دکترمحمدجعفر یاحقی

The narratives of Tus, the hero and the prince of Nozar, have undergone many changes from the Avestan era to the period of compiling historical and national epic texts of Iran. Tus, who is introduced in the Avesta as a renowned hero and warrior, is a prince in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh who is far from the kingship and is famous for his folly and frivolity. This duality of personality may stem from the differences that are seen in the narratives of the Nozar family. Ferdowsi’s description of the Nozarian narratives differs greatly from the texts before and after the Shahnameh. The various actions of the mythical-epic characters in the realm of changes resulting from the course of myth, the process of epic evolution and also the difference of narratives are worth examining. In this research, by examining the narratives related to Tus (from the Avesta to the historical texts), a clearer picture of him is presented and the changes in Tus’s work and behavior in the transition from myth to epic and the reasons for this transformation are discussed.Keywords: Tus, Nozarians, narratology, myth, epic, Shahnameh, historical texts.

The list of the eight Seyr al-Moluk in the Hamzeh Isfahani's Tarikh Sunni Molouk al‑Arz va al-Anbia, is one of the most famous indexes of Iranian historical sources that has been repeated six times in the oldest historical sources of Muslims from the 4th to the 6th century AH. This study compared the list in these sources and revealed that Tarikh Hamzeh had at least two versions with minor differences. The first version with a complete list was given to the authors of Shahnameh Abu Mansouri and reached other sources. In another version, named by Biruni as Tawarikh al-Kebar al-Omam, the name of one of the sources has been removed from the list. This version was given to the Abu Ali Balkhi and Biruni. The later and existing manuscripts of Tarikh Hamzeh are consistent with this text. On the other hand, by comparing the way of recording of specific names in different narrations, it was found that contrary to the common belief, some of the eight sources had been probably in Persian. It was also found that the authors of Bal'ami's history of the “Great Shahnameh” in this section probably meant the Shahnameh Abu Mansouri, not the Shahnameh of Abu al-Mo'ayed Balkhi.

One of the goals of compiling historical Shahnamehs in the Ottoman era was to legitimize the Ottoman family and record a favorable image of their rule. The epic-historical poem "The History of Sultan Suleiman" is the first work of SeyyedLuqmanOrmavi, the third Shahnameh of the Ottoman court. In this article, using Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis method, Luqman's attempt to create a glorified image of Sultan Suleiman and the Ottoman family and legitimize them in Sultan Suleiman's history has been investigated, rather than the role of the Shahnameh. The role of the writers of Shahnameh in establishing the Ottoman government should be better revealed. According to the results of this study, Luqman used very positive attributes, nicknames and similes in describing friends (Ottoman kings, Sultan Suleiman, his soldiers and generals) and repeatedly described their conquests and battles in an exaggerated way. On the other hand, the aliens, that is, the enemies of the Ottomans, have been described with very reprehensible traits, and even the bravery and resistance of the enemy has been attributed to their cunning. The poet, above all, has used the religious discourse in the direction of legitimizing ottoman friends and has shown all the battles of Suleiman and his troops in the path of truth, with the aim of consolidating and spreading Islam and destroying the infidels. On the other hand, Ottoman enemies are described with anti-religious attributes (such as infidels and Satan), and their defeat is the result of enmity with God. Luqman has also used the discourse of the Shahnameh in creating his desired image. In general, the poet has used a variety of linguistic and rhetorical tools to paint the desired image of his admirers and give legitimacy to the Ottoman kings.

The fusion of human life with non-human and nature in the era of myth and prehistory was such that man took the first steps in the way of knowing and interacting with his environment. He had a mysterious view of the natural world and saw his life as tied to the survival of other creatures. Natural epics speak of such a world. Considering the changes that have taken place in the relationship between man and nature and the change in the attitude and view of man towards nature and other creatures, this question can be asked about the works of adaptation of natural epics: to what extent did the adaptor The original has been consistent and to what extent has it been used in the narrative in accordance with the view and thought and even the environmental needs of today's man?In this research, with a descriptive-comparative method and with an ecological approach, to describe and compare the relationship between man and nature in the story of Kiyomarth of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and its adaptation; That is, the first king of the world, by Mohammad Reza Yousefi, and we have answered this question. The obtained result showed that in the story of Kiyomarth of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, an interactive view between man and nature can be observed. Kiyomarth is a wise and wise Pasha, with whom humans and non-humans live peacefully. They learn religion and rituals from him, and their only enemy is the devil who tries to disrupt the harmonious system of man and nature

