رضا قاسمی

Ensuring water in critical conditions, especially in the hot months of the year, is very critical and requires optimal use of all water capacities. In this research, the study and implementation approach of constructing a floating pumping station in the Doosti dam to water withdrawal from the surface of the reservoir to improve the qualitative and quantitative conditions in water withdrawal from the reservoir of this dam in summer 2023 has been discussed. By using a floating pumping station with an approximate weight of 100 tons, it was possible to supply water with a capacity of 2.25 to 3 m3/s from the Doosti dam reservoir and with a turbidity between 4 and 5 NTU; While without using this floating pumping station, maximum of 2 m3/s of water with a turbidity between 17 and 19 NTU could be extracted from the dam. One of the most important features of this project was the transfer of a significant volume of water from the dam reservoir to the intake tower in the shortest possible time with the least equipment and facilities, which, by being placed in the circuit, was able to play an important role in providing drinking water to the Mashhad city in summer 2023. The results of this research can be used in other dams of the country and in water resources development planning to cover current needs or increase the water quality in the exploitation of dams.

Considering the importance of the image of the future for understanding performance in social life, the purpose of this research is the image of the future; Conceptualization, design and validation of the questionnaire and its relationship with social capital (with an emphasis on youth). The first part of the current research is Mixed Method and an exploratory sequential design has been used. A qualitative study was conducted with thematic analysis approach and 15 people were selected by convenience and volunteer sampling method and data analysis was done using Braun & Clarke's method.  In the quantitative method, 331 people voluntarily participated and the validity and reliability of the data were validated using Spss and Smart-pls software. The findings showed that in the qualitative stage, the image of the future includes “positive perspective" and "negative perspective" and these findings were also confirmed in the quantitative stage. In the second part, 110 people participated voluntarily and the findings showed that there is a significant correlation between “positive perspective" and "negative perspective" with social capital at the level of 0.01. Considering the importance of the image of the future and its changeability and its positive role in social capital, the findings of this research have important implications for experts in the fields of future studies and officials related to general government policies in the field of appropriate action for young people.

The dynamics of many mobile devices in water are interactive and none linear. In particular, due to the assignment of incomplete and insufficient actuators, complex dynamics can be seen clearly in the Hovercraft. In this device, the dynamics changes greatly in each maneuver (different speeds). By turning the rudder for lateral movement, the longitudinal channel is affected and also by changing the longitudinal speed, the dynamics of the lateral channel is completely transformed. In this research, by identifying the dynamics of the system, a non-interference linear model is first extracted. For the obtained transfer function, with certain requirements, the controller is designed for the longitudinal, lateral velocity channel and angular velocity channel. As stated, this controller is designed for a specific situation and does not necessarily behave optimally for all maneuvers or uncertainties in the Hovercraft's system specifications. Inevitably, with the reinforcement learning method and specifically with the Monte-Carlo learning algorithm, the primary controller gains are adjusted offline for all possible situations (maneuvers and uncertainties). It should be mentioned that all the calculation load is done off-line, the result is applied to the primary control system as correction gains and is used on-line for the control process. The research results show that by adjusting the controller with the help of machine learning, at least %25 improvement in the tracking error is prosecuted.

This article aims to control the group flight of unmanned helicopters. After presenting the dynamic equations using the Newton-Euler method, the dynamic inversion control has been applied to control the position and attitude of helicopters. generalized predictive control was also used to control the position and attitude of the helicopter. And the results of the simulation of these two controllers were compared, which showed the better performance of the predictive control. Therefore, in the design of the formation control, the independent control of the helicopters was done using the predictive control method. To control the formation, the method based on the leader-follower model has been used, An integral sliding mode controller is also used to control the dynamics of the formation error. The results of the simulation showed the success of the tracking by increasing the number of helicopters and the linear and spiral paths in the control commands.

