رضا باقری

Focusing on the importance of the "Global Britain" approach in the British foreign policy in the post-Brexit period, this article seeks to examine the British foreign policy towards the Ukraine crisis during the two periods of the beginning of the crisis in 2014 and the Russian military attack on Ukraine in 2022. The main question of the research is, what is the impact of the "Global Britain" approach in the British foreign policy in the post-Brexit period regarding the Ukraine crisis? The hypothesis of the article, which was examined with a qualitative approach through the concepts of the theory of the English school of international relations and the method of thematic analysis, is that the adoption of the "Global Britain" approach plays an important role in the formation and activation of the British foreign policy in relation to the Ukraine crisis, especially in the post-Brexit period. By adopting a theoretical approach and using the library method, this article evaluates the impact of the "Global Britain" approach on the British foreign policy towards Ukraine based on the theory of the English school. This paper discussed that the United Kingdom has moved from European solidarity to British-centered pluralism, from secondary Europe-centered correlative institutions to primary institutions and as a result of playing a leadership role in the Ukraine crisis, it has moved in the direction of reviving the great power and harmonizing positions with the United States within the framework of the "special relationship". Britain's response to the Ukraine crisis has shown Britain's commitment to the "Global Britain" approach and its leadership role in shaping the international order and promoting the values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law in the post-Brexit period, especially in response to the Ukraine crisis.

Compared to block copolymer, random polypropylene copolymer has lower toughness and impact resistance. This defect creates limitations in the use of this polymer in some applications such as pipe industry. Creating a beta crystal structure in random polypropylene with the help of nucleating agent is a well-known method to solve this problem. In this research, two types of nucleating agent were used to create a crystal structure, namely pre-synthesized pimelic acid nucleating agent and in-situ synthesis of pimelic acid during processing (0.2% by weight). Also, 4 wt.% isotactic polypropylene was added to increase the efficiency of nucleation. The goal was to compare the effectiveness of isotactic polypropylene with two types of nucleating agents.The samples needed for the tests were produced by compression molding method. Crystal structure evaluation was done by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction methods. A transmission optical microscope  was employed to examine the microstructure of the samples. Tensile and impact tests were performed to examine the mechanical behavior of the samples. According to the differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction tests, it was observed that the sample made by adding 4 wt. % isotactic polypropylene has the highest amount of beta phase (67 and 72% in each test, respectively). Microscopic images also clearly showed the collapse of the structure due to the increase in beta phase. Also, according to the purpose of the research, the aforementioned sample revealed a 100% increase in toughness compared to the pure sample.

In this research using the MCNPX code, calculations were done for nuclear designing of portable two-chamber gamma irradiator facility for irradiation of grains and legumes according to international standards. Calculations were made in two parts of dose uniformity ratio and mass flow rate of the irradiated product, as well as gamma-ray shielding using 100 kCi Cobalt-60 line sources, model GIK-A6m of Mayak Co., Russia. The dose uniformity ratios of internal and external irradiation chambers were found to be about 1.77 and 2.18, respectively. Also, the mass flow rate of an irradiated typical grain with bulk density of 800 kg m-3 was calculated to be about 3.2 ton h-1. A typical grain will receive a dose between 300-656 Gy, which is less than the maximum recommended limit of absorbed dose for grains and legumes (1 kGy) in purpose of shelf-life extension and insect disinfestation by the IAEA. According to ANSI/HPS N43.7, the leakage dose rate at a distance of 5 cm far from the surface of the irradiator in the irradiate mode and for restricted areas, was calculated to be less than 200 µSv/h (maximum permissible radiation level). The results showed that the lead shield of irradiator facility with maximum thickness of 29 cm, easily blocks the emitted gamma rays and working with such a facility would not pose any radiation risk to the employees. Finally, the energy efficiency of the facility was estimated to be about 25% with an increase of about 10.5% due to the addition of external chamber.