Anis al-Talebin and Oddah al-Salekin is a precious book written in Persian, but has not been corrected so far. Its value lies in the fact that its writer was a direct student of Khajeh Baha’ al-Din, the establisher of Naqshbandiyeh dynasty. This study examined this book in detail and the concise book of Khajeh Mohammad Parsa. It compared the linguistic and literary features of the two books. This study examined the differenced under four titles: 1. Deletion; 2. Addition; 3. Transposition; 4. Changes and differences in recording words. It showed that the significance of the concise text and examining on is plural: 1) The text is the first one that deals with the life of Khajeh Baha al-Din, the founder of the Naqshbandiyeh, and the author himself closely and directly saw the life of Khajeh Baha al-Din; 2) This work is important in terms of linguistic, literary, historical and social values; 3) The concise version is an independent of the detailed version, so it deserves to be examined as an independent work and be corrected.

With the occurrence of the Constitutional Revolution, the discussion on the necessity of cultural transformation and the revitalization of literary renovation flourished. One of the important aspects of this discussion was determining the relationship between ancient Iranian literature and the new situation. The modernists of this era viewed literary tradition as sterile and stagnant, seeking to destroy it instead of attempting to reinterpret it. On the other hand, traditionalists took a worshipful approach to tradition, condemning any critique of classical tradition. In this article, after providing a historical overview, the critical aspects of the modernist approach to classical tradition are listed. These aspects include the outdated language, elitism, narrow and regional perspectives, inability to address the requirements and needs of the new world, justifying authoritarian power, neglecting the social function of literature, and non-revolutionary and accommodative nature. Subsequently, this destructive perspective is analyzed from the perspective of short-term society theory. This analysis reveals that the merciless critique of the modernists is an expression of their disregard for the necessity of capital accumulation, while also highlighting the absence of the concept of critique and its vital role in cultural development and progress. Furthermore, these critics paid no attention to the nature of the authoritarian government, for which no alternative was conceivable, and they were oblivious to the key role of power institutions in the cultural life of society.

In addition to the importance of examining manuscripts to find the original form of a text, another important issue is the study of manuscripts as multiple texts and the result of literary recreating. Alterations in the manuscripts are rooted in various factors, many of which have been undoubtedly beyond the scribers’ control; but in the end, they are created by passing through the filter of the scriber's mind. These alterations are the hotbed of changes that open up a scribal narrative, which is the result of playing with discourses and weakening or strengthening them. The scriber is the ultimate selector of the text from two or more multiple manuscripts. Part of it is related to manuscripts and writing methods and another part is its social and cultural contexts. Virtual love in Hafez's poetry is one of the realms, in which literary discourse changes can be found. One of the manifestations of virtual love is Eshtiagh-Nameh (Letter of Eagerness), the semantic background of which is the theme of separation. It is close to writing a letter in terms of form. Some manuscripts of Hafez's Divan have changed the discourse of the text in the presence and absence of the mentioned letters. In this article, by introducing these versions, we tried to show that the performance of the manuscripts in this regard depended on the discourse community, in which they were located.

Researches conducted on Shahnameh in the 1380s in comparison with the earlier years had proliferated and numerous articles employing novel approaches had been published in the journals of this period.  Recognizing the shortcomings of certain articles in terms of structure and content are quite important in view of the abundance of materials found in the domain of Shahnameh studies from 1380 to 1385, hence the criticism and pathology of such works is an essential task.  The purpose of this article is to criticize and evaluate a number of such articles using the pathological approach.  The research method is descriptive analytic one and the data collection method is library based. Defects such as incompatibility of title with the content, reference to inauthentic Shahnameh editions, inattention to main sources and prior researches, shallow interpretation and concentration on description, repetition of themes, unsystematic and unscientific manner of writing critical essays, employing inappropriate language, imposing meaning to the text, and structural flaws are examined in this study.