In this research, the production process of YSZ powder for thermal spraying by co-precipitation method is presented, which is divided into two main stages. In the first stage, YSZ material is obtained through a series of processes, including preparing a soluble precursor from the salts that make up the YSZ powder based on stoichiometric ratios, hydrolyzing the precursor, filtering the precipitates, drying the precipitates, and calcining them. After various tests and confirmation of the chemical composition, phase composition, and purity of the synthesized YSZ powder, the first stage is completed. In the second stage, the produced powders undergo the granulation process to increase their flowability and thermal sprayability. Following the completion of the second synthetic stage, YSZ powder is ready for use in thermal barrier coatings. The synthesized powder closely resembles the highly regarded Metco 204NS-G powder, known for its superior performance and final coating structure.

Bone micromilling is widely used in orthopedic, spine, skull, knee joint replacement, and orthopedic surgeries to cut bone and make holes in tissue. The application of tools with a smaller diameter in the bone micromilling compared to conventional milling causes a significant reduction in force and also the length of the treatment period. In this article, in the form of an experimental study, an intelligent model for predicting bone micromilling force has been obtained based on the fuzzy inference system. For this purpose, first, an experiment design method has been used to extract a group of practical experiments. Then, based on the obtained results and approximation capability of fuzzy systems, an accurate model for predicting the cutting force has been established founded on the input values of tool rotation speed, feed rate, tool diameter, cutting depth and cutting direction. By examining the obtained results, it can be seen that the fuzzy model has been able to accurately approximate the resulting force of the bone micromilling process based on the considered inputs; The mean absolute percentage error and coefficient of determination for the data of the test section were calculated as 11.22% and 0.93%, respectively. Using the data of this research, surgeons with full knowledge can set the best values of the input variables of the micromilling process without worrying about causing damage and cracks in the bone tissue with the maximum possible operating speed.

This study aims to propose a novel supplier-managed inventory model called Block-SMI, which is based on blockchain technology. Block-SMI is a customer-supplier collaboration architecture that utilizes blockchain technology to divide the main service integration problem into smaller sub-problems, each dealing with a smaller portion of the service/demand pool. Block-SMI aims to utilize the capabilities of blockchain technology to address the limitations of centralized approaches. Centralized approaches often struggle with large-scale problems and struggle to derive near-optimal solutions efficiently. By leveraging blockchain technology, Block-SMI seeks to overcome such challenges and achieve more efficient and effective solutions. Block-SMI operates under the same hypothesis as the supply chain collaboration model and seeks to address the challenges of scaling by utilizing the decentralized and distributed nature of blockchain technology. In this paper, the application of Blockchain technology and its potential for successful SMI implementation are investigated. The framework includes a mathematical model for multiple supplier-customer order fulfillment which is embedded in the blockchain framework. Some cases are studied to evaluate the performance of the proposed model compared to the literature, discussing the details of its blockchain framework.

Design/methodology/approach:

 First, a mathematical model has been formulated and developed. Then, the mathematical optimization of NLP with an objective model has been developed. The proposed model has been solved by GAMS software and a genetic algorithm. The problem has been solved in a centralized network using a genetic algorithm to provide the total cost value of supply chain management.

The objective function of Block-SMI aims to minimize the overall inventory cost within the entire supply chain management. This cost includes the expenses borne by both the supplier and the customer. This objective function is evaluated by all solvers and customers, and it is used to guide the matching process of customer demand with suitable suppliers. The aim is to find an optimal solution that minimizes the overall inventory cost while meeting the customer's requirements and ensuring that the supplier's capabilities are utilized effectively. By minimizing the total inventory cost, Block-SMI aims to reduce the overall cost of supply chain management and improve efficiency. To evaluate the effectiveness of Block-SMI, several scenarios were conducted. These scenarios involved comparing the proposed method with a centralized mechanism that was commonly employed to handle similar types of problems. By comparing the performance and outcomes of Block-SMI with the centralized approach, this study aimed to assess the advantages and benefits of utilizing the decentralized blockchain-based solution. The characteristics of Block-SMI were further described and analyzed, and the results demonstrated that Block-SMI is an effective solution for supplier-managed inventory problems, especially for large-scale scenarios.

Research limitations/implications:

 The most important limitation of the model, which can be seen as a development, is that the potential of the smart contract has not been used in the field of optimization.

