رضا پارسای

The existence of certain challenges in the work relationships between police stations and detectives not only leads to the complexity and prolongation of the legal process in handling a case but also results in the waste of citizens' time and sometimes the violation of their rights. These challenges and problems, as organizational damages, also reduce efficiency. The aim of this research is to identify the damages associated with the work relationships between police stations and detectives in the Special Law Enforcement Command in Western Tehran Province.

This research is practical in nature and uses a cognitive framework in the form of a qualitative study. Open-ended interviews with experienced and knowledgeable individuals from the police stations and detectives in Western Tehran Province, with a minimum of 5 years of experience in their field, are used. Content analysis and thematic analysis techniques are employed to analyze the interview data.

Interviews with police station experts yielded 11 open codes within 3 main thematic categories of structural factors, behavioral factors, and contextual factors. Interviews with detective experts yielded 16 open codes within 3 main thematic categories of structural factors, behavioral factors, and contextual factors.

The results of the research indicate that, according to the experts' perspectives, the weakness codes in crime classification, statistical discrepancies between the comprehensive awareness system and incidents, and the unwarranted return of some cases are the most significant challenges in the work relationships with detectives.

Security is considered a key component in the stability and progress of any country, and its gap in the border areas can have unfortunate consequences among the border residents and the residents of the center. The present research seeks to understand the security challenges of the Iran-Iraq border with a case study of the border town of Sardasht.

In terms of its objectives, the present study is of an applied research type and qualitative research. The method used is thematic analysis and the data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 15 security experts. Data analysis was obtained with thematic analysis technique and coded by extracting dimensions, components, and indicators as well as ranking their importance.

The findings of the research show that from the perspective of the community participating in the research, the security challenges in the area under study consist of five dimensions and ten components, as described by the intensification of the center-periphery gap, the activity of hostile groups, smuggling, extra-regional forces and pan-Kurdism; and two indicators for each component and twenty indices in total.

The results show that dimensions such as the presence and movement of hostile groups in the border strip, the gap between the center and the periphery, the inequality in the enjoyment of social welfare by the border dwellers and the phenomenon of smuggling in the border strip of this city, respectively, have the greatest impact on the occurrence of security tensions between Iran and Iraq in the border city of Sardasht. Of course, it should be said that all these dimensions along with the obtained components and indicators are in mutual relationship with each other and each may have an increasing effect on the other or be affected by it.

Background and Car drivers cause the death of a large number of people in the society every year. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting the accidents of vehicles carrying contraband and to provide practical solutions. This research is considered to be a type of mixed studies, in the quantitative part, the statistics and information of car accidents in the first six months of 2019 across the country were used. In the qualitative part, by collecting the information obtained from the interviews with the experts of the research topic (traffic experts and the drivers of smuggled things), a deeper understanding of the studied problem is obtained. The method of collecting information is quantitative, documentary field. In the qualitative part, the data collection method was a semi-structured (semi-open) interview. The findings of the quantitative section indicate that 50 percent of the country's provinces are facing the phenomenon of smuggle carrying vehicle accidents, and 2.6 percent of all fatal accidents and 3.9 percent of deaths were related to smuggle carrying vehicle accidents. In the qualitative findings section, after removing duplicate and similar codes, 53 non-repetitive open codes were identified. The highest frequency is related to very high speeds (17 cases) and the lowest frequency is related to the use of high-speed foreign cars (5 cases).  The results of the research findings indicate that 53 codes from the interview in the form of nine categories of personality factors; Educational factors, experience and skill, lack of support, environmental problems, environmental stimuli, unawareness of the law, weakness in the law and lack of protective facilities are the factors that affect the accidents of vehicles.