Teaching classical literature, especially Shahnameh, is very important for children. The main question of this research is how to introduce Shahnameh to children in an attractive way so that in addition to their benefiting from this huge treasure, their cognitive abilities are also developed. To design this method, we have combined knowledge and methods from three areas: learning theories, methods of promoting creativity, and Sabotsky's findings about the benefits of using magical reality for children. By analyzing this knowledge, we found that using magic games, most of the indicators of active teaching are achieved, such as the child's enjoyment of the educational process, the development of problem-solving ability, creativity, and multiple intelligences. Finally, we named this method "Game and Shahnameh". The games in this method are classified under four headings based on the chronology of performances and their role in the realization of the goals of this method background games, review games, visual games, and finally, theatrical/story games.

The mythological analysis of the roles of the heroes in the stories reveals new facts about the human institution and its interests and aspirations. The heroine in the form of a mythical representation is one of the most important types of mythological cognition in ancient societies of maternal descent, which is of great value in historical, literary, psychological and mythological research. In this article, the importance of women and their special role in the formation of mythological narratives as well as its connection with the structures of nature, ie water, soil, plants and trees ... are criticized. The purpose of this study is to study, critique and analyze the mythology of the heroine in two mythical narratives of Tiamat, Marduk, Shahnavaz, Arnavaz and Fereydoun based on Raglen theory. In this article, the authors have tried to deal with the mythical critique and comparative interpretation of the archetype of the heroine in two mythological narratives "Tiamat-Marduk" and "Shahnaz-Arnavaz and Fereydoun" and also to point out the common connection between these two narratives with the structures of nature The following results indicate that in both narrations, the female heroes: Tiamat in the myths of Mesopotamia and Shahnaz and Arnavaz in the myths of Iran are the gods of water and in fact the eternal mothers from whom the creation of all living beings takes place. The role of the male god in the form of Fereydoun and Marduk has a lesser appearance. What is tangible and visible in both narrations

One of the important features of the Constitutional revolution's literature is the linguistic and literally violence. This feature is seen in two fields: Intergroup and Extergroup. The first relates to internal disputes between literatures and the second is related to literary disputes with those in power of in society, both clerics and politicians. The essence of this violence is rooted in political turmoil in this period of contemporary Iranian history. This violence often originates from social issues not individual ones. As well as its field of publications is public newspapers. Improvisation and informality are other characteristic of this literature. An analytical study of these literary works reveals that there are several motives for their emergence: Political differences, Competitions for social status, Weaknesses in literary language, highlighting the moral weaknesses of the competitor. The socio-political reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: Political instability and the prevalence of the chaos, and insist on prejudice and disregard for the principle of tolerance.

Bahr al-Tawarikh is the oldest Naqqali (Iranian old dramatic story-telling) comprehensive scroll based on Shahnameh which Vares Bukharayi (1088 AH/1677 CE) compiled in the second half of the 11th century AH in Transoxiana, about half a century before the Naqqali scroll of Shahnameh (compiled in 1135 AH/1723 CE). Most of the copies identified as Bahr al-Tawarikh are transcripts roughly different from the work of Vares, not the exact transcripts of it. The present article provides new information about Vares which amends and completes previous studies and also introduces and reviews one of the authentic and complete transcripts of Bahr al-Tawarikh. This transcript has noteworthy and valuable specifications, especially its linguistic aspect and content which represent the Persian features to Transoxiana.

Critical realism,as a branch of the literary school of realism,seeks to convey objective and accurate experiences of reality to the reader by looking at the social problems of man in the new age,and to criticize the prevailing situation in society with a reformist attitude. Samuel Shimon In his first novel,“An Iraqi in Paris”,was able to gain a special place in the field of fiction in Arabic literature;Reza Ghasemi is one of the most prominent novelists of Persian literature that wrote the novel“Nocturnal Harmony”.Both novels reflect the realities of their society and the phenomenon of migration.The purpose of this study is investigate the harmful challenges of the migration phenomenon.In this research,by examining the components of immigration literature from the perspective of critical realism based on description and analysis in the context of the American comparative school, two novels are examined.The results of the research show:Doubt in the basis of insider culture and cultural contradiction in the novel"Nocturnal Harmony"is more prominent than the novel"An Iraqi in Paris" but this is manifested in both novels in the form of alienation.In both novels, critically reviewing the past,while criticizing the political and social conditions prevailing in their society,the way of teaching some religious and cultural teachings has also been criticized.The challenges of immigration are manifested in both novels in the form of disappearance,identity crisis, homelessness and insecurity,but the author has a positive view of the future in the novel"An Iraqi in Paris",but in the novel" Nocturnal Harmony"the authors view is hopeless.

