رضا طالبی

Informal settlement is the prominently dominating factor which contributes urbanization and provides the city's poor people with housing. In fact, these settlements are unreasonable and disorganized agglomeration places for low income people who live in deprived areas of the cities. Given the importance of housing, especially in informal settlements, the current research intends to outline the changes in housing indicators from margin to context and vice versa, especially in informal settlements of Tabriz metropolis. A descriptive-evaluative methodology was used together with a field- documentary method applied for data collection. Here, in order to analyze the data and weighting of housing indicators (data layers), ANP model was used with Super Decision software. Also, GIS software was applied for generating maps. Additionally, the statistical community of the research included informal settlements of Tabriz metropolis. The findings together with consideration of changes in housing conditions for the statistical blocks of the informal settlements indicated that, of 1318 blocks, 43/17% didn't change, 14/19% changed from deprived category to wealthy, 7/36% changed from medium to wealthy level, 15/85% changed from deprived to medium level, 5/16% changed from wealthy to medium level, 7/21% changed from medium to deprived level, and 7/06% changed from wealthy to deprived category. Generally speaking, the results showed that, of all blocks, 37/4% promoted, 19/43% plummeted while 43/17% remained unchanged. Therefore, it could be contended that the housing indicators for informal settlements promoted, especially with a shift toward urban contexts.

Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) belongs to the Gramineae family, Pooideae subfamily, and Cyperales order. Nowadays, this plant is cultivated as a fodder crop to create natural pastures and rangeland restoration programs. This plant is cultivated as pure stands or mix-cropping with other grasses or legumes. Stability analysis of genotypes in different environmental conditions to introduce superior genotypes is one of the main goals of plant breeding programs. Considering the variation of climate conditions in different regions of Iran, studying and understanding the interaction between genotype and environment is vital. Various stability analyses, such as parametric and non-parametric methods, have been proposed to study the genotype x environment interactions. Stability analysis using non-parametric methods is much simpler than parametric methods; it reduces the deviation from outlier data and does not require normal data assumptions. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the stability of forage dry matter yield of 36 cocksfoot populations in different climatic conditions in the west and northwest of Iran using non-parametric methods. 

The seeds of 36 populations of cocksfoot were sown in the field using a randomized complete block design with three replications in Kermanshah, Hamadan, Zanjan, and Ardabil provinces, Iran, in 2011.  Data on forage dry matter yields were collected over two years. The genetic diversity of populations was investigated by combined analysis of variance, and mean comparison was made using Duncan's method. After ensuring the significance of the genotype ×environment interaction effect, the stability analysis was made for forage dry matter yield using different non-parametric methods such as (Ketata et al., 1989; Huehn, 1979; Thennarasu, 1995; Kang, 1988; Fox et al., 1990). Non-parametric statistics were calculated using Excel 2010 software. The cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and biplot diagrams were made using Minitab 16.

The combined analysis of variance analysis between four locations over two years showed a significant effect of genotypes, environment and genotype × environment interaction effect (p<0.01). A mean comparison between genotypes was done using Duncan's method, which placed them in different groups. Different non-parametric methods introduced different genotypes as stable genotypes. A comparison of the results of five non-parametric methods for determining the stability analysis of genotypes for dry matter yield showed that the two methods of Huehn and Thennarasu were consistent with each other in identifying stable genotypes with average yield. On the other hand, the Kang, Ketata and Fox methods were highly correlated with dry matter yield and introduced the stable genotypes having higher forage production. 

Based on five non-parametric methods and according to forage dry matter yield, the genotypes G14 (USA), G15 (Karaj), G29 (Urumia), G35 (Gene Bank), G20 (Malayar), and G24 (Russia) were identified as the best genotypes. Therefore, they can be introduced as selected genotypes for cultivation in similar areas, or they can be used as cocksfoot germplasm for breeding programs. Among the five non-parametric stability analysis methods, the Ketata method covered most of the stable genotypes coupled with high dry fodder yield, so using this method in investigating the stability of cocksfoot and similar plants is more appropriate.

Neglecting the explanation of rural developments and their outcome on the rural landscape, the process of rural development faces serious issues and problems.