Occasional unrest in the southwestern regions of Iran, especially Khuzestan and Arab-inhabited regions, requires more attention to the issues and developments in this region. In order to predict the country's security situation in the coming years, it is absolutely necessary to pay attention to the ethnic situation, ethnic opportunities and challenges. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables and drivers influencing the ethnic future of the Islamic Republic of Iran, taking into account the southwest border points of the country. The future study of factors affecting national security has always been the concern of the rulers and strategists of every political system, because national security is the primary condition and of course the most important condition for the preservation, survival, progress and development of any country in all fields. The future is something that governments can design and shape with their targeted actions. In order to act wisely, they must have sufficient knowledge and understanding of the consequences of their actions and those of others. Also, check the reactions of others and forces that are beyond their control. These consequences will only show themselves in the future in the form of opportunities, threats and damage. According to the above-mentioned contents, the terrorist attack in Ahvaz on September 31, 2017, the attack on the police station in 2018, the unrest in 2018, and similar actions cannot be considered unrelated to ethnic divergence in this region. Based on this, in order to predict the country's security situation in the coming years and design appropriate security scenarios, it is absolutely necessary to pay attention to the ethnic situation and identify ethnic opportunities and challenges, and in this research, we try to identify trends, drivers and uncertainties. , draw the possible scenarios regarding the Arab people using future research methods that will be explained below.
This research is practical in terms of its nature and purpose, descriptive-survey in terms of method, and exploratory due to the future-oriented nature of the research. In foresight projects, a set of techniques are used that often complement each other and the outputs of each form the inputs of the next technique. For this purpose, to carry out the research, effective factors in the field of Arab ethnocentrism were identified and the list of factors influencing the future research of Arab ethnocentrism in the form of a matrix questionnaire was provided to 15 experts using the environmental monitoring method and review of specialist studies in this field. The experts of this research include professors and experts of security, political and social sciences specializing in the issues of the Arab people. The variables and key drivers obtained by the cross matrix method and using the MikMak software were classified and again provided to the experts. The opinions of the experts were analyzed using Scenario Wizard software, and finally, possible and compatible scenarios were identified and extracted.
Among the 28 variables examined in this research, 7 key variables were identified. As can be seen in table number 4, there are two variables in the economic driver (massive oil and gas reserves and underdevelopment), in the cultural driver there is no variable, in the social driver there is one variable (the presence of micro dust) and in the political driver there are four variables (supports Saudi Arabia and the UAE were identified as opponents, the 8-year imposed war, the activities of the Wahhabi movement and regional rivalries. The findings of this research showed that seven variables of huge oil and gas reserves, underdevelopment, support of Saudi Arabia and the UAE to the opposition, imposed eight-year war, the activity of the Wahhabi movement, the presence of small dust and regional rivalries as key variables extracted from the software. Mic Mac software creates the future of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the context of the Arab people.
The results show that 6 challenging scenarios with compatibility and high scores are facing the future of the Islamic Republic of Iran, among which 1 very strong and probable scenario and 5 weak scenarios were obtained. The very strong scenario obtained is the scenario of continuation of the existing trend. The decrease in oil production, the economic problems of the country and the darkening of relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia are among the things that can lead the future situation of the Arab people in Khuzestan from creating opportunities to creating threats related to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results obtained from the Scenario Wizard software also show that although the strong scenario obtained is the continuation of the existing trend, but by looking at other scenarios, it can be concluded that other possible scenarios will lead to the continuation of the existing trend towards a relatively critical to critical situation. have found and this issue is an alarm for decision makers in the field of national security. In the meantime, one should not ignore the surprises of the instruments and the uncertainties. Corona disease, as one of the most important current uncertainties, has messed up all the economic and social equations of the countries and has led to the negative growth of the global economy. Iran is not exempted from this issue and the corona disease has had a great impact on its economic situation. Therefore, by taking appropriate decisions, relatively critical and critical scenarios should be prevented.

 Considering the numerous Islamic teachings on the place of livelihood in human life and resistance economy policies, and considering the importance of logistical food ration security, monitoring the food security situation in the form of compiling a composite index is extremely important.

 In this research, the main components of Islamic and resistance economy were first studied in the form of documents, and then, in the form of an elite questionnaire, 10 university faculty members were asked to obtain a conceptual model and assign weight to each component, and to determine the degree of importance of indicators and sub-indices. will be Finally, the development of a composite index based on the OECD methodology for monitoring variables and planning to strengthen the strength and invulnerability of the economy in order to prevent foreign domination is discussed.

 The main index of human dignity with a weight of 0.396 was the most important, Decent Life with a weight of 0.298 ranked second, national dignity and authority with a weight of 0.190 ranked third, and peace and safety with a weight of 0.116 was the least important.

 Considering the high importance of human dignity in the food security index, it is very important to pay attention to its key variable, that is, economic justice. Also, in order to achieve a good life, it is inevitable to move towards economic independence in the shadow of self-sufficiency in the production of basic goods.

