رضا نجفی

Knowing the truth of the throne has always been one of the most complex and important issues for scientists and those with knowledge and knowledge, the reason for which is the clarification of the throne of God in verse 17 of the Haqiqah, which says: "wa `lmulku `ala irja`iha wa yahmilu `arsha rabbik fawqahum yawma`izin." Commentators in this field have encountered a transcendental concept that has created many questions. The purpose of the present research is to reread and analyze the existence of the divine throne in the immaterial, which is mentioned in the above verse. Also, the investigation of the real meaning of `arsh, considering the importance of knowing it in the field of cosmology, theology and other divine knowledge, is to answer the ambiguities of mushabbihi and mujassimih. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical based on library sources. The result of the article shows that: the throne of God is a truth the of unseen facts of the incorporeal world. God's throne does not need matter and time in creation, and its existence is not preceded by matter and movement, and ultimately it means divine knowledge and the position of wisdom.

Based on verses of the Holy Quran, a human being is the most noble of creations. On one hand, he has the potential to ascend to the proximity of God and on the other hand, is capable of falling to the lowest level. Honor and favor have been mentioned consecutively in verse seventy of the al-Isrāʾ Chapter. Divine Majesty has bestowed honor upon human beings so that they are in a superior position. Now what is the relationship between honoring and favoring that the Quran has addressed? The conformity of the views of Shiite and Sunni exegetes in attaining the answer to this question is important. The goal of this study is to find the most effective factor in attracting divine honoring and the realization of human superiority because this factor can identify the relationship between honor and favor. The present article has studied this topic comparatively using the descriptive-analytic method and library resources. The results of this study show that divine honoring is in two forms, general and special divine blessings that human beings possess. However, his position of favor and superiority over other creations is meaningful with God-wariness and servitude; otherwise, not only are human beings not superior, they are misguided.

One of the most important interpretive issues in the Holy Quran is the issue of the Throne (Arsh) and its characteristics, which can be examined and theorized from various perspectives. Therefore, there are different opinions in this regard; some scholars consider the Throne to be purely material and physical, and view God's sovereignty over the Throne as sitting on a royal throne. Meanwhile, others consider the Throne to be immaterial and from the world of abstract entities. Some scholars also consider the Throne to mean knowledge and the center of providence. The aim of this research is to clarify the true concept of the Throne by examining and analyzing verses with precision, identifying this issue which is one of the divine teachings and has a significant impact on understanding divinity and divine greatness, in order to answer ambiguities regarding cosmology and theology. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method with reference to library sources. The results show that God's Throne is an independent reality in the realm of abstract entities. The truth of the Throne refers to its position as a center for providence, management, and divine lordship. It is a position from which all divine commands and intentions are issued.

Tissue engineering refers to methods that are based on the use of scaffolds, cells and biologically active molecules to produce tissues with specific functions. The purpose of tissue engineering is to build structures that can regenerate, maintain and improve damaged tissue or the whole organ. Today, by using tissue engineering methods, various natural and synthetic scaffolds have been designed that can be used for nerve grafts. The physical, chemical and biological properties of the scaffold must be similar to the extracellular matrix of the body in order to avoid adhesion, growth and support the differentiation of cells. An ideal neural scaffold should have biodegradability, biocompatibility and proper tensile strength. Recently, the use of polycaprolactan as a suitable biodegradable material has been evaluated in many fields of tissue engineering. Antioxidants are among the substances, which seem to be able to prevent neuronal death by reducing the amount of ROS. Flavonoids include many compounds that have various biological effects in the body. Silymarin (Silybum marianum) is a flavonoid that has many effects, including anti-cancer effects and antioxidant properties. Tragacanth is a known natural polymer that has excellent biological properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, antibacterial and wound healing ability. It is obtained from the stems and branches of the Asian species tragacanth. It has outstanding structural stability against heat and acidity. The aim of this study is to produce polycaprolactan/ tragacanth /silymarin nanoscaffolds and to investigate the viability of pc12 cells on the scaffold under oxidative stress. Considering that silymarin has antioxidant properties, the use of polycaprolactan/ tragacanth /silymarin nanoscaffolds can prevent neuropathy of nerve cells.