Brexit is generally seen as a move to focus more on national borders and British sovereignty; but it should be remembered that this issue also strongly affects Britain's international approaches. One of the policies that was particularly highlighted by the British government after Brexit was the "Global Britain" policy, which seeks to expand Britain's influence globally. "English School of International Relations" has a good capacity to explain the approach of global Britain in the post-Brexit era. In the theory of the English school, there are three important issues and bases on which the approach of global Britain in the post-Brexit period can be examined. These three important issues include "pluralism and solidarity", "primary institutions and secondary institutions" and "great power and hegemonic power". Based on these three pillars, which almost form the main foundations of English school theory, the analysis of British global policy will become more logical and scientific in the post-Brexit period. This article evaluates the hypothesis that the approach of global Britain in the post-Brexit period expresses the trend of British foreign policy from solidarity to pluralism, paying more attention to primary institutions, restoring the status of Great Britain and strengthening it in line with the special relationship with America. By adopting a theoretical approach and using the library method, this article evaluates the impact of Brexit on British international policies based on the theory of the English school. It is believed that the English school is one of the main intellectual bases in the theories of international relations and one of the theories developed in Britain. Wilson and Oliver believe that while the theory of the English school initially did not pay attention to the issues of integration and the level of regional analysis in general, but have also been paid attention to integration and divergence in the process of evolution of its concepts.

The purpose of this article is to examine the approach of global Britain in the foreign policy of this country and specifically to analyze Brexit based on the important components of the theory of the English school. The main question here is that, what international effects has the "Global Britain" approach in Britain's foreign policy, especially after Brexit? Theoretically, this article is based on the English school in three areas of tension between the concepts of "pluralism-solidarity of the international community", "the nature and role of primary-secondary institutions" and the importance of the position of "great power-hegemony".

It seems that based on the central concepts of the English school, such as the dualism of solidarity-pluralism, primary institutions-secondary institutions, and great power-hegemonic power, it is possible to better and more operationally evaluate British global approach, especially after Brexit.AnalysesPluralist approach and Brexit: Britain's post-Brexit global approach can be seen from three angles: Britain's relations with European countries (within the framework of pluralism in bilateral relations and solidarity on security issues), Britain's role in the United Nations (focusing on thematic pluralism and Euro-Atlantic solidarity on security issues), and greater influence on the Commonwealth of Nations (within the framework of the pluralist approach). Indeed, Britain's post-Brexit global approach has prompted a review of Britain's foreign policy strategy including its implications for Britain's place in Europe.The British tendency to maintain borders and national sovereignty as primary institutions using the principle of primary and secondary institutions: this section argues that Britain's withdrawal from the European Union is not only a violation of Britain's commitment to the principle of primary institutions, but also a protest and challenge to the EU as a secondary institution. On the other hand, Britain's increasing commitment and willingness to join other institutions, such as the Commonwealth of Nations and NATO, shows that Britain still believes in secondary institutions, but that what distinguishes Britain from the European Union is its solidarity functions.Britain wants to be a "great power: The "great power" principle can also explain the post-Brexit approach of global Britain. For various reasons (such as the egalitarian structure of the Union and the lack of recognition of British supremacy, cumbersome dependency rules, etc.), Britain sees its membership of the European Union as a hindrance to achieve great power status. For this reason, Britain has sought to strengthen its position as a great power in world politics by leaving the European Union (Garnett et.al, 2018). Britain's attempt to gain the status of a great power can be analyzed into components such as Britain's high capabilities compared to other European countries, strengthening the special relationship with the United States, and exercising more power and dominance over the Commonwealth of Nations.

In general, based on the findings of this research, the approach of Global Britain in the post-Brexit period is: the trend of British foreign policy from solidarity to pluralism, paying more attention to primary institutions, restoring Britain's great power status and strengthening it in line with the special relationship with America as the hegemonic power. In other words, within the framework of the 'Global Britain' approach to foreign policy, especially after Brexit, the UK plans to continue to play the role of a great power and follow the hegemon at the international level. Finally, it should be noted that while the costs of Britain's exit from the European Union are significant, the long-term systemic consequences for the European Union will not be far-reaching. In fact, the main consequence of Brexit is the expression and emphasis of Britain's role as a great power. On the other hand, the expansion of Britain's actions and spheres of influence has become more evident in its greater adherence to America. Therefore, although according to the three key concepts of the English school (pluralism, primary institutions and great power), Brexit does not have a profound effect on the continuation of European integration, but its effects and changes are evident in the political-international approach of Britain as a global Britain.