In order to predict the country's security situation in the coming years, the economic and social challenging factors of the country's eastern borders will be identified in the horizon of 2025 and then probable and related scenarios will be drawn. In terms of its objectives, this study is of an applied research type and in terms of data collection it is considered descriptive-analytical. According to the future research approach, the statistical population of the research is in the form of a panel of experts. The number of experts based on the panel method is 15 individuals. In order to analyze the findings of the research, cross-matrix future research and scenario writing methods were employed using Mic Mac and Scenario Wizard software. The findings indicate that 7 economic and social scenarios with compatibility and high score are facing the future of the eastern borders of the country in relation to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, among which 1 is very strong and likely and 6 are weak scenarios. Based on the results of the research, 5 variables of development, poverty, unemployment, construction of border terminals, and drug trafficking were obtained in the state of continuation of the existing trend, and this confirms that the status of the continuation of the current trend for the 5 variables mentioned in the time horizon of 2025 is probable. However, the human trafficking variable was obtained with the increase in human trafficking and it confirms that the increase in human trafficking from the eastern borders is likely in the time horizon of 2025.

Accidents are the result of a defect in the driving system that can be seen in its components, namely humans, vehicles, roads and the relationship between them, but the results of domestic and international studies have considered the human factor as the most important cause of accidents. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the human factors affecting the incidence of accidents in Robat Karim.

This research is a kind of mixed studies in which a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has been used. In the quantitative part, statistics and information related to accidents in the first 10 months of 1400 in Robat Karim city have been used, and in the qualitative part, by collecting information from the interview, a deeper understanding of the issue is obtained.

Quantitative findings have been used to identify the general characteristics of accidents in which the human factor was the cause of the accident. In the qualitative part of the research, interviews were conducted with a number of road accident experts in the west of Tehran province. Qualitative content analysis of this interview has been used using thematic analysis to investigate the human factors affecting the occurrence of accidents in Robat Karim city.

Finally, by analyzing the topics extracted from the interviews, personality factors, physical factors, factors related to education and factors related to experience and skills were identified as the most important human factors affecting the occurrence of accidents in Robat Karim city.

 The contemporary world is on the verge of dramatic transformation. The smartest approach for humans and societies is to prepare for unpredictable events and to welcome the future. The future environment is a complex environment full of uncertainties (including critical uncertainties, periodic uncertainties, emerging trends, and surprises). The police, like other organizations, need to create a vision and achieve a proper model to face these uncertainties. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is through library studies. The main question raised in this article is what is the evolution of NAJA in designing future architecture according to the ideas of Imam (ra) and leadership and where does it end? In response to this question, it can be said that the evolution of NAJA in future architecture is a move in the direction of Imam's thoughts and the measures of the Supreme Leader, which are two accelerators and effective drivers in transforming the future architecture of NAJA into a suitable model. They are helping the 1404 vision document and the Iranian Islamic model of progress.

The category of border security is one of the important theoretical and practical topics of the security and defense fields, which has undergone changes in terms of nature and function in the last two decades. In terms of authority, border security includes, in addition to governments, people and populations living in border areas, people and goods that cross the borders. Border security becomes more important due to the fact that it plays the role of an intermediary between internal and external security and is considered the Achilles heel of governments. The borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran are not exempt from this general rule and have been the site of many wars and conflicts. World War I, II, and Iraq's imposed war against Iran show the turbulence of threats on Iran's borders. The new challenges that have arisen in Iran's eastern neighbor, Afghanistan, and the rise of the Taliban in this country, will change all the security equations of the country's eastern borders. Things like refugees, religious radicalism, insecurity, and even terrorism and drug trafficking, all change quantitatively and qualitatively. Also, the Taliban's way of looking at Islam and the alignment of their thoughts with the government and especially the intelligence apparatus of Pakistan has an impact on the Baluchistan region of Iran. Based on this, in order to predict the country's security situation in the coming years and design suitable security scenarios, it seems necessary to identify the drivers of threats to the country's eastern borders, and researchers seek to answer the main question of what social and economic variables are on the horizon. Are 1405 challenges for the security of the country's eastern borders?

This research is applied in terms of its nature and purpose, and descriptive survey in terms of the type of method and exploratory due to its prospective nature. In this research, the environmental monitoring method was used to identify key variables and form questionnaire items. The statistical population of the research includes familiar experts in related scientific fields. In order to analyze the findings of the research, cross-matrix future research methods were used using Mic Mac software.