Scaffolds used in this research were prepared using the electrophoretic method. For this purpose, an electrospinning machine was used, which is equipped with a rotary collector with a thickness of 70 mm and a width of 50 mm. In order to prepare a polycaprolactan/ tragacanth nanoscaffold and load silymarin on it, a 7% polycaprolactan solution (dissolved in acetic acid), 0.7% by weight tragacanth solution (dissolved in acetic acid) and 0.9% by weight silymarin solution were mixed by a magnetic stirrer for 20 minutes, and in order to make the solution uniform, sodium didecyl sulfate (SDS) with a concentration 1 percent by weight of the solvent was added to the solution and the suspension was homogenized for 20 minutes with an ultrasonic device, then the scaffold was prepared by an electrospinning device. . The nanofibers were collected in a period of 6 hours, the sample collection speed was 1 ml per hour, and the nanofiber samples were collected by rotating at 250 rpm. The distance between the injection needle and the scaffold is 12 cm and this process is done at a voltage of 15 kV. The morphology of the scaffold was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the chemical structure of the scaffold was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. To investigate the antioxidant properties of the scaffold, glucose 80 mg/L and H2O2, 150 macro L were used.

Examining the morphology and chemical structure of the scaffold showed the proper porosity of the polycaprolactan/ tragacanth scaffold and the successful loading of silymarin on the scaffold. Evaluation of the oxidant properties of the scaffold after 24 hours of PC12 cell culture on it showed the increase in cell viability on the scaffold and the appropriate antioxidant properties of the scaffold.

The results of this research showed that the enrichment of polycaprolactan/ tragacanth scaffold with silymarin increased the proliferation and survival of PC12 cells under oxidative stress. Therefore, this scaffold can be a suitable candidate for tissue engineering in oxidative stress.

Tissue engineering is a set of methods that can replace or repair damaged tissues with natural or artificial tissue. Tragacanth is a natural polymer that has excellent biological properties such as biodegradability and biocompatibility. Silymarin biochemically has cleansing and antioxidant properties and also has anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study is the production of polycaprolactone (PCL) / tragacanth / silymarin nanoscaffold and to investigate the biocompatibility of dental cells on it.

To create a polycaprolactone /tragacanth nanoscaffold and add silymarin to it, acetic acid was used to dissolve 7 percent of the polycaprolactone, 0.7 weight percent of the tragacanth solution, and 0.9 percent of the silymarin solution. The scaffold was then created using an electrospinning machine. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and FTIR analysis were used to analyze the scaffold's chemical structure and shape, respectively.

The scaffold's correct porosity and the successful loading of silymarin on it were revealed by analyzing the scaffold's morphology and chemical composition. The biocompatibility of the scaffold was investigated 24, 48 and 72 hours after the cultivation of dental cells, and the results showed an increase in cell viability and proper attachment of cells on the scaffold.

The findings of this study demonstrated that silymarin loading on the polycaprolactone/catira scaffold improves dental cell proliferation and survival. This scaffold may therefore be a good choice for tissue engineering.

This research examines the opinions of Reza Davari Ardakani as one of the most influential thinkers of the last forty years in the Islamic Republic of Iran; To reach the causes of epistemological discontinuity in his opinions and thoughts. The main question of the research is how the political and social conditions of Iran after the Islamic Revolution caused Dari Ardakan to present his later works differently from his early works? It should be noted that the scientific life of Ardakani's judgment has two dimensions. one ideological dimension and another dimension; Political-philosophical. According to the works and findings, arbitration has not changed in the first dimension, but in the other dimension, which is divided into two periods, it has suffered an epistemological break. The first period of Ardakani's academic life is westernization and challenging the West, which is the center of problematic gravity, and his later period is the discourse of development and underdevelopment, which has evolved into the fundamental axis of his thinking. In this research, according to Louis Althusser's theoretical framework, the formation grounds of the first period and the causes and factors of discontinuity in the second period, which is development and underdevelopment, have been investigated and its scientific approach has been expressed from the perspective of Ardakani. Finally, by comparing these two periods, its serious consequences have been analyzed.

Understanding the Divine Throne is one of the most important theological issues explained in many of hadiths. One of the most reliable of these hadiths has been narrated by Abu Qarah al-Muhaddith from Imam Reza (AS). Some thinkers have introduced the Devine Throne as transcendental and believe it belongs to the world of abstractions, yet others have regarded it worldly. The present article is based on text analysis and descriptive-analytical method. The study addresses the theological analysis of Abu Qara's narration of the eighth Imam (AS) in order to explain the meaning of the Throne by carefully examining the narrations by the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) with a focus on Imam Reza’s (AS) words as they are effective in explaining the divinity. The result of the study of the above hadith shows that the Divine Throne is not an object and has an independent truth, one that belongs to unseen truths and the world of abstractions. What is meant by the truth of the Throne is divine providence, management, lordship, and authority..