The aim of the research was the structural analysis of the model of human resources productivity of the Ministry of Petroleum. This research was practical in terms of purpose and the data was collected in the field and in a mixed way (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population was 15 experts in the qualitative section and 15 experts in the quantitative section, managers, managers, and physical education experts of the Ministry of Petroleum and users, who were first randomly selected by stratification, and then 384 people were selected as a sample. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by sports management professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α=0.86). SPSS, Amos and Lisrel software were used for data analysis. Based on the findings, 37 indicators in the form of 12 components have an effect on improving the productivity of physical training of the Ministry of Oil. Considered planning, motivational measures, and managerial and technical empowerment will improve the productivity of human resources in the physical education of the Ministry of Petroleum.

Daj region, which is part of Bam city, has high potential in the field of medicinal plants due to its great plant diversity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and determine the suitability for the use of medicinal plants in this field. This research was conducted based on the method of FAO, 1991 (using Arc-GIS 10.4.1 package). In this method, to determine the suitability classes, the use of rangelands for different classes are considered as four good quality classes (S1), medium (S2), poor (S3) and unsatisfactory (N). The restrictive condition method was also used to determine the final model. According to the results, the most limiting environmental factor for harvesting medicinal species is the economic index of production. According to the results of this study The economic index of production is considered as an important limiting factor for competence, especially for the plant types of Fourtonia sp and Cousinia stocki, so that these two communities are considered unsuitable in terms of harvesting medicinal species and also plant types Rhazya stricta and Zygophllum eurypterum have poor competence in this index, according to this modeling, the competence of three plant communities of Amygdalus scoparia- Pistacia atlantica, Artemisia sieberi, Amygdalus scoparia was assessed as moderate which can be utilized by indigenous individuals to have better livelihood.

The implementation of the forest restoration plan in the northern region of Iran has led to an increase in efforts to enhance wood production through the cultivation of poplar seedling. Particularly, poplar trees hold a significant position among wood producers due to their distinctive features. The key consideration revolves around identifying suitable and cost-effective lands for planting fast-growing species. Purpose of this study focuses on assessing the land suitability for poplar (Populus nigra L.), a prevalent forest species in the country, through a quantitative land evaluation method based on the FAO approach.
The research gathered and classified the edaphic and climatic requirements of poplar tree by utilizing various library resources, data from the soil laboratory of the Research Institute of Forests and Ranglands, and field survey (Soil Profiles). The climatic and soil characteristics were quantitatively classified into five categories: highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), low/critically suitable (S3), The Quantitative Classification of soil and climate properties was done in five classes: suitable (S1), moderate suitability (S2), low or critical suitability (S3), currently not suitable (N1) and permanent not suitable (N2). For validation, a quantitative assessment of land suitability for poplar cultivation was performed across six soil types, including Nowshahr forest brown, Nowshahr gray brown pedzolic rich in organic matter, Chamestan alluvial regosol, Chamestan Rendezina, Chalous  Pseudogley , and Karaj alluvial cambisol, using a parametric method (second root).
Results indicate that spruce thrives in wet and semi-humid regions in a dry-type manner, with ideal conditions found in areas receiving 1500-1800 mm of rainfall. In drier, semi-arid zones, irrigation is essential for meeting water requirements. Optimal growth temperatures for spruce range from 11-16 degrees Celsius in moderate climates. Poplar flourishes in soils with a light to medium texture, granular or cubic structure, good to fast drainage, and low underground water levels with adequate calcium and magnesium cations.
The study showed that the most suitable soils for poplars have a light to medium texture with a granular or crumb structure, with adequate drainage, the absence of high groundwater and the sufficient amount of calcium and magnesium cations in the soil. Soils with incomplete drainage and heavy texture do not provide suitable conditions for poplar plantations. In terms of quantitative evaluation, Mollic Udifluvents soils with medium texture had the highest score for poplar plantations.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and disability in pediatric patients. Predicting clinical outcomes following TBI is essential for providing appropriate treatment and improving patient care.

This retrospective study aimed to investigate the factors associated with clinical outcomes in children with moderate to severe TBI.