Practical implications:

 Applying the proposed approach from the point of view of managerial insights, highlights the fact that the application of Blockchain technology enables the platform for managing the solvers’ contribution to the assignment of supplies to customers as new service provider business models. From the point of view of business model competency, solvers as assignment service providers must increase their competencies for better performance in solving their sub-problems. As a solver uses more time to proceed with its algorithm and get a better answer to increase its reward, other solvers may announce their solutions with overlap sooner. This causes persuades the solvers to restart the sub-problem formation.

Social implications: 

The framework applies a reward policy mechanism to both promote the near to optimum assignment for solvers and also benefit them from the yielded optimality with the blockchain token model. Finally, the proposed frameworks enable the detection of possible conflicts among the solvers for overlapping sub-problems and avoid the announcement of in-feasible assignments regarding supplier capabilities and customers. The findings imply that the yielded optimality of consolidated sub-problems is better from the point of view of solving time and resulting from optimality.

Originality/value: 

The proposed new mathematical model innovatively has investigated the supplier-managed inventory platform based on blockchain technology and uses the results to optimize time and cost reduction between stakeholders.

In this paper, formation tracking control by maintaining a triangular shape for three quadrotors is discussed. Because of the nonlinear dynamic of the quadrotor and the presence of the external disturbance in the quadrotor dynamic model, a sliding mode controller was used for independent control of the quadrotor .To Formation Control of Quadrotors, a leader-follower decentralized formation control was applied. In such a way that the leader, follows a reference path and the followers use a formation controller to maintain a constant distance and an angle to the leader. First, the dynamic of the formation error is considered and then by using the integral slide mode controller, the formation error is reduced to zero. The simulation results obtained from the design of the sliding mode controller showed the occurrence of the Chatting phenomenon in the control commands, which was removed using the approximation of continuous functions. And the simulations obtained from this method showed the elimination of chattering in the control commands and the smooth tracking without oscillation of the desired path in the control commands. Also, the simulation results of formation control in the three missions with different paths, different formation geometry, and the number of different quadrotors indicate that the followers follow the leader and the success of formation control.

One of the best attitude sensors for space applications is the star sensor. This sensor determines the attitude using stars in the field of view. One of the main advantages of this sensor is attitude initialization using lost-in-space star identification algorithms. This paper presents a new lost-in-space star identification algorithm based on Hausdorff distance. Using Hausdorff distance, two different identification algorithms have been proposed, and their results have been compared. The first approach is designed based on using the pivot star, and the second approach uses the segmentation of the celestial sphere. The performance of these two approaches has been investigated using the simulation of 200 random directions of the star sensor in different magnitudes. The results show the approach of using the pivot star has better performance, and its identification rate is 93.5% at the magnitude of 6. Also, the identification time of the Hausdorff algorithm has been compared with the pyramid algorithm and some geometric algorithms. The results show that the Hausdorff identification algorithm has the lowest identification time which makes it suitable for real-time applications.

This study aims to investigate the effect of different components of artificial football turf (infill height and free pile height) and wear on shock absorption of artificial turf. Eight samples from two different manufacturers with different rubber infill height were tested. The experimental results showed that the rubber height has a significant effect on shock absorption. Wear affects shock absorption, the effect of wear on shock absorption namely the number of cycles required to reduce shock absorption, varies for different samples. Although free pile height does not affect shock absorption, it has an important role to keep rubber inside the artificial turf, so it shows its role in the reduction of wear effect. These results demonstrate the importance of properly designing artificial turf components to obtain the proper shock absorption