Knowing the truth of Arsh-e Ilahi has always been a complex and important issue for religious scholars and thinkers; the complexity of the problem lies in its usage in such noble verses of the Holy Quran as: "The Beneficent One, Who is established on the Throne" and related traditions that clearly speak of the Throne. Therefore, religious thinkers, including commentators and theologians, have researched this matter. The purpose of the current research is to examine the true concept of Throne, considering the need to know it in the field of cosmology, theology, and divine knowledge, so that in its shadow, a clear answer can be given to some ambiguities in the field. The research method is librarian and analytical and the result of the research is that the Throne is an independent truth and is of the type of unseen truths and in the order of immaterial worlds. What is meant by the truth of the Throne is the place of planning and management and Divine lordship and authority, which is the source of the world orders and all Divine orders lead to it.

 Cauliflower is one of the world’s most important vegetable crops. The edible head of the cauliflower is called curd, which is composed of many florets formed of aborted floral meristems. Curd has various components with high nutritional value including glucosinolates, vitamin A and C, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids, which exert beneficial effects on our health. Calcium is an essential macronutrient that plays a vital role in maintains cell wall stability, integrity and determining the fruit quality. Several researches have explored the effects of calcium salts on plant growth and quality in many horticulture crops. Various studies indicate that Ca2+ reduced peroxidation of lipid, increased activity of antioxidant enzyme and improve osmotic adjustment of cell membranes. Plant roots absorb calcium from the soil solution in the form of Ca2+ ions. The mobility of calcium in plant is low, and the root uptake from fertilized soils is poorly effective in increasing the calcium content in leaves and fruits. Deficiency of Ca will appear in younger leaves and in fruits, due to its low rate of transpiration. Thence, it is necessary to have a constant supply of calcium to continue growing. The direct application of liquid source of calcium on leaves and fruits may offer an alternative solution. The efficiency of foliar application with Ca depends on the source of Ca and applied dosage. To our knowledge, however, little information is available regarding the effect of different calcium sources on cauliflower. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar spray of calcium sources on quality and antioxidant properties of cauliflower cv. Romansco.
 In order to evaluate the effect of different sources of calcium on antioxidant properties and quality of cauliflower cv. Romansco, the field experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replication during 2018 at Research farm of faculty of Agriculture, at the University of Zanjan, Iran. Cauliflower plants (cv. Romanesco) were cultivated by applying conventional farming practice for growing in open air conditions. Different calcium sources including calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 %), calcium chloride (CaCl2, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 %) and calcium lactate ( C6H10CaO6, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g L-1) were sprayed in vegetative stage and 10 days after curd formation for 2 times onto the leaves and curd until runoff using a mechanical mist sprayer. Distilled water was used as a control. Potassium, phosphorus, total soluble content, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, total phenols and flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software package v. for Windows, and means comparison were separated by Duncan’s multiple range tests at p < 0.05.
 The results showed that foliar spray of different Ca sources significantly increased K content and decreased P content. The highest amount of K (5.6 µg mg-1DW) was achieved in CaCl 0.9% treatment. The highest value of flavonoids (0.86 and 0.85 %) was found in plants treated with CaL 1.5 g L-1 and CaCl 0.9%, respectively. In this study, also it was found that foliar spray of CaN 1.5% and CaCl 0.9% increased respectively 49.3 and 40.4% vitamin C content compared to control plants. Ca application with increasing phenolic compound and vitamin C contents, improved antioxidant capacity and the maximum antioxidant capacity (26.19%) was found in CaL 1.5 g L-1 and CaN 1.5% treatments. Application of Ca sources increased TA and TSS content. The highest TSS content (12.5 and 13.3 ºB) was achievd in CaCl 0.9% and CaL 1.5 g L-1 and the maximum TA (28.8%) was found in plant treated with CaCl 0.9%. In this regard, foliar application of high level of calcium sources was more efficient than of lower levels on cauliflower quality. Therefore, the leaf application of calcium can be effective in improving the quality of vegetables, especially cauliflower.
 Study results suggest that spraying different Ca source improved quality and antioxidant properties of cauliflower cv. Romanesco, so that with the application of Ca salts increase K, vitamin C, phenol and flavonoids contents. Among the calcium treatments used, higher levels of all three salts of CaCl, CaN and CaL had the most influence, so these calcium treatments are recommended to improve the quality and antioxidant properties of Romanesco cultivar.

Tissue engineering is a growing field to repair and replace the defective function of damaged tissue or organ, and today it is proposed as a new treatment to replace conventional transplant methods. For this purpose, polymeric biomaterials (scaffolds) and living cells are used. The purpose of this study is to fabricate polycaprolactan (PCL) nanoscaffold and load silymarin on the nanoscaffold to check the biocompatibility and proliferation ability of pc12 cells on it.