The findings of the research showed that the variable of underdevelopment as a strategic variable and the variables of poverty and illiteracy of the people of the region, the problem of unemployment, the construction of border terminals, human trafficking and drug trafficking as key economic and social challenging variables. The eastern borders of the country were identified in connection with the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and in the perspective of 1405.

The results of the research also show that economic and social variables in Sistan and Baluchistan province are the cause of security problems such as human trafficking and drug trafficking. And these results confirm the opinions of the famous thinker of the Copenhagen school, Bari Buzan.Borders have long been heavily guarded places. Contemporary borders are segregated, and the security function of the border has changed from the territorial limits of states to heterogeneous places that are beyond the geopolitics of borderlines. Various researchers have discussed issues such as the competencies and powers of border authorities, the intensification of cross-border policies over time, new border security technologies, immigration control with citizenship laws, and some dimensions of border security xenophobia. The study of borders has confronted us with a variety of new challenges in the contemporary global political environment, despite efforts to dynamize national borders, governments are still trying to maintain traditional borders. Contrary to the initial slogans about the breaking of national borders (Jones & Johnson) due to ISIS attacks and the refugee crisis, the European Union has gone to re-establish the control of internal Schengen borders (McConnell et al).The issue of border security is one of the important theoretical and practical issues in security and defense fields, which has undergone changes in terms of nature and function in the last two decades. In terms of border security jurisdiction, in addition to governments, it includes people and populations living in border areas, as well as people and goods that cross borders. Border security becomes more important due to the fact that it plays the role of intermediary between internal and external security and is considered the Achilles heel of governments. The direction of threats from external sources is the vulnerability point of governments, and relations between neighbors may turn dark at any time. Borders are the first layer of absorbing negative waves, so governments focus on border security more than anything else.The borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran are not exempted from this general rule and have been the site of many wars and conflicts, World War I, and II and the war imposed by Iraq against Iran are indicative of the turbulence of threats on Iran's borders. Iran's peripheral borders are over 8731 km, of which 4113 km are land borders and 1918 km are river, lake, and swamp borders, and 2700 km are the coasts of Iran in the north (Mazandaran Sea) and in the south (Persian Gulf and Oman Sea). Iran's eastern borders share a 945-kilometer border with Afghanistan from the mouth of Zulfiqar to Mount Malek Siah and a 978-kilometer border with Pakistan from Mount Malek Siah to the mouth of the Gulf of Gwadar. Iran's eastern borders require a national and even international perspective due to geopolitical reasons. In the two eastern neighboring countries, we are witnessing a combination of terrorism, war, insecurity, and radicalism, which has manifested its direct and indirect effects on the eastern borders. With the connection of drug trafficking to the international mafia, this process has entered new and complicated stages. The borders of Iran and Afghanistan were determined in the Hariroud area by General McLean in 1891, in the Hashtadan and Dasht Hashem areas in 1935 by Fakhreddin Altai Turk, and in the Hamon and Hirmand areas by Goldsmith and McCammon in 1872 and 1903. The borders of Iran and Pakistan were also defined by Holdij in 1905 and 1896 from Black Mountain to Kohak.One of the determining factors in the field of security studies, especially border security, is the element of time. Knowing the future and taking timely action is the key to success in the field of security and strategic decisions. In the current era, studying the future and trying to predict it, the existing trends and the features of emerging trends and phenomena, and in its continuation, building the future by it is one of the main features of security planning. The new challenges that have arisen in Iran's eastern neighbor, Afghanistan, and the rise of the Taliban in this country, will change all the security equations of the country's eastern borders. Things like refugees, religious radicalism, insecurity, even terrorism, and drug trafficking all change quantitatively and qualitatively. Also, the Taliban's way of looking at Islam and the alignment of their thoughts with the government and especially the intelligence apparatus of Pakistan has an impact on the Baluchistan region of Iran. Based on this, in order to predict the country's security situation in the coming years and design suitable security scenarios, it seems necessary to identify the drivers of threats to the eastern borders of the country, and researchers are looking for answers to the main question of what social and economic variables in the time horizon of 1405 for the security of the eastern borders. Are they a challenging country؟