The purpose of the current research is to analyze the role of participatory planning in rural development based on the existing capabilities and capacities of future development, especially from the perspective of the villagers' participation and their wishes based on the current situation in the spa village of Sarein.

The study method in this research, which is based on a case study, is descriptive-analytical, and its statistical population is the residents of Spa district in Sarein city, and its information is obtained based on field and library studies. The five main indicators of development issues, the readiness of the platform for participation, the role of rural management in rural development, the capacity of villagers' participation in rural management and development, as well as the measurement of rural development with different items, the centrality of the assessment of the subject of this thesis among the residents of 384 residents of the village. And the management of the collection was based on Cochran's model. The use of SWOT analytical model as well as SPSS software and corresponding statistical tests are the main fields of analysis of this article. 

The geographical scope of the research includes the residents of Abgarm village in Sarein city.

The results of this study in the field of research show that there are three visions of a tourist village, sustainable, healthy, safe, beautiful and comfortable, a village with an identity and culture, cooperative and attractive for tourists, and finally an agricultural and livestock-oriented village as The main perspectives of rural development were considered.

According to the results of the research, it can be said that the participation of the villagers can be a process through which the poor and the disadvantaged are organized so that they can undertake development efforts through this organization, and if possible, different strata Guide and guide the village in creating the desired arena and organization, this arena and organizations become a tool for the villagers to express their demands, and in this way they can achieve their logical demands. find that ultimately improving and improving the level of participation of villagers; Improvement of the economic and income situation and rural development and stability is created.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) also called macaroni wheat is a tetraploid species of wheat that has been improved during consecutive selection processes in Emmer wheat. Hence, it seems that a high level of genetic diversity exists in its germplasm and it can serve as an ideal gene pool for the improvement of cultivated varieties. The main objective of this study was to evaluate genetic diversity in a set of durum wheat genotypes in terms of grain yield and some agronomic traits.

In this research, 94 durum wheat genotypes were investigated at the country's dryland agriculture research station in Serarud, Kermanshah, in the form of an augmented design with six repeated controls during two crop years 2016-2017 and 2017-2028. To study the genetic diversity of the studied genotypes agronomic traits such as the number of days to heading, number of days to physiological maturity, plant height, 1000-kernals weight, and grain yield were measured. After collecting experimental data, analysis of variance was done based on the best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE) models. The GT-biplot method was used to identify the superior genotypes based on grain yield and other traits. 

The results showed that the genotypic effect was significant for all measured traits in both years (except for grain yield for the first year). The estimated genotypic variance for each of the measured traits was high in both agronomic years. According to the results obtained from the comparison of the genotypes' mean, it was found that genotypes numbers 24, 80, and 83 were relatively superior to other genotypes in terms of grain yield and other agronomic traits. Also, the results of GT analysis indicated the existence of a higher level of genetic diversity in terms of measured traits. As another result of this study, grain yield positively and significantly correlated with 1000-kernel weight.

In general, according to the results obtained from this research, a high level of genetic diversity was found for grain yield and other measured traits in the investigated durum wheat genotypes, so this genetic diversity can be used in breeding programs to improve yield performance. Moreover, it seems that some selected genotypes for grain yield and other agronomic traits can be exploited for the simultaneous improvement of more than one trait in crossbreeding programs.

This article investigates the control and modeling of a multi-rotor fire-fighting system, consisting of a multi-rotor along with a connected water hose. The introduced system has applications in the field of polic operations, including the ability to provide quick services and support to defense teams in dealing with explosions and fires, as well as ensuring public safety. Considering the unpredictable behavior of the hose and aiming for system stability against external disturbances, including reactive forces from water spray, hose weight, and wind force, an adaptive sliding mode control method has been used. The controller has been implemented on a 16-rotor system, taking into account the reactive force from water spray in the design algorithm. The highest range of variations is related to the pitch angle, for which a new structure has been introduced to reduce it and improve the rotational status of the multi-rotor. This new structure has two additional rotors compared to the previous structure. The results obtained from the adaptive sliding mode control method are compared with the Combined Model Reference Adaptive Control (CMRAC) method, which is considered as a linear adaptive robust method. The results confirm the need for the use of a robustness nonlinear algorithm for the intended application in this research. According to the studies, the proposed structure has not been used in any previous research. Additionally, at the end of this research, the justification and necessity of using such a structure in terms of arrangement and number of rotors are explained.

