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Today’s urban sprawl is a more challenging issue because urban physical development planning is a basic necessity of urban development plans. This phenomenon is caused by different factors that interact, and one of the strategies of management, control, and decreasing adverse effects is identifying these influencing factors in the emergence of urban sprawl. Therefore, recognizing the effective factors in the formation and expansion of cities can be helpful in the suitable selection decisions for their future. As the country's capital in the past years, Tehran experienced physical growth. Because sprawl benefits and encroachment around land caused some crudity in the city's physical growth, understanding this city's mechanisms of physical expansion is the critical goal of this research.

This research is a descriptive analytic one. In this regard, summative data of smart growth include average floor, compression ratio, residential average occupancy level, residential net density (persons per hectare), average residential area (square meters), residential land area (thousand square meters), gross population density (persons per hectare) have been analyzed. Also, the number of residential plots in 14 neighborhoods of district 2 of Tehran municipality using ELECTRE and ENTROPY has been assessed.

The research showed the ranking of 14 neighborhoods in the 2nd district of Tehran from the view of density indicators based on the Elector model. So that the first to fourth neighborhoods, located in the northern part of the region, with a number of 10 to 12 predominance, have a better situation in terms of density indicators.

The increase in density in the 2nd district of Tehran has been associated with negative consequences instead of positive results, regardless of the network structures of roads, accesses, and development of public transportation. Although policies to increase density have been taken in recent years, the lack of establishment of appropriate structures, especially in user distribution areas and the transportation system's defects, have caused severe disturbances. So, in this situation, the intensive growth of the city can be called a weak and incomplete approach.

As a visible manifestation of urban poverty and spatial inequality, all human populations live in multidimensional poverty conditions in informal settlements. According to conducted studies, women and children are particularly vulnerable to the risks and harms of informal settlements. Therefore, the United Nations has declared women's empowerment on a large scale as one of the critical objectives of the Third Millennium development. In this study, women’s empowerment in informal settlements has been investigated from stereotyping perspective (gender stereotypes). According to the micro-level research conducted, the main challenge is culturally restrictive settings for the women's group. In these settlements, women are exposed to poverty and gender discrimination more than men. This often stems from the imposition of gender stereotypes. Gender Stereotyping is an obstacle for women to have a social activity that prevents mobility and presence of women in society and imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.), and ignores or reduces the women. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment in informal settlements in Ilam as well as to assess the relationship between women's empowerment and contextual variables to answer the question; what is the relationship between gender stereotypes as well as the contextual characteristics of women and their empowerment? The research hypothesis is: there is a significant relationship between gender stereotypes and contextual variables with women's empowerment.

The present research is of a fundamental-applied nature and has used survey as a method. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized .The research population is women, 18 years of age and older, residing in informal settlements in Ilam seleced through random sampling. Based on the Cochran's formula 377 women were selected. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through content validity and its reliability was determined through Cronbach's alpha (0.89). Data were analyzed using SPSS and running Analysis of Variance (F), Pearson correlation test, T-test, and regression analysis. AMOS was used also for the structural equation modeling (SEM). In this study, women's decision-making in both individual and family domains through a Likert scale with 16 items to measure their empowerment; the gender stereotype variable was measured with 17 items. In this study, in addition to the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment, the relationship between contextual variables such as age, marital status, education, immigration, and employment with empowerment is studied.
Discussion and

In this study, the role and position of women's empowerment in informal settlements in terms of cultural factors and the relationship between gender stereotypes and women's empowerment have been examined. Also, the research hypothesis was confirmed following data analysis. According to Pearson test results (R-value = -0.174 and significance level = 0.001), there is a significant and indirect relationship between belief in gender stereotypes and women's empowerment at confidence level. The more women believe in gender stereotypes, the less their empowerment is, and vice versa. Research findings also show that contextual variables such as education level, employment, marital status, age, and migration positively affect women's empowerment. In this study, six independent variables were introduced in the regression table, whose multiple correlation coefficient (R) with women's empowerment was equal to 0.474, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was equal to 0.225. Based on this coefficient, about 0.23, i.e., 23% of the dispersion for the women's empowerment variable is explained by independent variables in the experimental research model, and the rest of the dispersion is explained by variables not introduced in this study. Among the independent variables, the education level of  = 0.350 has the greatest effect on the women's empowerment. Then, employment status of  =- 0.306, immigration of  = -0.217, marital status of  = -0.160, Gender stereotypes of  =-0.157 and finally age of  = -0.002 have been effective in explaining the dependent variable. In this study, structural equation modeling (SEM), as one of the new methods for examining the causal relationships between variables, was used through AMOS software, where the structural equation analysis of the proposed model was performed. According to the goodness of fit index, the research model is relatively good.

