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Addiction to virtual social networks such as Instagram may lead to deviant and harmful behaviors for users who use this space excessively. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of stimulants on Instagram addiction among athletes with the moderating role of psychological well-being.

The present study is of an applied research type and in terms of method it is descriptive and correlational study. Research data was collected from 246 athletes in Shahrood city, who were selected by available sampling method. The tools used in this research included three psychological stimuli and well-being questionnaires by Pounosamy et al. and addiction to Instagram by Shule and Rasadi. Also, the data was analyzed using partial least squares method and PLS software.

The results showed that recognition, information and social needs as well as psychological well-being have a positive and significant effect on athletes' Instagram addiction, but entertainment needs did not have a positive and significant effect on Instagram addiction. Psychological well-being does not have a moderating role in the relationship between stimuli and Instagram addiction.

The results showed that although this application has many benefits for athletes, if the use of this infrastructure is not properly managed, it can have destructive effects for athletes. Therefore, it is suggested that managers and officials pay more attention to the cognitive, information and social needs of athletes to reduce the addiction to Instagram among athletes.

The current research was conducted with the aim of the effect of volunteer management on the willingness of volunteers to continue their cooperation in student sports with the role of mediator of job satisfaction. The method of this research was descriptive and correlational data collection. The statistical population of this research was formed by student sports volunteers of Hormozgan province. 420 people were Simple Random Sampling as the research sample. To collect data after verifying validity and reliability, volunteer management questionnaires (Winsor et al., 2005), desire to continue cooperation (Chu et al., 2005) and job satisfaction of volunteers (Chu et al., 2020) were used. became. Also, the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and partial least squares approach and PLS software. The results of the research showed that volunteer management has a positive and significant effect on the continued cooperation of volunteers as well as the job satisfaction of volunteers. Job satisfaction also has a positive and significant effect on volunteers' continued cooperation. Also, the results showed that job satisfaction has a mediating role in the relationship between volunteer management and volunteers' continued cooperation. Therefore, considering the mediating role of job satisfaction, it is necessary to develop effective strategies to increase job satisfaction, such as participation, training and empowerment of volunteers in the organization's decisions, so that we can hope for the continued cooperation of volunteers.

The places frequently visited by tourists can become high-risk areas due to the high volume of tourists and significant financial activity. Using environmental design is one of the most effective ways to prevent crime and improve environmental sustainability in these destinations. This article evaluates the importance and effectiveness of various components in preventing crime in the Imam Ali (AS) Square and Naqsh-e Jahan Square axis in Isfahan. The research follows a purposeful and descriptive-analytical method. Data was collected through library and field research. After identifying 35 effective components in crime prevention through literature review, experts were asked to complete a questionnaire. The data was then analyzed using importance-performance analysis. The results showed that components such as "several commercial-administrative and part-time uses in external and internal roadways," "holding ceremonial events," "level of cleanliness," and "level of establishment of population-attracting uses" had the highest average performance. On the other hand, components like "permeability," "creating a positive image in the minds of tourists," "presence of security and instilling a sense of security in tourists," "reduction of abandoned and ruined spaces," "elimination of hidden corners," and "control of uses with social norms" were found to have the highest average importance.

Volunteers are valuable resources for sports organizations and many sports organizations cannot survive without them. Therefore, they need a basic and correct management plan. The aim of the current research was to design an architectural model of volunteer forces in sports with a dualistic approach. More specifically, based on the process of the meta-synthesis research method, first, 312 papers were identified by searching the relevant databases. Second, 55 papers were selected by screening the above-mentioned papers. Finally, the model of the study was developed by analyzing the selected papers. Finally, the 4 dimensions of drives (management, organizational, physical, strategic and motivational values), managerial functions (planning, recruitment, selection, familiarization and training, recognition, monitoring and evaluation, and maintenance), The behavior of human resources (individual, group and organizational) and consequences (individual, social, economic and social) were identified. In the division related to Ambidextrous Management of human resources, managerial, organizational, physical components, strategic values, planning, recruitment, selection and selection, familiarization and training, monitoring and evaluation, organizational behavior in the category of empowering actions, motivational component in The category of motivational actions, components of individual behavior, group behavior, individual, organizational and social consequences were included in the category of opportunity-creating actions.