The exchange of information between members of the supply chain has attracted the attention of many researchers. The fourth industrial revolution emphasizes the advanced research topics of intelligent supply chains, data security issues, and intelligent manufacturing such as blockchain technology. Blockchain is defined as a decentralized distributed ledger that can store various types of information such as transactions and records that are simulated and shared among members of a network. Supplier-managed inventory faces major hurdles in today's supply chain, including trust, data integrity, transparency and traceability for multiple supplier-customer interactions. Blockchain technology ensures that data is exchanged among supply chain stakeholders in a transparent, safe and secure manner. Benefits of using blockchain for supplier-managed inventory operations in the supply chain include decentralized control, security, traceability, and time-stamped transactions. The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated conceptual model and process model for supplier inventory management based on blockchain technology, which proposes a general framework to enable the matching of supplier and customer orders in a decentralized manner, while maintaining the trust of To satisfy the opinion of the management. The most important results of the proposed model are maintaining the integrity of the data, improving the order accuracy, increasing the profit of the beneficiaries, increasing the level of trust between the parties and immutability of the data. The application of this technology in the combination of supply chain with other subjects, such as game theory, mathematical optimization, research in operations is suggested for future research.

Deadly outbreak of Corona virus in the late 2019 is the main challenge for human society. The pandemic of dangerous and highly contagious virus in addition harmed businesses and jobs and also caused serious harms to the field of science. Libraries as cultural and social institutions which are responsible in providing information have special place in field of crisis management and because of the type of services of libraries that associated with in-person users, many libraries have closed at the same time during pandemic of this virus, but many university libraries reopened in short break again and started their activities. Of course, this reopening has doubled concern for managers, librarians and users about readiness of university libraries in facing and dealing with this virus. Due to type of libraries and characteristics of users’ community and different culture and necessary facilities, libraries are so various therefore the decisions and type of services are so different. So, this survey decided to investigate the readiness of university libraries in Isfahan during the epidemic of coronavirus and the effect on the current activities and measure and decision taken against this virus.

This research was done by survey method. The statistical population was staff in university libraries of Isfahan city including Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan University, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan University of Art, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Azad University branch of Khorasgan, and Payam Noor University. Also, tool for collecting data are self-administrated questionnaire conformed by experts and professors of library science and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha as .77. It used SPSS software version 26 and for confirmatory factor analysis used Amos software version 24 and to analysis data from descriptive statistic and drawing graph used one sample t-test with the level of .5.

According to the information obtained from findings of the current survey, it was determined that weighted average of the total score of the answers given to questions which is related to the level of readiness of university libraries in facing the crisis of the COVID-19 disease amounted to 66.66%. It showed the readiness of libraries is good and above average. The highest score which indicates implementation of suggested solution in Isfahan libraries belong to requirement of using mask for users after that implementation of shift work and remote work are in the second place and auto renewal of resource is in the third place of public implementation of these methods at the Isfahan university libraries. Reducing working hours and enabling search, renewing and reserving resources and paying fine for late delivery electronically by the library software is located in fourth place with a smooth difference. But in the mentioned libraries, no attention was paid to disinfection of return sources and taking fever at the time of entry.

The state of readiness of investigated libraries is evaluated as optimal while pandemic of COVID-19 causes reduction in main activities of libraries. One of the main strength points of investigated libraries against this virus can be mentioned as the use of internet network infrastructure and use of web library software with proper ability which provides users with access to resource and document electronically without visiting in-person. While until to archive the proper point, infrastructure development and increasing level of digital literacy, improving media literacy skills, developing user's access to information resource, controlling the digital content, using multimedia resources and reducing digital gap need more attention. If this condition continues, it is strongly probably that libraries will have many changes in providing services and it will more often virtual and electronic therefore suggested that library manager providing suitable chance to share their creativity and innovation get from different various special areas in fighting against COVID-19 with other communities which are involved in this epidemic crisis. Also it is necessary to settlement infrastructure related to information and communication technology with the aim of transferring performance  services from tradition to online, choose mixed pattern, the need to allocated budget for libraries, obtain new skill by university librarian for supporting distance education and learning, correct information and reliability, holding  virtual reading meeting, increasing media literacy producing digital content and presenting services in virtual space platform, sharing information between users, preparing informative poster and etc. should be given more attention.