As the half population of the society and their roles in the development, women’s empowerment in informal settlements can be a pragmatic and realistic approach in dealing with these challenges and reminding women’s role in the society.  Gender stereotyping imposes gender roles (housekeeping, childbearing, etc.) and ignores or reduces the women’s role. It also keeps women in inferiority and deprives them of decision-making within and outside the family. According to this study, rising education-centered gender stereotypes can free women from a passive person who needs others’ attention and turns them into an energetic and capable body in society and makes the basis for their local social capacity and the culture of local participation. Considering international references and firm views and theories, women play a central role at home and outside the home. To create women’s real, active and effective role-playing, it is needed to look at their potentials and abilities and overcome pure gender stereotypes.

In recent decades, cities in developing countries have witnessed the formation of a disrupted urbanization in developing countries, which, according to Charles Abrams, are marginalized, and in the urban cycle of " Social Gate Keepers". Informal settlements, as a striking feature of urban poverty and spatial inequality, have created a critical focus on sustainable human development, and it seems that all human groups in it are in multi-faceted poverty conditions, but Complications and injuries caused by informal settlements are more noticeable in children and women. Concerns about the inclusion of a group of women in the "poorest poor" group have led to the development of different approaches, including "empowering women." This theory seeks to empower women through the redistribution of power within the family and society. Studies in Ilam's informal settlements indicate the rule of poverty, especially in the women's group. Accordingly, The present paper aims to analyze the relationship between economic factors and empowerment of women in informal settlements of Ilam city. So there are some questions: What are the most important economic factors and how is each of them related to the empowerment of women?

The present research is an applied nature and has used survey as a method. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized. The research population is women, 18 years of age and older, residing in informal settlements in Ilam selected through random sampling. Based on the Cochran's formula 377 women were selected. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through content validity and its reliability was determined through Cronbach's alpha (0.89). Data were analyzed using SPSS and running Analysis of Variance (F), Pearson correlation test, T-test, and regression analysis. AMOS was used also for the structural equation modeling(SEM).

In this research, the impact of economic factors such as access to a job with income, type of job (free, state), income, access to banking facilities such as loans, legal ownership (home, land, cars, bank deposits, gold and jewelry), The power of savings, covered by the supportive institution of empowerment of women. The research data showed that women in terms of ownership of property and assets are at a low level and there is a significant and indirect relationship between the enjoyment of legal ownership rights and the empowerment of women. That is, the higher the level of legal ownership of women, the less women's empowerment and vice versa. In terms of employment, 90% of women in the marginalized areas of Ilam are unemployed and women without employment are very poorly trained. The accountable women who are employed, 8 percent are employed in free and 3.4 percent in government jobs. The empowerment of women employed in the public sector with unemployed and unemployed women has a significant difference, and women working in the public sector have a higher level of ability than unemployed and self-employed women. There is also a direct relationship between women's income and empowerment. Whatever the income of women, their empowerment will increase. There is a direct relationship between access to banking facilities and women's empowerment. The less the access of women to the bank facilities, the less they are empowered. Research data also indicate that 15% of female respondents are covered by a supportive institution. Empowering women who are protected by the institution is more. And in the end, 85% of women have a low back-up power. Women with lower retention power are less likely to empower them. Regarding the regression coefficients of the research variables, among the independent variables, the variable having the legal ownership right with the -0.978 = has the most effect on the women's empowerment variable, after which access to the bank facilities (= 409), the income = 226/0, retention power with = 155/0, protected by the institution with 0.071 =, job type with 0.057 =, and finally, access to a job with income = 0.30 = 0 in the explanation The dependent variable has been affected. In this research, after the data extraction and analysis of their results, a structural equation model was drawn.

Following the revision of the concept of sustainable development, developing countries are now struggling to foster women's participation in the development process, but in suburban neighborhoods, a very low level of women's economic status hinders their social activity and their effective participation. Studies in the informal settlements of Ilam city all indicate the domination of economic deterrent structures for women's groups. The findings of this study showed that economic factors such as access to a job with income, type of job, income, bank facilities, protection of the supporting institution, saving power, and legal ownership of women empowerment have a role. Among these variables, the enjoyment of legal property rights has the greatest impact on the empowerment of women. In terms of ownership of property and property, women are at a low level, and at the time of their enjoyment, they will not increase their decision-making in the individual and family.In terms of employment status, 90% of accountable women are unemployed in the informal settlements of Ilam and 83% are unemployed. 86% of them have limited access to bank facilities. Research data also suggest that only 15% of women are covered by supporting institutions, and, finally, 85% of women have a low retention power. In this paper, structural equation modeling method, one of the new methods for studying causal relationships between variables, was used using AMOS software. In this paper, structural equation analysis of the proposed model was performed. according to the indicators of goodness and fit of the model, the research model has a relatively suitable fit.