Marketing is a method that focuses on promoting companies' products and services. One of the main elements of promotion is the product or brand slogan. This study aimed to provide a bibliometric analysis of scientific documents on brand slogan research in event tourism. This study used social network analysis to investigate co-authorship, co-occurrence of words, and cooperation coefficient. The research population consisted of studies of journals indexed in the Web Science database from 2006 to 2022, and 29 articles about brand slogans in tourism were selected as samples and analyzed using VOSviewer software. The results showed that research on brand slogans in tourism reached the highest level in 2017, and the United States did the most research in this area. The most frequently repeated words between 2014 and 2016 included destination brand, destination image, slogan, and marketing communications, and after 2016, the words "destination slogan" and "location identity" were repeated. Tourism slogans, logos, slogans, and products were the most frequent in 2020. Most citations were related to Lee's (2006) article. The differences between keywords before and after 2020 indicate the importance of slogan design and appropriate slogans for tourism brand marketing.Originality: It is suggested that tourism managers use the related slogan of their tourism brand to promote and market it. Also, the results of this research will help researchers to consider current issues in the field of event tourism in future studies and to identify authentic publications in the field of brand and tourism and use authentic articles to write their articles.

Lack of attention to the future in the tourism policies of Iran and insisting on the model of "planning based on the current situation" has led to the adoption of very inefficient policies to manage sports tourism destinations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the future of sports tourism destinations based on identifying the factors leading to possible scenarios up to the time horizon of 1410, which has been done through a case study in Isfahan province. The research method of this study is survey. Research data were collected using three methods interview, theoretical literature review and weighted questionnaires. The statistical population of the study included 14 experts in the field of sports tourism. Data analysis was performed using structural analysis and scenario analysis. The findings showed that Isfahan sports tourism system is an unstable system with 16 scenarios including two unlikely scenarios, seven inconsistent scenarios, two low-probabilities, three medium-probability and two high-probability scenarios.The sixth scenario is the most likely scenario for the 10-year future of Isfahan province. Based on this scenario, investment in sports tourism infrastructure is stagnant or declining, and there will be no intelligent policy for the development of sports tourism. For this reason, The lack of a unified and coherent policy with the ability of continuous and dynamic updating at the national level, has led to the vulnerability of sports tourism destinations in Isfahan province. Therefore, the most important strategies and future planning actions should be focused on policy-making at the provincial level.

This research aims to conduct a meta-analysis of the relationship of loyalty and trust on word-of-mouth advertising in sports.

The meta-analysis method was used to conduct this research. For this purpose, sixteen databases and two search engines analyzed all articles and theses published on the effects of trust and loyalty on word-of-mouth advertising in sports between 2002 and 2022. Finally, 18 articles were included in this study and were analyzed using CMA2 software, and the heterogeneity of the studies was determined by performing the q-value, I-squared, and tau-squared tests.

The results showed that the effect size of trust and loyalty on word-of-mouth advertising was 0.30 and 0.29, respectively. Based on Cohen's interpretive system, this level of influence was evaluated as moderate, although these relationships were significant (P<005). Finally, using the tree diagram, the studies with a minor deviation in the effect size of the random model were identified and identified as more valuable research. Also, according to the FSN test regarding the effect of trust and loyalty on word-of-mouth advertising, it can be claimed that loyalty and trust positively affect word-of-mouth advertising. Therefore, it is suggested that sports managers give priority while maintaining the budget to create solutions that develop loyalty and trust in consumer sports products and services and focus on these issues.

In this study, we determine the results of world sports studies regarding the effects of trust and loyalty on word-of-mouth advertising in the form of a general result using the meta-analysis method.

The purpose of the present study was to identifying Components of Resistive Economy in College sport of Iran.

Due to the qualitative and exploratory nature of the subject, qualitative research, Glaser (1992) approach of grounded theory methods was used. Initially, preliminary list of effective indices was identified from prior studies. Then semi-structured interviews (n= 30) conducted in elites who were aware of the subject.

The results showed that 199 indexes can be effective in resistive economy in the in College sport. Then in axial coding process 33 concepts were classified. Finally, 8 categories through selective coding was identified including The rule of law, Consumption management, Training and information, Mobility and dynamics, Social Development, Active participation, Reliance on yourself and planning.