In order to predict the security situation of the country in the coming years and design appropriate security scenarios, it is absolutely necessary to pay attention to the ethnic situation and ethnic challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify the key variables and drivers affecting the future of pan-Kurdish challenges in relation to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and finally to discover and draw possible scenarios related to it. This research is applied in terms of nature and purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of type of method and exploratory due to its futurism. The statistical population of the study is in the form of a panel of experts according to the futures research approach. The key variables of this research were identified by cross-matrix method using Mick Mac software. Wizard scenario software was used to identify possible scenarios. The results of this study showed seven variables: the involvement of foreign factors, the activities of Kurdish-language satellite networks, the development of virtual networks, underdevelopment, the replacement of Persian with native language, regional competition and the effects of Iraqi Kurdistan as key variables. It is effective. Finally, the scenario of continuing the current trend by reaching a relatively critical situation was identified as the most likely and strongest scenario among the thousands of scenarios analyzed in the Wizard scenario software.

The three factors of man, road and vehicle are the main factors involved in the occurrence of an accident. The Traffic Violations Act provides for the possibility of investigating and determining the share of fault of road or vehicle agents. The aim of this study was to identify the contribution of various organizations in the occurrence of accidents in 1996 in Tehran province. The research method was a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Statistical data related to accidents with a share of organizational fault in 1996 has been used as quantitative information. Quantitative findings have been used to identify the general characteristics of accidents with a share of organizational fault and also to determine the share of different organizations in their occurrence. Accordingly, the municipality and then the road department, electricity department and ABFA had the largest share. In the qualitative part of the research, group interviews were conducted through a focused group discussion with a number of accident experts, officials and officers of Rahvar in Tehran province. Qualitative content analysis This group interview has been used using contextual analysis to analyze the challenges and obstacles in the full implementation of the law to determine the fault of organizations. By analyzing the topics extracted from the interviews, factors such as legal issues, factors related to accident experts, lack of proper inter-organizational interaction and also violation of Article 23 of the Investigation Law, are important obstacles to declaring the fault of organizations in the accident.

The future is uncertain, and scenarios teach us to think about the unknown, to unravel today's cumbersome assumptions, and to be able to identify the discontinuities that may change our world. Accordingly, in order to predict the security situation of the country in the coming years and design appropriate security scenarios, it is absolutely necessary to pay attention to the ethnic situation and ethnic challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify the drivers of pan-Kurdish ideology in relation to the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This research is applied in terms of nature and purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. Its statistical population is in the form of a panel of experts according to the futures research approach. The drivers of this research were identified by cross-matrix method using Mick Mac software.

The findings of this study showed seven variables: the involvement of foreign factors, the activities of Kurdish-language satellite networks, the development of virtual networks, underdevelopment, the substitution of Persian instead of the native language, regional competition and the effects of Iraqi Kurdistan. They were identified as key variables extracted from Mick Mac software in the form of three economic, political and cultural drivers.

The results of this study also indicate that all seven variables identified by Mick Mac software are consistent with the realities and situation of pan-Kurdism in the region.

The police organization, like many organizations, depends on efficient and capable human resources. The nature of policing and being in stressful situations requires efficient manpower. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the efficiency of human resources of the traffic police in the west of Tehran province. The present study is applied in terms of nature and purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method and will be survey. The statistical population of this study includes 400 managers and employees of the traffic police in the west of Tehran province. In the present study, demographic variables are studied using descriptive statistics and in inferential statistics, multivariate linear regression analysis is used. The correlation coefficient of 5 independent variables of motivation, organizational culture, command method, empowerment and environmental conditions are: 0.859, 0.815, 0.870, 0.820 and 0.833, respectively, and their significance level to The order are: 0.028, 0.048, 0.024, 0.046 and 0.039 which shows the correlation coefficient, impact and strong relationship between the above independent variables and the dependent variable of efficiency. The results of the study showed that 5 independent variables of motivation, organizational culture, command method, empowerment and environmental conditions have a great impact on the efficiency of road personnel in the west of Tehran province. And the three variables of command method, motivation and environmental conditions with the correlation coefficient of 0.870, 0.859 and 0.833 and the coefficient of determination of 0.757, 0.738 and 0.694, respectively, had the highest correlation and impact.

Ethnic issues have posed a number of challenges for some countries, and the acute form of these challenges, ie Pan-Islamism, has sometimes brought governments into crisis. One of the areas facing the challenge of Islamism is Iran's west and northwest. Various factors have influenced the emergence of ethnic challenges and especially Pan-Kurdishism in this region.