We evaluated the clinical data of 374 children with TBI who received treatment at our center between May 2014 and May 2021. Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data were extracted and analyzed. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). The patients were divided into two groups: those with favorable clinical outcomes (GOS 4 and 5) and those with poor clinical outcomes (GOS 1, 2, and 3). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between different variables and clinical outcomes.

A total of 374 children with moderate to severe TBI were included in the study, consisting of 197 (52.7%) boys and 177 (47.3%) girls. The mean age at the time of trauma was 7.37 ± 3.11 years. According to the logistic regression model, the Glasgow Coma Score (OR, 3.22; 95% CI: 1.78-5.24; P < 0.001), pupillary response to light (OR, 1.97; 95% CI: 1.34-2.99; P = 0.024), and Rotterdam CT score (OR, 2.61; 95% CI: 1.72-4.13; P = 0.020) were significantly associated with clinical outcomes in children with moderate to severe TBI.

This study's findings indicate that the Glasgow Coma Score, pupillary response to light, and Rotterdam CT score may serve as indicators of poor clinical outcomes in children with moderate to severe TBI. These results can be utilized to enhance the management and care provided to these patients.

The expansion of NATO to the east and its security consequences for the countries of the region have long been of interest to researchers. The crisis in Ukraine made the issue of NATO development to be at the top of researchers' attention again. Russia considers Ukraine's actions to join the European Union and NATO development as a security threat, and the Western countries also considered Russia's actions in annexing Crimea and attacking Ukraine as a security threat, which led to a "collective reaction" in response. This article seeks to answer the question of why the Western countries and NATO, which previously sought to de-securitize Russia, adopted a global response to a regional crisis and re-securitized Russia. The current article examines the current state of tensions in relations between Russia and the West by adopting a theoretical approach and specifically by applying the theory of collective security. The results of this survey show that after the developments in Ukraine in 2014 and the annexation of Crimea to Russia, NATO identifies Russia as a new source of threat. In this change of NATO's position, the annexation of Crimea and the Donbass crisis have been very influential as an accelerating factor. In this situation, the West's concern for collective action against Russia can be analyzed in the framework of collective security theory.

Skeletal metastases are prevalent complications related to patients with solid tumor cancer. Till now several boneseeking radiopharmaceuticals have been developed for bone metastases. Interesting features of bisphosphonates attracted attentions to them in the field of radiopharmaceutical therapy and studies on new generation of them have been doing too. The aim of this study was to produce and quality control of a radiopharmaceutical made with ibandronate as the third generation of bisphosphonates. For this purpose, Ibandronate was labeled with beta-emitting radionuclide of rhenium-188. Radionuclide purity was investigated using gamma spectrometry and radiochemical purity by thin layer chromatography. Finally, the biodistribution of this radiopharmaceutical was evaluated in mice. The results showed that the radiochemical purity of this compound is about 97%. the highest uptake (ID/g) was related to bone and the amount of this uptake was 7.11% at 12 hours after injection. The kidneys and stomach were the two organs that had the most activity after bone. Considering the possibility of producing the 188Re-IBA radiopharmaceutical, as well as the proper distribution of this radiopharmaceutical in target and non-target organs, it can be concluded that the ibandronate as the third generation of bisphosphonates this radiopharmaceutical can be useful in the bone metastases treatment.

In the last few years, the tendency to utilization of bottled water has significantly expanded. Therefore, its radioactivity level must be strictly evaluated. This work aims to measure the activity concentrations of gross beta and alpha in bottled drinking water to evaluate its quality and annual effective dose as well as the lifetime risk. The radioactivity of 30 bottled mineral water samples from several brands was analyzed with Wallac Quantulus 1220 LSC. The measurement results showed that the gross beta and alpha activity concentrations in bottled mineral water samples ranged from 29 to 49 mBqL-1 with an average of 38.7 mBqL-1 and 48 to 76 mBqL-1 with an average of 60.8 mBqL-1 respectively. Furthermore, Annual effective doses ranged from 30.11 to 48.3 µSv y-1 with an average value of 38.54 µSv y-1, which is below the 0.1 mSv y−1 as reference dose limit. The variation of lifetime risk is from 1.70 × 10-4 to 2.60 × 10-4 with an average of 2.14 × 10-4. According to  this study’s results, radiologically, these bottled mineral waters can be considered safe drinking water in Iran.