In order to study the effect of foliar application of yeast and seaweed extract on the yield and quality of safflower seeds under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Azad University, Sanandaj branch in 2018. The experiment was carried out as split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks design in three replications. The main factor was water stress at two levels (control: no stress or full irrigation and the stress of interruption of irrigation from the stemming stage to the end of the growing season) and the second factor was foliar spraying of growth stimulants in three types (control: distilled water, yeast and seaweed extract). The results showed that the traits of number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield and protein percentage were significantly different under the influence of irrigation interruption stress. So that all the mentioned traits, without protein percentage, decreased under the influence of irrigation interruption. The percentage of protein also increased under the influence of irrigation interruption. Also, in this experiment, foliar spraying of growth stimulants showed a significant effect on the traits of number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and seed yield. So that the maximum values of the above traits were obtained under the influence of yeast extract foliar spraying. The results of interaction effects were also significant regarding the number of heads per plant and the maximum amount was obtained under the influence of full irrigation and foliar spraying of yeast and seaweed extract.

Integration in different industries is very important and has many benefits at different economic and social levels. Given the vastness of the telecommunications industry, this industry is no exception and the integration of telecommunications infrastructure creates a lot of added value. But the interplay between tangible or intangible indicators has emerged that policymakers must consider them all. Our goal is to examine the integration of telecommunications infrastructure and to study its interactions with economic factors in order to measure the value of investment in this integration. In order to get the right result, the experts gathered the opinion of the industry using fuzzy Delphi method, and after the process, the effective factors were investigated and the key indicators to be considered and the impact of capital were identified. Implications for the integration of telecommunications technology infrastructures and whether they can serve as a driving force for achieving other factors are discussed and discussed. As a final conclusion, it is clear that if investment is made, steps will be taken to integrate telecommunication infrastructure to protect national, environmental, resource and urban beautification interests, and provide a platform for private sector investment. In addition to providing these items, the private sector can also benefit.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) with an average annual production of 40 million tons, is the tenth most important and common crop grown worldwide. The aim of this study was to analysis the genetic diversity and population structure of durum wheat genotypes for knowledge and apply in future genomic studies using SilicoDArT markers generated by DarTseq.

The DNA of 94 durum wheat genotypes were extracted by CTAB method from fresh leaves. The quality and quantity of extracted DNA were measured using spectrophotometer and adjusted to 50 ng / μl. The DNA samples were processed at Diversity Array Technology Pty, Ltd, Australia (https://www.diversityarrays.com) for DArTseq analyses using genotyping by sequencing Platform. Genetic diversity and population structure analysis were performed on the remaining 7882 markers using: Power Markerv.3.25, DARwinver 5.0, STRUCTURE2.1., GenAlexv. 6.41 and Rv3.2.3 software.

The amount of polymorphic information content (PIC) of SilicoDArT markers ranged from 0.023 to 0.499 with an average of 0.38. The mean reproducibility and call rate of sequences in all linkage groups were above 0.98 and 0.92, respectively. The number of mapped SilicoDArT markers varied from 300 markers in the linkage group (Chr1A) to 853 markers in the linkage group (Chr7B). Chromosome size covered by SilicoDArT markers ranged from 829200 kbp in the linkage group (Chr3B) to 589293.786 kbp in the linkage group (Chr1A). The results of cluster analysis by Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method, population structure and discriminant analysis of principal components were highly consistent with each other and clearly divided the studied genotypes into four distinct groups. Genetic diversity among populations was primarily within the population (76.36 vs. 23.64%).

The relatively high number of subpopulations and the presence of high genetic diversity among and within populations were the characteristics of studied durum wheat genotypes in this study. Therefore, considering the loss of 84% genetic diversity of durum wheat during the early domestication processes, these populations can be used as a valuable resource in basic and applied research in breeding projects.