According to the findings of the study, strategies have been identified that can by strengthening them, it helped develop College sport of Country, moreover Physical education policy makers’ can use identified signs, concepts and categories in future planning to operate resistive economy in sport College.

Despite numerous studies and annual reports of international organizations on the sustainability of tourism destinations, this sustainability still needs to be institutionalized in the country's sports tourism industry. In fact, Iranian sports tourism is by no means "sustainable" in terms of revenue and economic benefits, nor in terms of protection of resources and assets. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify and evaluate the obstacles to achieving sustainability in the sports tourism industry, done with a case study of Isfahan province. Two expert groups were selected using a Survey method based on interviews and questionnaires. The first group included 14 university experts, and the second group included 180 experts and senior managers of sports and tourism organizations in Isfahan province. Sampling from both groups was done purposefully. Data analysis was performed using open coding techniques, heuristic factor analysis, and multivariate regression analysis. Based on the results, barriers to sustainability in sports tourism destinations in Isfahan province were identified and categorized into 6 key areas with 36 variables. The main axes are Weakness in policy-making and vision; Inefficiency in managing sports tourism destinations; Non-social acceptance; Environmental constraints; Weakness of investment and employment; and Lack of security. The most influential factor was the weakness in policy-making and vision. Accordingly, in order to achieve sustainability, policy-making approaches to the management of tourism destinations in the country should be reviewed. Finally, it was concluded that in the absence of policy-making and regulatory approaches at the national level, it is possible to organize the sports tourism market to some extent by defining a specific perspective at the provincial level in the form of provincial development programs. This is possible by applying some requirements

Social marketing seeks to develop constructive approaches to support the improvement of people's behavior. The purpose of this study was to present a social marketing model designed to change the behavior related to physical activity among the elderly. This study is practical and qualitative using a meta-synthesis approach. Using library studies method, the researcher reviewed different documents (books, articles, thesis & web pages) between 2000 and 2019. After screening stages, 44 sources were finally coded, and the main themes were identified. Internal reliability was obtained using Kapa index equal to 0.674 (p

The present research has aimed to prioritize ways to develop trans-sectional participations in student sports using the Delphi method, fuzzy screening, and interpretative structural modeling. This research has taken an applied approach regarding the objective, while in regard to data collection, a descriptive approach of the survey kind has been used. To carry out the research, 23 approaches for the development of trans-sectional participations in student sports were extracted by means of the qualitative Delphi method and by using the existing literature as well as 15 interviews made with authorities.  Using fuzzy screening, 22 approaches approved of by authorities were extracted. Then, using interpretive structural modeling, the correlations between the approaches for the development of participation were determined and analyzed in an integrated fashion. Eventually, MICMAC analysis was used in order to cluster the approaches, the results of which pointed out that the three approaches which prove to be the most influential one when it comes to developing trans-sectional participations in student sports are: providing formal infrastructures for participation at macro, organizational and local levels, defining and clarifying macro-level participation in order to create conditions for encouragement, facilitation and support, and setting up a physical education deputy in the structure of offices in charge of education. Therefore, the favorable trans-sectional participations in student sports requires all of the above-mentioned infrastructures to be provided, which is possible if all groups get involved.

The present study objective was developing of organizational virtue model in sport organizations. This research is an exploratory research with qualitative nature. The research data were collected with snowball sampling and based on in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 17 university professors and experts on organizational virtue. In order to analyze the data, Grounded Theory and systematic method was used and finally, the underlying model was designed based on the classic approach of Glazer (1992). The method of Gathering information was former preceding studies and In-depth and open interview. To measure validity, transferability, and verifiability, findings were presented to the participants and their opinions were applied. The method used for reliability was intra-subject agreement, the mean of intra-subject agreement 0.82 was reported. the results showed that by extrapolating the 42 resulted concepts, 13 sub concept were formed,  which in the the theoretical coding stage, were divided into 4 main entries of organisational factors, individual factors, social factors and occupational factors. Finally, This proposed model can be used to determine the indicators of promoting organizational virtue in sports organizations.