After the establishment of the Ilkhanid government, for the first time since the fall of the Sassanids, the name of Iran was revived as a land with political and geographical independence, and the Ilkhanate were called the rulers of the vast land of Iran from Jeyhun to the Euphrates. This issue has been mentioned in the histories of the Ilkhanid period. This research studies how the concept of Iran is represented in the important historical epics of the Ilkhanid era, namely Homayoonnameh, Changizi Shahnameh, Zafarnameh, Shahanshahnameh, to determine how much the poets of these historical epics tried to call the realm of the Ilkhanid Iran. The results of this study show that in these poems there are two different attitudes towards Iran: in Shahnameh, Zafarnameh and Shahanshahnameh, the domain of the Ilkhanid rulers is often called Iran and its borders as from Jeyhun to Rome and Egypt. Furthermore, the Ilkhanid rulers are introduced as Iranian kings who defend the borders of Iran. But in Homayoonnameh such examples are rarely seen. It seems that the most important reason for Homayoonnameh’s different approach is that this poem was written early in the formation of the Ilkhanid government, when the concept of Iran and Iranian identity were still less considered; but the composition of the other three poems was done in the period of stability of this dynasty. The personal views of the poets are also influential in their approaches. The main purpose of Zajaji was to narrate the history of Islam, but Kashani, Mostufi and Tabrizi included their Iranianist views in interpreting historical events. These two different and meaningful approaches in these poems show that the poets have consciously and purposefully used the name of Iran in their works. In addition, the results of the research prove that in the period of stabilization of the Ilkhanid rule, Iran was once again recognized as an independent territory with certain geographical borders, which the kings knew their duty to defend against the invading enemies.

Interlinear translation has been a popular method of translating religious texts, including the Bible and the Qur’an. Since religious books are considered to be sacred, translators mostly translate them word by word and they provide readers with the exact original word under the translated text. However, early translations of the Qur’an were not completely word by word and contained numerous language initiatives. The aim of this study is to examine these initiatives. This descriptive-analytic study compares four ancient interlinear translations of the Qur’an dating back to the 4th and the mid-6th Century AH. The translations include the famous commentary on the Qur’an by Al-Tabar, Tafsīr Abū al-Futūḥ in verses, Qods translation of the Qur’an and Rey translation. The translations are analyzed in terms of lexical items and syntax. The findings suggest that the translators were loyal to the syntax and lexical items of the Qur’an albeit in varying degrees. In other words, although all the translations turned out to be word by word, they contained some specific features which made them valuable texts. For example, Tafsir al-Tabari and Qods translation contained many Persian equivalents or Qods translation included a Sistani dialect. In addition, the Rey translation and Tafsīr Abū al-Futūḥ were under the influence of the original language, especially when it comes to lexical items. Indeed, these two translations followed the syntactic conventions and standards of Persian.