Weeds such as wild mustard are a serious problem in crop production. Herbicide resistance in weeds and wild mustard has become a common threat in agriculture and endangers global food security. In this experiment, the ALS gene of wild weed suspected of weeding due to field screening and PCR-based methods from Kermanshah provincechr('39')s wheat fields was investigated. The ALS gene was then identified, isolated and cloned. For this purpose, primers were designed according to the information available in the NCBI database and ALS gene was amplified using RT-PCR. The gene ALS cloned in pTZ57R / T vector within E. coli bacteria, DH5α strain and sequenced. Based on PCR-based molecular results, six biotypes showed mutations in the target site. PCR-based sequencing results confirm the nucleotide mutations of Asp376-Gly (GAC to GGC), Pro197-Ser (CCT to TCT), Trp574-Leu (TGG to TTG), and Ala122-Thr (GCA to ACA) in six biotypes. These mutation sites were confirmed by sequencing. According to the study, herbicide resistance in wild mustard could be related to resistance in the target site due to the mentioned nucleotide mutations in the active site of the enzyme, the binding site of ALS inhibitors and its family, or due to the resistance of the target site that can cause conformational changes. Changes in the level of the protein reaction site with herbicides and as a result changes in activity and enzyme-herbicide binding. This means that the molecular levels of the mutant enzyme are less likely to come into contact with herbicides, and the herbicide cannot stop the enzyme from working and cause herbicide resistance.

The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of proteins contributing to cellular resistance against a variety of thermal stresses in different climates. In this study we aimed to characterize polymorphisms of the ovine HSP70A1A gene in Mehraban indigenous sheep breed and Romanov imported sheep breed, because they are well adapted to the cold climate. Blood samples were collected from a total of 141 sheep (100 Mehraban and 41 Romanov), and then genomic DNA was extracted according to conventional instructions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the 247 bp and 298 bp of the exon region of the HSP70A1A gene (Oar_v4.0; Chr 20, NC_019477.2). Also, polymorphisms of the studied fragments were explored using single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) technique and then the amplified DNA fragments were sequenced by Sanger sequencing method. In both Mehraban and Romanov breeds, five distinct SSCP patterns were identified that two and three electrophoretic patterns were respectively related to 247 bp segment and 298 bp segments. Furthermore, frequencies of SSCP patterns showed no differences between breeds. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including g.26562252C>A, g.26562261G>C, g.26562270T>C, g.26562273C>T and g.26562279C>T were identified in 247 bp segment, and also, three SNPs including g.26561745T>C, g.26561784C>T and g.26561877G>A were identified in 298 bp segment of PCR products. Results revealed that all SNPs were in Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium (p < 0.05), except of g.26561745T>C and g.26561877G>A. Considering the role of HSPs in resistance to the environmental stresses, it can be conclude that the identification of  these SNPs can  play an important role on understanding the mechanism of adaptation  to temperature tolerance among the Iranian indigenous sheep breeds.

Tortrix viridana L., commonly known as green oak leaf roller, is a major harmful herbivorous pest for oak forests that cause severe yield loss via almost complete defoliation during the pest outbreak in spring. In spite of importance of controlling this pest , little is known about the population structure and DNA-based genetic diversity of this pest in Iran. In this study, genetic structure and diversity of 105 genotypes representing 16 populations of Tortrix viridana from North-Zagros forests was studied using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Ten ISSR primers amplified a total of 127 bands of which 121 were polymorphic. Also, eight RAPD primers produced a total of 105 fragments with 105 polymorphic bands. Estimated coefficient of inter-population genetic differentiation (ΦST) based on ISSR and RAPD primers were 0.26 and 0.18 respectively. Molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that most of the total revealed genetic diversity distributed within populations than between populations for both marker systems. The gene flow estimate (Nm) among populations was 0.461 (ISSR) and 0.527 (RAPD), suggesting restricted gene flow, the poulations are not genetically distinct. These findings could provide important information on the population genetic diversity of this destructive pest, which can be suitable in designing effective strategies for integrative management of this pest in Zagros forests.

Considering the importance of drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria and their treatment problems, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), including TEM, SHV, and OXA genes among the isolated Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained from urine specimens of kidney transplant patients.

The bacterial isolates were collected and identified from urine specimens of kidney transplant patients at Imam Khomeini hospital of Urmia, Iran. All isolates were screened for ESBLs using both cefotaxime and ceftazidime, alone and in combination with clavulanate (Double Disc Diffusion Test; DDDT). The presence of TEM, SHV, OXA-10, and OXA-2 beta-lactamase genes were then investigated using PCR.