Prior to any planning for the development of urban green spaces, standards for green space development should be identified. From the very important principles of urban planning knowledge, it is necessary to address users in terms of standards and per capita and locate them. Air, sound and visual pollution is caused by urbanization that nowaday human societies are facing. Therefore, considering the green space use as an air styler and space organizer, is necessary to achieve the ecological efficiency of cities. The purpose of this study is to identify the criteria location and green spaces planning, that it is the achievement of providing solutions for operating the general principles of green space development, so that it can be generalized to similar cases.

The present study is a fundamental-applied research method and a descriptive-analytical study. To collect the data, Libraries and documents Sources was utilized. Data analysis was mainly based on qualitative analysis method and also using ARC / GIS software.

Findings of this study show that none of the per capita in Tabriz city are in accordance with the standards of urban planning and environmental point of view. From the urban planning point of view, in the plan comprehensive, per capita of about 15 m2 is proposed for each person, this per capita in the current situation for Tabriz is equal to 1/69 m2. From the environmental point of view, in the plan comprehensive, is between 15-50 m2 per person while per capita city in the current situation is equal to 11.69 m2. Discussion and

The results of the study show that in the city of Tabriz, the criteria and development principles green spaces planning and their location criteria, including per capita in neighborhoods, environmental and ecological criteria, and spatial metrics such as centrality, hierarchy, and access has not been regarded. Therefore, the status of the green spaces use in the present situation of Tabriz city do not match with the proposals of the comprehensive and details plan, and with national and international standards. Moreover, the lack of optimal distribution in the city is quite evident. Therefore, the calculation of the appropriate level of green space and its balanced distribution in the city is the key issue, so that the process of achieving the ecological efficiency of the city is possible.

The beginning of tourism planning, behavior, and a tourist at a tourist spot with emphasis on assessing the current situation, the capabilities and versatility of demanding tourists, who provide the planning process to facilitate the development of tourism. The female tourists from the key tenets of the industry, has always been neglected. Darrehshahr city (the ancient name Madaktu) in Ilam province is one of the areas prone in the field of tourism. Hence, the present study, the capabilities and advantages of tourism in the area of tourism development from the perspective of tourist women studied, analyzed and evaluated, as well as tourists satisfaction with the measured variables and the development strategies tourism has proposed for women in this city. The cross-correlation methods were used to collect information and documentary studies library and a survey (questionnaire developed by the researchers) were used. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation coefficient, ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc test was used. The findings, most important obstacles and tourist attractions of the city Darrehshahr tourists determined women viewing angle. Also, one can Tourists satisfaction was measured variables; and finally, according to results presented suggestions for tourism boom women in the area.

One of the main goals of designing of urban space is that the urban public spaces provide a place for all age, employment and gender groups. Designing an effective model for consolidation and the presence of actors as active citizens is not possible without identifying features and their needs. Therefore, this study is conducted to evaluate the adaptation of Urmia urban spaces to the needs of women. In this regard, first of all conceptual model and a self-made questionnaire was designed with using the theory of utility of space, and were distributed among 400 women in Urmia that the women were selected with Using Cochran formula and on the basis of classified samples. Validity of questionnaire was provided with using formal validity and divergent validity which was obtained through factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for determining its reliability. The amount of this coefficient was equal to 0.87 which reliability shows desirable. In this study, the SPSS software has been used as a tool of analyzing and evaluating the data. The results of this study indicate that there is not general satisfaction in the field of physical measures, access and security in urban public spaces while there is women's satisfaction about cultural and social measures, based on criteria of the study.

Darehshahr township of Ilam province with many natural and historical attractions and abilities can benefit from the achievements of the tourism industry, But it is not achieved so far. So, The present study is to evaluate the abilities and capabilities, recognizing the problems and obstacles, and offer strategies for tourism development in this city. The methodological approach of this study was descriptive- correlational. Interview with experts, study documents, library studies and survey method were used to collect data for this study. The statistical population consisted of Norouzi tourists who were visited tourist places in Darehshahr township through Norouz holidays (20 March- 3 April). The subject were selected through simple random sampling (n= 400). Findings revealed the main obstacles and problems of tourism and tourism attractions and assesssed The relationship between tourists with research variables. Finally, according to results, some suggestions were presented in order to tourism development in Darehshahr township.