The significance of teaching language has motivated various studies in which many procedures have been suggested like applying literature in language teaching. Most of these studies have focused on cultural issues and the direct use or rewriting of literary texts. Yet, this study aimed to use the language framework applied in these texts to produce educational material. The concern of this study was to observe which literary text could provide a suitable pattern for language teaching and what features they should have to ease the learning process. The authenticity and comprehensibility are the first factors suggested. Accordingly, Ferdowsi’s Shahname was selected for analysis as its authenticity and validity and its effective role in maintaining Farsi. In comparison to other texts, it is much older and its language is still comprehensible. Also, it seems that by investigating lexical combinations in Shahname, the way it preserves the lexis can be shown. This descriptive-analytic investigation of lexical relations in the statistical sample shows about 40% of the lexes have dual combinations, half of which are excluded from the general description of collocations. Therefore, the phrase “binary lexes” was suggested here. Additionally, about 70% of binary combinations are meaningful types, this means that the reader is dealing with a great number of binary lexes in the text and reader has tried to understand the words and content by activating his former knowledge about lexes. This feature can help design educational material for language teaching.New perspectives and attitudes toward teaching language and its skills have led to the proposal of new challenges and approaches. Using literature in language teaching is just one of these approaches and based on this theory, literary language with all its special features attracts learners in addition to providing the cultural background of the language, it helps the learner understand language on multiple semantic levels while it also increases their linguistic awareness, which in turn increases their language proficiency and ability in interpreting sentences (Lazar, 1993).Various studies have been conducted on the use of literature in teaching Farsi, which often focuses on the function of literature in transmitting cultural matters, however, some have also examined the impact of literature on enhancing the learners’ language understanding and proficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of literature as context and framework for teaching educational content, which has been the focus of few studies based on the researchers’ knowledge.For this matter, it was required to refer to authentic and reliable texts whose language was also meaningful for the audience (Mishan, 2005; Tomlinson, 2011). With this hypothesis that Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh has had a unique role in the survival and enhancement of Farsi, and it also holds an active, reliable and authentic language, in this study we tried to investigate one of its linguistic features in language teaching. As learning vocabulary is a significant step in all major approaches (Bottom-up approach, Top-down approach, Interactive approach) in language teaching and various solutions have been suggested to ease the process (like lexical network, collocations), it seems that investigating lexical relations in Shahnameh could also be a good framework and contribute to designing educational material.For this purpose, after reviewing the related studies and background as well as recognizing the theoretical foundations, parts of the Shahnameh (Volume 1 through 5) were selected randomly. In the descriptive-analytical method, the lexical relations of meaning (reckoning, confrontation, contradiction, proportion and association), structural (spatial and syntactic), and phonetic in all terms were extracted and categorized. The reliability of the data was verified by a group of graduates and PhD students in the Persian language and literature.Results showed that lexical relations in Shahnameh show that there is a dual link (beyond the definition of the collocation) in a vast volume of text (nearly half of it), which along with other lexical relations places almost the whole text within a network as there are no words left aside without having any connection with other words. This feature makes the language of the text available and understandable to the reader. The authors proposed the term “lexical binaries” and believe that this feature could be used to develop Persian language teaching resources and to facilitate the learning of learners.

Genres in Iran are more widely known with European literary forms. In this regard, the effort of many researchers focus on the adaptation of European genres to Persian texts; while genres have no inherent characteristics, Rather they consist of a set of characters that have gathered densely assembled in certain works. Thus, in such an approach, the researcher's job is to examine the structural features of works that Placed "in a genre class". In this paper, through descriptive-analytic method and Based on the genre approach and narrative study, the defining features of a genre have been studied in six poetries from the fifth to the eleventh centuries. According to the data of these texts, one of the genres of Persian literature with the suggested title "Bazmarazm": "poetic narrative of the many epic and romantic behaviors between champion and lady from the family of elders that it leads to marriage ". This Literary type has Similar features in narrative Form, expression form, elements of narration, characterization, types of action, narrator, Narratee and Narrative Strategy. Despite its unique structural features, we think "Bazmarazm" is one of the undefined genres of classical Persian poetry which in spite of the obvious similarities it may have with other genre; but this genre has the particular Structural and content features that it distinguishes of the other similar genres

Until today, Most scholars consider these scrolls as rooted in oral tradition and belonging to oral literature. The present thesis will argue against this position and will present evidence to support this opposition. It appears that these prose Shāhnāmehs (Tūmārs) relied on ancient sources. In addition, there is no document to prove the continuity of the chain of oral narration of these narrations. This paper, by searching in ancient written epic sources, and compare them to Zariri’s narrations, indicate that Zariri, had six major and written sources in narrating the stories of his scroll: (1) Ferdowsi’s Shāhnāmeh. (2) Pre-Ferdowsi Shāhnāmehs-- directly or indirectly. (3) Early historical sources. (4) Epic poems. (5) Interesting narratives of adjacent countries and regions. (6) a collection of written sources that Zariri had collected to write his scroll. Accordingly, it is necessary to doubt the absolute knowledge of the sources and intermediaries of the narrations of this scroll in the stories which is shared with Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh.

One of the most important issues in the study of political thought in philosophical and literary texts is who should govern with what characteristics and function. The answer to this question includes an important part of the ancient philosophical and literary works that are important in the field of political thought. In this article, we have first studied the characteristics and function of the “Raees Avval” in the Farabi''s utopia, and then we have examined the characteristics and function of “Shah Armani” in Ferdowsi''s Shahnameh, and finally, we have shown the differences and similarities between the two. Both Farabi and Ferdowsi, realizing the political crises of their time, have described their ideal rule, one in the form of political philosophy and the other in the form of the national epic of Iran and their descriptions are common in most cases and show the ideal empire of the Iranians in the fourth century.