In order to prepare polycaprolactan nanoscaffold and load silymarin on it, 7% polycaprolactan solution (dissolved in acetic acid) was mixed with silymarin solution with a concentration of 0.9% (weight percent), and then the scaffold was prepared using electrospinning device. The morphology of the scaffold was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the chemical structure of the scaffold was evaluated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Toxicity of the scaffold and cell survival of PC12 cells were investigated by MTT test and SEM microscope respectively.

Examining the morphology of the scaffold and its chemical structure showed the appropriate porosity of the scaffold and the successful loading of silymarin on the PCL scaffold. The toxicity of the scaffold was investigated 24, 48 and 72 hours after the cultivation of PC12 cells, and the results showed an increase in cell viability and proper attachment of cells on the scaffold.

The results of this research showed that the loading of silymarin on polycaprolactan scaffold increases the proliferation and survival of PC12 cells. Therefore, this scaffold can be a suitable candidate for nerve tissue engineering.

For the past forty years, the selection of justice-seeking managers at the level of the Islamic Revolution has been one of the most important issues of the system's sovereignty. The occurrence of many managerial ups and downs in the body of the system has added to the importance of this issue. The present study has studied and analyzed the issue with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the application of Imam Ali (AS)'s political life in Nahj al-Balaghah with the policy of the Imams of the Revolution in the last forty years. The comparative results of the present study show that in the Islamic system, those who are concerned about justice and revolutionary thinking are qualified to be in the management system. Jihadi spirit, democracy, fairness, simplicity, confrontation with politicization are the criteria for selecting managers at the level of the Islamic Revolution.

Diabetes  mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels (due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance, or both). The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of DMFT index in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in comparison with healthy children in Ilam province.

The study is a comparative study. The sample size for this study was 160 cases  including all children and adolescents aged 9-18 years, 80 patients with type 1 diabetes (case group) and 80 healthy cases (control group) who were similar in age and sex. A written consent and a researcher-made questionnaire were completed by the two groups. The analysis was performed using chi-square, independent t-test, and correlation coefficient in SPSS 22 and Graphpad Prism8 software.

The mean age of the subjects was 13.4±3 in the diabetic group and 12.8±2.9 years in the healthy group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P> 0.05). The number of DMFT teeth in children with type 1 diabetes was significantly higher than healthy children (P <0.05). There was a significant relationship between the number of decayed teeth and HbA1c (r = 0.3, P = 0.004). Also, there is a direct and statistically significant relationship between DMFT and HbA1c (r = 0.36, P = 0.001).

In this study (DMFT) was higher in the diabetic group than in the healthy group. A direct correlation was also  seen between HBA1C and (DMFT).

Who is Erich Kestner? For some of us, he is a part of our childhood nostalgia. Some of us, even without knowing it, know him through movies and shows based on his works, and some of us have heard of him and some of us have not...

What follows is a selection of what Nietzsche said about women. We have extracted these items from all of his works and put them together. At first I was going to combine these words with an article about Nietzsche's views on women, but I realized that the volume would be more than boring for the reader, so I will refer that article to another opportunity and suffice to repeat Nietzsche's words; With two explanations: First, many different items may seem inconsistent with each other. This is one of the reasons why Nietzsche is a master of paradox and uses pseudo-praise and pseudo-praise many times, so we must be careful of his sarcasm.Another is that he deliberately seeks to point out the relativity of facts with his contradictions, and finally that some of Nietzsche's contradictions are not consciously but unconsciously born in his thought and character.And the second explanation is that calligraphy and basically the way Nietzsche speaks is the third and strange letter. I have preserved this strangeness in translation. So many of the unusual punctuation and prose and the labyrinthine language of the text are not the slippages of translation but the style of Nietzsche.

The nineteenth verse of Surah Al-Imran considers the truth of religion as worship and submission, and distinguishes differences from selfishness and oppression. God has said that although there are differences in the Sharichr('39')a, the religion is nothing but submission to the truth. The present article has studied the content of the nineteenth verse of Surah Al-Imran by descriptive-analytical method, citing the opinions of the commentators. The results show that the three axes of monotheism, resurrection and justice can bring the followers of the heavenly religions together and block the path of division and social confusion. Hence, the Holy Qurchr('39')an has used beliefs in its educational method. As a result, religion is divided into three basic categories, which are true religion, false religion and fixed religion. Based on a fixed religion, social unity can be the result of religious unity among the followers of monotheistic religions.