due to the variability and uncertainty of some process parameters under investigation and limited uncertainties and confusions, the controller design faces problems. the controller is performed locally using the information of neighboring agents and the corresponding graph has a spanning tree. fuzzy systems are used as a general approximator and the parameters of the fuzzy system are adjusted in such a way that the tracking error of each agents and the stability of the uniform ultimately bounded of the closed loop system are guaranteed. 1- considering of the nonlinear non-affine of multi-agent system, 2- The unknown dynamics of the agents, 3- The convergence of the tracking error and the formation error to zero, 4- The use of fuzzy systems as a general estimator, are the main advantages of the presented method. Finally, in the simulations performed on the quadrotor, the leader-follower formation for the desired mission is realized and according to the set criteria, the proposed methodology is satisfactory.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of application of 0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5% of crude oil, kerosene, and gasoline on spontaneously and mechanically dispersible clay in three texturally different soils of clay loam, loamy sand, and sandy loam. In general, the results showed that the percentage of spontaneously dispersible clay in soils treated with kerosene and gasoline was significantly higher than that treated with crude oil by, respectively, 34% and 44%. Mechanically dispersible clay in soils treated with kerosene and gasoline were significantly higher than that of the crude oil treaded soils by nearly two folds. The percentage of spontaneously dispersible clay in the loamy sand soils was significantly higher than that of the clay loam and the sandy loam soils by nearly 21% and 57%, respectively. While mechanically dispersible clay in loamy sand soil was significantly less by about 31% than that in clay loam soil and about 32% more than that in sandy loam soil. In general, increasing the application rates of petroleum products increased the percentage of spontaneously and mechanically dispersible clay at low levels, but decreased the mentioned attributes at higher levels. The results showed that different levels of petroleum products had significant effects on dispersible clay. Therefore, the results of this study can provide the necessary information about the effect of petroleum materials on the amount of dispersible clay, as one of the soil strength and cohesion criteria and other related characteristics. This information can be used in making the necessary decisions for management and reclamation of different types of oil-contaminated soils, and for using petroleum compounds to protect the soil against erosion.

The main challenge of the star sensor as a real-time sensor is the execution time of attitude determination. Attitude determination using the star sensor includes five main steps: star catalog and identification algorithm selection, database construction, image processing, star identification and finally, attitude determination. Star identification consists of the implementation of the selected identification algorithm on the field of view stars and database searching. in the process of attitude determination using the star sensor, database searching is the most time-consuming part. This paper deals with three methods for database searching and surveys the search time for each of the presented algorithms also the consideration of using them as the database search methods for the star sensor. The methods are the ternary search technique, Fibonacci search technique, and interpolation search technique. The presented algorithms have not been used so far in the star sensor database searching. To survey the influence of the database dimensions on the identification time, each of the presented methods was studied using seven databases with different dimensions. The results show the superiority of the interpolation search method.

Oil pollutants are inevitable consequence of rapid population growth and the process of industrialization. Their spread in soil can affect many soil properties, especially aggregate stability. Particle size distribution and aggregate stability are of the main physical and hydraulic characteristics of soil that study of these indices are the basis of soil conservation strategies and are very important parameters in identifying the status of soil structure. Iran is an oil-rich country and the effect of different petroleum compounds on aggregate stability and stability indices including mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter of aggregates in soils of different textures have not been studied so far. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of crude oil, kerosene, and gasoline as the three high-consumption petroleum products on the stability of aggregates in three soils with clay loam, sandy loam, and loamy sand textures.

In this study, the effect of 0, 1.5, 3.5, and 4.5% levels of crude oil, kerosene, and gasoline on the stability of aggregates in clay loam, loamy sand, and sandy loam soils was investigated in a factorial completely randomized design experiment. Studied stability indices were the mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter of aggregates deterimined using both dry and wet sieving approaches. Finally, the results of the research were analyzed using EXCEL and SAS statistical softwares and the means of each separate treatment as well as their interactions compared using the Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level.