A total of 96 isolates, including 39 (40.6%) K. pneumoniae and 57 (59.4%) E.coli were included in this study. Of these, 56 (58.3%) isolates were screened as ESBLs, including 17 K. pneumoniae and 39 E.coli using DDDT. The TEM (78.6%) and OXA-2 (7.1%) genes had the highest and lowest frequency among the isolates, respectively.

The study showed a relatively high frequency of ESBLs producing genes among E.coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from kidney transplant patients, indicating the necessity for early detection of these resistant infectious agents. It is also important to control the conditions in which these types of resistances are developed, especially the need for careful antibiotic administration.

Rural management is one of the basic elements to achieving sustainable rural development that plays an important role in the process of planning and rural development. It manages the process of sustainable rural development in partnership with the governmental and nongovernmental departments and local society participation. Therefore, this study is done aimed to evaluate the performance of rural management in the social stability of rural settlements. This research is a practical one in terms of aim and descriptive-analytical by nature. Statistical Society includes 41 villages surrounding the Ardabil city that 370 bodies were selected as the sample size by using cluster sampling and they were distributed relatively according to the population in selected villages. Data required were collected by library and field methods (questionnaire and interview). To analyze the subject a framework of rural management performance and social sustainability indicators were selected and developed. The results of the analysis of data from the questionnaire indicated among rural management performance indicators, the construction index with the beta 375/0 has the greatest impact on social stability and the services index has had the least impact with the beta 170/0. Totally, the rural management performance explains about 60 percent of independent variable social sustainability of rural settlements.

 Lentil (Lens culinaris) is the third most important grain legume in the world after chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.).  Therefore, the aim of this research was (1) to determine the genetic diversity and structure of molecular variation of genotypes and (2) to identify relationships among genotype for conservation, management, and utilization of these genotypes in crop breeding programs.  

Total genomic DNA was extracted from leaves of each genotype following a CTAB protocol.  After DNA extraction, DNA samples were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).  Evaluation of the genetic diversity of 90 lentil genotypes was performed using 30 SSR markers.

 A total of 145 polymorphic alleles were produced with an average of 4.06 alleles per locus. The highest number of alleles produced belonged to SSR 80 primer with eight alleles and the lowest number of alleles belonged to SSR96 primer with three alleles.  Polymorphic information content (PIC) for the markers ranged between 0.35 to 0.83 with an average of 0.63.  Maximum and minimum PIC have belonged for SSR80 and SSR28, respectively.  Shannon index value was variable from 1.94 (for the SSR80) to 0.829 (for the SSR48). The expected heterozygosity was observed in genotypes ranged from 0.845 (SSR80) to 0.422 (SSR48). The mean of this index obtained with 0.643.  Clustering analysis was performed using Neihbour-Joining algorithm and population structure analysis was performed using Bayesian method.  The best number of sub-populations was identified as three.  Genotypes were identified within the different sub-populations that most of genotypes in sub-populations were not separated based on their geographic origins.

Results of this study revealed that SSR marker has highly potential for evaluation. This marker could separate all of genotypes very well.

In order to study the type of action of genes and inheritance of traits in chickpea, the generation mean analysis was accomplished using the cross of six cultivars of chickpea called Pirouz, Bivanich, Flip51-87c, Iccv2, Kaka, and Azad. Parent seeds along with seeds of F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications, and eight traits including plant height, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, number of hollow pods per plant, number of double-grain pods per plant, 100-seed weight, number of days to 50% flowering, and grain yield were evaluated. The variance analysis results indicated that the mean squares of generations were significant for all the traits, so the generation mean analysis for the studied traits was performed. Based on the results of generation mean analysis for all the studied traits besides the additive and dominant effects, epistatic effects were also fitted which indicates the complexity of the inheritance of these traits. The results also showed that the plant height was controlled by incremental and dominating effects. It was also determined that the dominant genetic effect has the most significant role in the inheritance of most of the studied traits.

The emergence of drug resistance in microorganisms poses a serious threat to human health; therefore, new oxadiazole derivatives can be a good alternative. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the synthesized oxadiazole derivatives and compare it with conventional antibacterial drugs.

