aggressive regional policies toward Iran from 2003 to 2020.Saudi Arabia,known before 2003 as a conservative state in the region, has changed its regional policy since 2003,confronting Iran. But the main question of the research is why Saudi Arabia has adopted an aggressive policy towards Iran in the region? In response, it can be said that Saudi Arabia has pursued an aggressive policy against the power and influence of Iran following the developments in the region since 2003 and considering itself as a regional hegemon and leader of the Arab word. Saudi Arabia has also entered into military and arms deals with the United States in response to Iran's nuclear talk,to prevent Iranian influence in the region.The present study is written in the framework of aggressive realism theory and using descriptive-analytical method using library and internet data.Keyword:Saudi Arabia, Iran, region, realism theory

The world of diplomacy is witnessing the introduction of new tools for diplomatic engagement. In other words, the introduction of technology, especially mass media technologies such as Twitter, has introduced a new type of diplomatic process. Twitter has become a scene of attack, criticism, and commentary by activists and politicians on a variety of political and global issues that have interactive effects. This type of diplomacy was developed by the name of "Twiplomacy" that by the beginning of the year, 193 UN member states had used this type of diplomatic process. That is, the politicians of the countries had a Twitter account. To this end, this study examines the Twitter diplomacy of the Trump presidency. The key question is how and with what narrative does Trump present his diplomacy on Twitter? To answer the research questions and achieve the desired goals, digital content analysis and discourse analysis with two techniques of categories and evaluation were used. The statistical population of this study is the sum of the tweets of the US President (Trump) Twitter pages in 2017-2019.

The energy crises of the current century, led humans to ponder new energy sources. One of the interesting methods is the application of Phase Change Materials (PCMs), which is not only used for the purpose of storing heat energy but also is used for the purpose of heat insulation. Besides their advantages, PCMs may have some limitations such as leaking problems and low thermal conduction coefficient. Thus, adding metallic nanoparticles and shell-core structures can improve their thermal properties. In this research, N-octadecane is chosen as core and methyl methacrylate as a shell to synthesize nanoscale materials with core-shell structure. In this work, instruments including SEM, DSC, TEM, and sonicator have been used. The results of the experiments showed that synthesized phase change materials have a mean 79 nm diameter and have a core-shell structure. On the other hand, slurry nanophase change materials have maintained their thermal properties after many cycles and this can be considered as the main advantage in thermal management of different systems. In summary, it is revealed that PCMs and their composites possess advantages in thermal applications. These materials can have a critical and valuable role in thermal management.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disease of joints caused by degradation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. It is unknown whether different therapy exert differential cellular effects. On the other hand, Since OA may be associated with CVD and decrease Telomeres length. Telomeres protect chromosome ends and Integral for the maintenance of telomeres is the protein complex Shelterin. In this study, the effects of ozone (O3) and aerobic training were considered on Shelterin expression proteins in heart rats with knee OA. In this experimental study, knee OA was induced by surgical method in rats. Fifteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: knee OA control group (OA); OA plus exercise group (OAE) and OA plus O3 group (OAO). The aerobic training (treadmill; 16 m/min;50 min/day) started 4 weeks after the surgery, 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Rats in the OAO group received O3 at the concentration of 20μg/ml, once weekly for 3 weeks. 48 hours after the programs, cartilage and heart tissues were isolated and expression of RAP1, TIN2 and TPP1 were considered using Western Blot. In OAE significantly increased the expression of RAP1 compared to the OA and OAO groups. But not difference between OA and OAO groups. In OAE group had significantly higher expression of TIN2 compared to the OAO and OAE, and no difference between OAE and OAO groups. Also, there was no significant difference in the expression of TPP1 and between three groups. Aerobic Exercise improved cardiac Shelterin proteins expression in OA rats, rather than the Ozone therapy groups.

Although LCS, as the most important form of payment in foreign trade, has significantly covered the risk of transactions for buyers or creditors, it has not been able to free the process of payment of goods in international trade contracts without any risk. . The practice of LCs in the light of the legal principles governing LCs, the most important of which is the independence of LCs from the basic transaction and the principle of absolute acceptance of documents, can pose numerous risks to buyers that, if fulfilled, It will significantly affect their interests. Therefore, in this paper, the authors, while analyzing the types of risks involved in LCs for sellers and exploring how they are implemented, have outlined ways to prevent or at least reduce their probability by considering the principles of LCs. The material presented in this article shows that buyers should consider the risks that could seriously affect their trading interests in the process of credit accreditation, and implement various enforcement strategies to safeguard their contractual interests. To consider.