With the widespread use of radiation sources and radioactive materials in medicine, industry and agriculture, the study of the attenuation and absorption of X-rays and gamma rays and shielding against them has become an essential and important branch in the field of radiation protection. In this research, linear and mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers and effective electron density of barium-bismuth-borosilicate glasses at energies of 662, 1173 and 1332 KeV are calculated using the MCNP4C code and XCOM program. Then obtained results are compared with available experimental data. Barium-bismuth-borosilicate glasses showed very good shielding properties against gamma rays.

The Climate Change is a complex atmospheric-oceanic phenomenon on a global scale. This phenomenon leads to improper distribution of climatic factors, reducing the quality of water and soil resources, and ultimately erosion and land degradation. The aim of this study was to predict the effects of climate change on land degradation and the development of dust in the dust center of southeastern Khuzestan. Therefore, one of the three-dimensional paired oceanic-atmospheric models of AOGCM called HadCM3, to simulate climatic variables of temperature, wind, precipitation and evaporation and transpiration; Used under diffusion scenarios B2 and A2. In order to downscalling daily climatic data, the SDSM model was used and also to simulate the land degradation process, the Modified MEDALUS model was used. The results of studying different climate change scenarios showed that the amount of precipitation in the next period compared to the base period under scenario A2 will increase by 6.4% and under scenario B2 will increase by 4.8%. Both scenarios jointly predicted an upward trend in regional temperature for both periods. But the slope of this increase under scenario A2 was greater than B2. The results showed that due to changes in precipitation and temperature, the amount of evapotranspiration in the next period compared to the base period under scenario A2 will increase by 14.3 % and under scenario B2 will increase by 9.1%. The highest correlation between the modeled and observed values was obtained in precipitation and temperature parameters (between 86% to 98% in all models). Finally, the research showed that in the land units of the southeastern dust center of Ahvaz, the average land degradation in the future period compared to the base period under scenario B2 will increase by 1.6-2.63% and under scenario A2 will also increase by 2.34-2.94. Therefore, the rate of land degradation in this region is partly affected by changing climate change scenarios. Therefore, despite the confirmation of the existence of climate change in the southeastern part of Ahvaz, it seems that other factors such as managerial and human factors such as land use change, intensification of human activities in the study area have played a more prominent role than climate change.

Nowadays, the irradiation of blood and blood products, as well as sterilization of pharmaceuticals and biological materials used in the medical industry, are being carried out in developed countries and some developing countries. Usually for this purpose, self-contained dry source storage irradiators containing cesium-137 or cobalt-60 gamma ray sources with activity up to 3 kCi are used as blood irradiator facilities. In this research, an attempt was made to use the MCNPX code to perform the calculations related to the nuclear design of a blood irradiator facility using cobalt-60 line sources in two parts of iso-dose curves and shielding according to internationally accepted standards. The dose uniformity ratio inside the irradiation chamber was about 2 and the external dose rate at a distance of 5 cm from the surface of the gamma cell device was about 36 µSv/h and below the allowable limit. The results showed that the iso-dose curves were completely symmetric and the delivered dose increased near the cobalt-60line sources while decreasing as the distance away from the line sources and closer to the cylindrical axis of the irradiation chamber. In addition, the results showed that the designed lead shield with an average thickness of 30 cm easily blocks the gamma rays and in terms of health physics, working with such a blood irradiator will not pose any risk of radiation to employees.

This article uses a descriptive and analytical method toexamine the Mu'tazilites' views and attitudes about the homeland, people and race, human equality according to the Mu'tazilite school with emphasis on the ideas of the Mu'tazilites and in this regard, examine the criteria of superiority. And criticizes the walls of discrimination that some governments have raised as criteria of superiority. Jahez, like other Mu'tazilites, considers equality and piety as the most important values ​​of the Islamic State, although in some comments he agrees with the early Umayyad caliphs due to the stabilization of social and class positions of individuals and the observance of some Islamic values ​​desired by the Mu'tazilites.Keywords: moral foundations, Islamic state, hegemony, Mu'tazilites