This study aims to systematically investigate the use of partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in sports management journals, and provide instructions and guidelines to apply this method.
 This study is a systematic review, and secondary data was used. 183 studies of all PLS-SEM studies in 14 journals of sport management, published between 2020 and 2022, were analyzed in terms of reasons for using PLS-SEM, data characteristics, model characteristics, evaluation of measurement models, structural model evaluation, reporting, and using advanced analysis.
The results show that the researchers have indicated a few reasons to apply PLS-SEM, which majority of articles highlighted small sample size and lack of data normality. The results identified several issues in reporting the measurement model assessment, especially for measurement evaluation of second-order models. In addition, the findings show that most of studies have not considered reporting the advanced criteria for evaluating of structural model.
The results of this study assist researchers, reviewers and editors of journals to be more mindful, in future studies regarding the reporting of the results using PLS-SEM and avoid incorrect conclusions.

Since the recognition of regional differences and the study of the structures and factors affecting sport in order to achieve sustainable development is inevitable, the aim of the present study was to analyze the strategic territorial analysis of human resources in the sport of Fars province.

The statistical population of the research was experts in sport in Fars province. Sampling was done using two theoretical sampling methods and snowball to reach the theoretical saturation (50 people). The research tool was a researcher checklist in which respondents were asked to list the current status of sports human resources, while using the GIS, a descriptive-analytical model was presented and part of the information the results obtained in the ArcGIS software environment were analyzed and evaluated.

The overall result of Fars province human resources research studies showed that there is an uncompetitive distribution of sports human resources infrastructure in the sport area of Fars province.

In general, it can be admitted that creating and deepening a survey approach to balancing the factors of the event, improving the coordination of the sports activities of the organizations can be considered as the most important strategies in the sport sector of the province.

The purpose of the present study was ddesigning a model for Resistive Economy in Collegiate Sports of Iran.

This descriptive research method was in terms of practical type and in terms of survey implementation. The statistical population of the present study included all members of sport scientific committee, economics departments of the universities, the directors of the physical education of the universities, the general administration of the “Ministry of Science”, university physical education experts, experts in the field of economics who are familiar with the research topic that was based on the random stratified sampling method. 364 people were selected as the sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose formal validity and content were confirmed by a group of professional professors. Cronbach's alpha method was used to calculate the reliability of the instrument (α=0.98). In order to analyze the data, the confirmatory factor analysis method and LISREL software were used.

Also, the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that overall indices of structural model were in good condition, thus obtained 68 questions questionnaire was an appropriate scale for measuring resistive economy in collegiate Sport.

According to the research findings, a model was designed that can be used to develop the country's college sport

The global outbreak of COVID-19 was a sudden public reminder which the viral diseases are a constant threat to human health. Especially in the case of new and re-emerging illnesses, which pose a constant threat to the global health-care system. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Covid-19 concerns on the depression of Athlete Students with the Modifying Role of Teammate social connectedness. This is a descriptive-correlational study conducted using the field research method. Its statistical population consisted of student-athletes from region 9 of Iran. Using G*Power, the statistical sample was determined 146 people selected by available sampling. (PROMIS) Depression Questionnaire and the Teammate social connectedness and Covid-19 Concerns Questionnaire (Graupensperger, & et al) were used to collect data after their validity and reliability were confirmed. Data were analyzed using SPSS and PLS software. The study revealed that Covid-19 concern has a Positive and significant relationship on the student-athletes depression. Furthermore, Teammate social connectedness, In addition to the negative and significant relationship with athletes' depression, played a modifying role in the relationship between Covid-19 concern and student-athletes' depression and undermined this relationship. According to this study's findings, the athlete students are also exposed to major psychotherapy and psychological issues during the Corona era; thus, simple preventive strategies like social distancing while creating a teammate social connectedness system may be an important tool to combat depression during COVID-19.

The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a human resources performance evaluation system of the Ministry of Sports and Youth according to axioms based technique. The research method is an exploratory mixed based on the design of a questionnaire using the principle of the axiom design technique. The statistical population of the survey is formed by all human resources of the ministry(including managers, employees and experts) for the year 2017(N=960)where 274 samples were considered(n=274)based on Kerejsay and Morgan table. Data gathering tool is a researcher-made questionnaire which is based on human resource performance evaluation. For analyzing the data in the design field, an axiom-based technique as well as inferential statistics including a structural equation model or multivariate analysis with non-variable variables were used. Also, apparent validity was determined according to ten people and construct validity using factor analysis. On the other hand, reliability of the questionnaires was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha (α= 0/75). The results of this study showed that the three factors of employee selection, human resources performance indicators, staff retention and their underlying factors are appropriate for designing and assessing the human resources performance evaluation system of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. Also, none of the questions of these components were excluded from the research model, therefore, according to the results of the research, the ministry should be able to identify areas of the performance appraisal system and help identify opportunities and limitations.