The results showed that the mean dry weight of aggregate diameters in the loamy sand and sandy loam soils were significantly lower than that of the clay loam soil by nearly 72% and 56%, respectively. The reductions were about 78% and 69% for the dry geometric mean diameter of aggregates. Furthermore, the dry mean weight diameter of aggregates in the soils treated by kerosene and gasoline were more than that of the crude oil- treated soils by nearly 17% and 25%, respectively. The mentioned increaments were about 22% and 35% for the dry geometric mean diameter. The wet mean weight diameter of aggregates in the loamy sand soils was significantly higher than that of the clay loam and sandy loam soils by nearly 20% and 35%, respectively. Furthermore, the wet geometric mean diameter of aggregates in the loamy sand soils was significantly higher than that of the clay loam and sandy loam soils by nearly 91% and 12%, respectively. The wet mean weight diameter of aggregates in the soils treated by kerosene and gasoline was significantly lower than that of the crude oil- treated soils by nearly 32% and 8%, respectively. Furthermore, the wet geometric mean diameter of aggregates in the soils treated by kerosene and gasoline was significantly lower than that of the crude oil- treated soils by nearly 34% and 14%, respectively.

Generally, results indicated that the application of low levels of petroleum products significantly increased the wet and dry mean weight diameter of aggregates and geometric mean diameter of aggregates; whereas, high levels reduced the above-mentioned attributes. The results of this study can be used in both aspects of identifying and monitoring the properties of oil-contaminated soils for their remediation and making appropriate management decisions, as well as conservation of soils against the destructive erosion phenomenon.

Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) is employed to perform depth profiling of the light elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen …) in the heavy element substrates. To conduct the analysis, the availability and reliability of the respective differential cross-sections are among crucial factors to achieve the reliable results. In this work, we made a theoretical attempt to calculate the angular distribution of the transfer reaction (stripping reaction) 16O(d,p0)17O reaction at 1.3 and 1.6 MeV energies in the lab frame, which are usable in NRA. Moreover, the optical potential parameters, which are obtained through the work, can be utilized by the global optical potentials.

Literary nations are inevitably influenced by intellectual and cultural connections. One of the manifestations of influence in the field of Islamic culture is visible and remarkable in the field of rhetoric undoubtedly. Intertextual theory discusses the relationships and influence of texts; According to this theory, no text is self-reliant and is somehow related to its predecessors. The book "Tarjaman al-Balaghah" is one of the prominent works of Persian rhetoric, which has been proposed as the first rhetorical work and has remained till now according to the available evidence. This valuable work has a special place in Persian rhetoric and most rhetorical books have also been influenced by the mentioned book. Although the author is an expert and innovative in writing "Tarjman al-Balaghah", but it is a translation of the book "Mahasen al-Kalam" in terms of naming and most of the definitions. Radviani's research method in his book is more accurate than its original source and provides a list of arrays (devices) at the beginning of the book. The number of its devices is more than the number of them in "Mahasen al-Kalam". In translating the book, Radviani has tried to inspire the Persian language.

Different viscosity and dielectric constants in petroleum productscause physicochemical interactions in the porous fluid electrolyte system, followed by changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. Shear strength of surface soil is one of the most important mechanical properties influencing determination and prediction of soil erosion as a global problem. Penetration resistance is also another mechanical properties of soil that affects tillage operations, plant growth, and soil biological activities and has an important role in seed germination, root growth and development, and crop yield. This study aimed to investigate the effect of application of 0, 1.5, 3.5, and 4.5% of three types of common petroleum products including crude oil, kerosene, and gasoline on shear strength and penetration resisstance of three calcareous soils with clay loam, loamy sand, and sandy loam textures. Results showed that the mean value of shear strength in loamy and sandy loam soils compared to that of clay loam soils was significantly higher by nearly 100 and 35%, respectively, and the penetration resistance in loamy sand soils compared to that of clay loam and sandy loam soils was significantly lower by nearly 83% and 88%, respectively. The mean value of shear strength in soils mixed with kerosene and gasoline compared to that of the soils mixed with crude oil was significantly higher by nearly 17 and 15%; and penetration resistance was significantly higher by nearly 61 and 53%, respectively. In general, the application of 1.5, 3, and 4.5% of oil products caused a significant increase in soil shear strength by about 58, 47, and 14%, respectively, and also caused a significant increase in soil penetration resistance by about two times in all cases compared to that of control.