In the current study, following the one-step reaction process, new derivatives of oxadiazoles were obtained with the 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole isomer. Thereafter, they were confirmed by InfraRed )IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)C-NMR), and Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)  H-NMR spectroscopy). Antibacterial activity of derivatives was established by performing a test and re-test on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. using disc diffusion method, determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and  Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.

As evidenced by the obtained results, the compounds synthesized at 1 mg/ml had antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, they exerted no effect on the other bacteria which were tested.   

The results of the current study indicated that the new single-step oxadiazole derivatives have a very good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

Environmental hazards are one of the main obstacles to the achievement of sustainable development, especially in human settlements (especially villages). Over the past decades, with the crisis management approach, the use of all management achievements, organization and pre-crisis planning to deal with hazards Natural and human is rational and necessary. In dealing with emerging crises, one of the main pillars of proper coping and prevention of the negative effects of these hazards is the inclusion of crisis management centers, which include all prevention, preparedness and response measures, including relief, temporary accommodation of the incident, in which It is possible to minimize the consequences of a possible crisis. Hence, the city of Ardabil, due to being located in an area of seismicity and its location in the border area of the country, has a high potential for the development of non-human hazards. Therefore, in this study, using a descriptive-analytical approach, using the Hierarchical Analytic Model (AHP) (13 criteria), the area of Ardabil city was zoned in order to locate Rural Crisis Management Centers and using the TOPSIS (8 criteria) model Prioritization of Rural Crisis Management Centers was conducted within the study area. The results of the research show that 13.3% of the land in Ardebil has the highest ability to establish crisis management centers. With respect to the specified areas, 7 locations for the establishment of crisis management centers were identified and the TOPSIS model was used to prioritize these centers and the results showed that the base number 2 has the highest capability and the base number 1 Featuring the lowest capacity for deployment of crisis management center

Considering the importance of organic fertilizers application and the necessity of minimizing the use of inorganic fertilizers, this experiment was conducted in order to study the possibility of replacing vermicompost and poultry manure instead of chemical fertilizers in the production of two improved chickpea cultivars under dryland conditions. The experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement with randomized complete block design in three replications. The first factor was fertilizer with 6 levels including: F1 (control or without fertilizer), F2 (conventional chemical fertilizer or NPK), F3 (10 t/ha vermicompost), F4 (5 t/ha poultry manure), F5 (50% NPK+5 t/ha vermicompost), F6 (50% NPK+2.5 t/ha poultry manure) and the second factor was cultivar including Azad and Adel chickpea cultivars. The effect of fertilizer factor on the secondary branches number/plant, canopy temperature, pods number/plant, seed yield and biological yield was significant and the effect of cultivar factor on the plant height, the lowest pod height, SPAD index, 100-seed weight, seed and biological yields and harvest index was significant. The highest rates of seed yield and pods number/plant (1410 kg/ha and 42 pods/plant respectively) were recorded in F4 treatment (5 t/ha poultry manure) which were 24 and 32% higher than those of control treatment respectively. The means of secondary branches number/plant, pods number/plant, seed and biologic yield in four treatments containing organic fertilizers (F3, F4, F5 & F6) were higher than those of the inorganic fertilizer and the control treatments. Comparison of the two chickpea cultivars indicated that Azad cultivar showed a significant superiority for the most traits in comparison with Adel cultivar, and its seed yield was 13% higher than that of Adel cultivar. Regarding the improvement of chickpea growth and yield in organic fertilizer treatments, which in most cases had better results than the inorganic fertilizer these organic fertilizers can be considered as suitable alternatives for common chemical fertilizers in chickpea production under dryland conditions.

Climate and air pollution can be a factor affecting human mortality. Ilam province has a different and contradictory climate due to geographical location, climate, and proximity to the deserts of neighboring countries such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the Scattering of its cities. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the climatic elements affecting respiratory diseases in mountainous regions and plains in Ilam province. The population under study was the number of people referred to Mustafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam during the five-year statistical period (2009-2013) in both regions. The data on climatic elements in the years between (2009 - 2013) is presented in this study as an independent variable. In the present study, using descriptive and inferential statistics and regression models at a significant level (P