Lack of attention to the future in the micro and macro tourism policies of the country and insisting on the model of "planning based on the current situation" has led to the adoption of very fragile policies to manage sports tourism destinations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the future of sports tourism destinations based on identifying the factors and drivers leading to possible scenarios up to the time horizon of 2031, which has been done through a case study in Isfahan province.

The research method of this study is survey. Research data were collected using three

interview, theoretical literature review and weighted questionnaires. The statistical population of the study included 14 experts in the field of sports tourism who were selected by purposive method. Data analysis was performed using structural analysis and scenario analysis.

Isfahan sports tourism system is an unstable system that in the future will depend on the immediate changes of variables with high uncertainty. Based on the identification of four critical uncertainties and five predetermined factors, a total of 16 scenarios were created, including two unlikely scenarios, five inconsistent scenarios, three low-probability scenarios, four medium-probability scenarios and two high-probability scenarios.

The lack of a unified and coherent policy with the ability of continuous and dynamic updating at the national level, has led to the vulnerability of sports tourism destinations in Isfahan province. Therefore, the most important strategies and future planning actions should be focused on policy-making at the provincial level.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of ethical leadership style on job well-being with the mediating role of work-family facilitation.This research is a descriptive-correlational study that has been conducted in the field. The statistical population of this study consisted of all physical education teachers in Sari (N = 190). Statistical sample was determined using G-Power software 118 people who were selected by simple random sampling. Parker & Heath (2011), Brown Ethical Leadership, Torino Harrison (2005) and Holbrook (2005) Family Facilitation Questionnaires were used to collect data after validation and reliability. Data were analyzed using the partial least squares method.The results showed that ethical leadership has a positive and significant effect on work-family facilitation and job well-being. Ethical leadership style also indirectly affects job well-being through work-family facilitation.According to the findings of the present study, it is recommended to the officials of education departments and school principals to use new leadership approaches to improve the welfare of teachers, deal with life problems and maintain the balance of family and work life.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the managers sense of humor and creativity employee with the role of positive organizational behavior intermediation. This study was of descriptive-correlative type administered as a field study. The population of this study included all employees of Youth and Sports offices of Kerman Province (N=252), among of whom 164 persons were selected by cluster sampling. After determining validity and reliability,  data were collected using the  Sense of Humor, Positive Organizational Behavior and Creativity of Employee questionnaires. The data were analyzed by method of Partial Least Square and Sobel test. Findings indicated that managers’ sense of humor has a direct and significant impact on positive organizational behavior and creativity of  employee. Also, the positive organizational behavior has a direct and positive impact on  employee’ creativity. In addition, the results showed that sense of humor has no indirect and significant impact on creativity of employee through positive organizational  behavior. The findings suggested that Sport and Youth offices do not neglect the reinforcing programs of humor and positive psychological skills to increase the level of creativity of  the staff, and train and practice these skills to improve creativity.

 Since the recognition of regional differences and the study of the structures and factors affecting sport in order to achieve sustainable development are inevitable, the aim of the present study was to analyze the strategic territorial analysis of human resources in the sport of Fars province.

 The statistical population of the research was experts in sport in Fars province. Sampling was done using two theoretical sampling methods and snowball to reach the theoretical saturation (50 people). The research tool was a researcher checklist in which respondents were asked to list the current status of sports human resources, while using the GIS, a descriptive-analytical model was presented and part of the information the results obtained in the ArcGIS software environment were analyzed and evaluated.

The overall result of Fars province hard ware & human resources research studies showed that there is an uncompetitive distribution of sports resources infrastructure in the sport area of Fars province. The main objectives of the planning approach are to improve the convergence and coordination between policies and promote the sport in the province. Establishing and deepening approaches to balance the factors Spatial Planning, better synergy sports organizations can be considered as the main strategies in the sports sector.

 In general, it can be admitted that creating and deepening a survey approach to balancing the factors of the event, improving the coordination of the sports activities of the organizations can be considered as the most important strategies in the sport sector of the province.