Soil classification in a standard system is usually defined based on information obtained from properties and their variations in different map units. The aim of this study was to compare soil genesis and morphological characteristics in different landforms with WRB and Soil Taxonomy (ST) Systems. From nine studied profiles, six profiles were selected as representative profiles and dug in Colluvial fans, Piedmont plain, and Alluvial plain physiographic units, respectively. Then, the soils were classified according to the pattern of the two systems. Also, variation analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparing means were used to quantify interested soil properties. The results of soil physio-chemical properties at different landform positions were significant based on analysis of variance of the effect of physiographic units and soil depth at the level of 1 %. Soil classification results based on WRB indicated that WRB were recognized four reference soil groups (RSG) included Regosols, Cambisols, Calcisols, and Gleysols at the first level of WRB classification in comparison of ST with recognizing two order Entisols and Inceptisols could separate more soils. The soils were located on the alluvial plain with a high groundwater level in the WRB due to the creation of restrictive conditions for root development in contrast to the ST called “Aquepts” in the suborder level but in a WRB is classified as the “Gleysols” RSG. On the other hand, ST, unlike WRB, used the Shallow criteria at the family level to describe the shallowness of soils and the limitations of root development. Generally, the efficiency of each system varies despite the differences in their structure and depending on the purpose of using them.

One of the most important soil and environmental pollutants, particularly around refineries and oil pipelines are oil pollutants which can affect on soil properties. Water repellency, as one of the important soil physical properties, can also be affected by different pollutants in different soils. Therefore, the aim of this study aimed is to evaluate the effect of 0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5% levels of crude oil, kerosene and gasoline on the static (soil-water contact angle) and dynamic (water droplet penetration time) water repellency in clay loam, loamy sand, and sandy loam soils. The results showed that the mean value of dynamic water repellency in loamy sand soil was significantly more than of clay loam and sandy loam soils by 27 times and the mean value of static water repellency in loamy sand and sandy loam soils was significantly more than of clay loam soil by 7% and 1%, respectively. Furthermore, the mean value of dynamic water repellency in soils treated with kerosene and gasoline were significantly lower than crude oil-treated soils by 100% and 96%, respectively and were respectively lower by 19% and 15% for the mean value of static water repellency. In general, petroleum products caused a significant increase in water repellency and the maximum value of water repellency was observed in the crude oil-treated soils.

Reducing the damage of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is one of the research fields in sugar beet producing countries. Using chemical fertilizers can improve soil fertility and reduce damages of plant parasitic nematodes. In this study, the effects of ammonium sulfate, calcium sulfate, zinc sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, sodium silicate, triple superphosphate, iron sequesterine and sulfur on H. schachtii and growth parameters of susceptible sugar beet cultivar (cv Sharif) were investigated in two experiments. The first experiment was performed in plastic pots containing 6 kg of pasteurized field soil and river sand (1:1), and the second one in pots filled with 9 kg of field soil for four and five months, respectively, both under microplot conditions. Fertilizers were mixed with pots soils before sowing and the nematode was inoculated by adding 200 g of infested soil containing 18 cysts with 4200 eggs. The results showed that chemical fertilizers and sulfur did not have significant effects on growth of the infected sugar beet plants in pasteurized mixed or field soils, and some of them reduced it. In the pasteurized soil, zinc sulfate 50 kg/ha, iron sequestrene 5 kg/ha, sodium silicate 10 kg/ha and triple superphosphate 100 kg/ha caused a relative decrease of more than 67% in the nematode final population and reproduction factor. In the field soil, these indices in triple superphosphate 100 kg/ha and sulfur 100 and 200 kg/ha were lower than other treatments, but were at the same statistical level with the control. The third experiment was performed in small containers filled with infested soil to investigate the effects of treatments on nematode egg hatching in greenhouse. The results showed that the highest hatching was happened in the treatment of ammonium sulfate 200 kg/ha, which was statistically at the same level with triple superphosphate 100 kg/ha.