This study aims to identify the factors affecting the Rough Set Theory-Based Iranian Sports Entrepreneurship Ecosystem and their prioritization in terms of Rough Set Theory.

This study is a type of mixed research. Thirteen experts in the field of entrepreneurship participated in the qualitative phase, and 15 experts in the field of entrepreneurship who were selected in a targeted method participated in the quantitative phase. A semi-structured interview served as the data collection method for the qualitative part of the study. The researcher created a questionnaire to gather data for the quantitative section.

In the qualitative section using the theme analysis method, 193 basic themes, 25 organizing themes, and six inclusive themes were found. The inclusive themes covered market possibilities, money, business, legal infrastructure, physical infrastructure, entrepreneurial sports prospects, and business environment quality. The results of the quantitative part of the study revealed that the commercial and legal infrastructures are more significant than other identified themes and that the quality of the business environment is the minimum considerable factor influencing the entrepreneurial sports ecosystem.

Originality: 

Using the theme analysis approach and Rough Set Theory-based AHP, the current research aims to identify and prioritize the elements impacting the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Iranian sports. According to this study, a wide range of variables may contribute to the Iranian sports’ entrepreneurial ecosystem growth.

The present study investigates the experience co-creation process in Iran’s sports tourism.

This study is a type of mixed research. Ten experts and researchers in the field of co-creation in sports tourism participated in the qualitative stage, while 15 specifically chosen tourism professionals participated in the quantitative phase. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data for the qualitative section of the study, and a researcher-structured questionnaire was used to collect data for the quantitative section. These data were used to create the research model based on the DEMATEL technique's results.

Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data, and the results revealed six organizing themes such as market research, creation of dynamic organization, working team development, conversation, and interaction, as well as creation of shared commitment and participation. The quantitative analysis revealed that the most effective and impressionable components are the creation of shared responsibility and a dynamic organization, respectively. Market research is the minimum significant component, while the creation of active organization is the maximum.

Originality: 

The limited participation and interaction of visitors in many disciplines are obstacles to the growth of sports tourism in Iran. The purpose of the current study was to use the DEMATEL technique and the thematic analysis method to determine the significant and influential factors that contribute to the development of sports tourism.

Security is one of the most important and fundamental factors affecting the development of the tourism industry; As long as there is no security, there will be no travel and it will be useless to talk about tourism; Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the internal challenges of police in providing security for tourists in the resorts of Khorramabad.

In terms of purpose, the present study is applied and in terms of nature, it is a mixed method research (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative section, 12 experts, specialists and experts in the field of security and tourism were interviewed to identify theoretical challenges. Challenges were identified using content analysis method. In the quantitative part of the research, in order to classify and identify the most important challenges, the Delphi method was performed in four stages with the help of 15 experts. For data analysis, Kendall, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and t-sample statistical tests were used.

Out of 50 challenges identified in the interview stage, after four stages of questionnaire implementation in the Delphi group, with 16 Kendall agreement coordination coefficient, 16 important challenges were agreed upon and consensus of experts. In the accreditation stage, the results of one-sample t-test showed that the identified challenges, including the challenges of police experts and the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, are in the field of action.

The most important challenges agreed upon by the group of experts in the field of order, security and tourism are suggested; In order to make the best use of the tourism potential of the region, the officials should pay serious attention to solving these challenges.

The presence of families in the stadium is a problem on which there are different opinions; therefore, the present study was conducted to identify and analyze the theoretical patterns of the presence of families as spectators in the stadium.

The present applied research was performed using Q methodology which is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative stage, after interviewing experts, reading scientific articles, news reports, etc., a discourse space was formed. Then Q cards were prepared and 88 people from the discourse space were selected by purposive sampling to participate in the research. Data were also analyzed using cluster analysis.

The results showed that there are four patterns of opinion regarding families in the stadium: 1- Preventing false international attacks against the country 2- Improving the culture of spectators, improving the quality of competitions, participation and social satisfaction of women 3- The possibility of families attending the stadium subject to Providing facilities and infrastructure 4- Inadequate stadium environment for the presence of families and incompatibility with religious and cultural teachings

Based on the identified theoretical models, three theoretical models agree with the presence of families in the stadium and the fourth theoretical model generally opposes the presence of families in the stadium.