This is an applied and survey research. The statistical population of the study consisted of 50 faculty members of Political Science, Social Sciences and Security Sciences Department of Amin University of Medical Sciences. SPSS was used for analysis.

The results showed that three categories of cross-border, regional and international factors have an impact on the development of Pan-Kurdishism in this region and international factors with the mean of 3.83 have the most effect.

Flexibility, rate of change and innovation are among the characteristics of a successful organization. Intellectual capital of an organization is the most effective factor in finding and taking the upcoming opportunities to evolve. This is the intellectual capital that causes the formation of knowledge-based of organizations; organizations that seize the opportunities very well. Social capital is another factor contributing to the success of various organizations, including knowledge-based organizations and financial institutions. This is because, the knowledge-based organizations move towards synergy of wealth and knowledge, development of knowledge-based economy, and the commercialization of research and development. Given the importance of knowledge-based organizations, the authors in this research try to explore the latest viewpoints about the knowledge-based organizations that rely on intellectual, human and social capital and examine its relationship with police performance, in the form of a research study. The research method used in this paper is descriptive, the data collection method is library method by making reference to written documents, and the analysis method is to describe the relationship between intellectual and social capital with police success as a community-based, problem-oriented and knowledge-driven organization. Obviously, the police organization as a civil organization provides a two-way service: On the one hand, police helps the government to pursue its political, economic, cultural, and social goals by providing homeland security and, on the other hand, it serves the community by ensuring security and maintaining order. So, the success of police depends on gaining knowledge and having intellectual, human and social capital and improving public confidence in their performance.

Soft war is the newest strategy designed by the defeated enemies who intend, through it, to penetrate into the thinking coordinates of various people and to mobilize forces inside of the country to meet their goals. Of most effective bodies that guard order and security in containing various crises is police standing in the forefront of fight against the enemy. Therefore, it is essential to train all police forces and staffs so that they are made aware of enemy's goals and components of soft war. The present article which is the result of a scientific investigation in this regard has sought to substantiate or disprove the effects of training of police about social, cultural, political, religious, and economic goals of the enemy in the soft war and to deal with it as it has used descriptive-survey methods as well as descriptive and inferential statistics. The statistical population of the research consisted of 102 Police Command Staffs in the city of Baharestan (West of Tehran Police Command) who were investigated through a researcher made questionnaire. The findings obtained suggest that all five hypotheses were confirmed and it was shown that training of police is effective in the area of dealing with five components the enemies are seeking via the soft war. In this regard, the social component, scoring 18.96% and political component, scoring 17.58% assume more significance compared to other components. On the other hand, the results obtained indicated that the economic component or goal had the lowest effect rates in the soft war waged by the enemy against our country.

Being a police is considered one of the highly stressful occupations because of the reasons such as long irregular hours, hierarchic structure and safety concerns. Job stress might not only have adverse effects on himself/herself, but also on the officer’s department and family. In this study, however, the effects of the job stress on the spousal relationship are examined. A secondary data that have 1,632 responses by police officer are used to test the hypotheses. Because the dependent variable is ordinal, ordinal logistic estimators are used to find the coefficient effects. The findings indicate that high level of stress experienced in the job is positively, strongly and significantly associated with the dependent variable. Moreover, when the officer used stress reduction/coping programs (SRCPs), the better gets the relationship with his/her spouse. Interestingly, higher level of education increases the likelihood of the spousal relational problems. At the end, several suggestions were made to the police departments in terms of helping the officers that are affected adversely by job stress.

It can be argued that Iran, Syria and Hezbollah axis is the only coalition that has confronted the U.S. objectives in the Middle East. Considering the fact that the United States has attached much importance to its interests in the Middle East, the present article seeks to answer this question: To what extent has Iran, Syria and Hezbollah axis affected the U.S. interests in the Middle East after 11 September? The result of the research indicates that this axis-as the only opposing force against the U.S. presence in the region- has played a considerable role in increasing the costs and decreasing the U.S. interests in the region by adopting policies and actions including opposing the Zionist regime, opposing the Arabic conservatism, opposing the US presence, considering oil as a tool for applying pressure upon the West, supporting the Palestinian cause, accepting the forgotten role played by people in determining their destiny, the fact that the Shiite minorities have achieved power in alternative democracies, and the revitalization of religious thinking and Islamic movements in the form of Islamic awakening in the public opinion of the region’s people.

China is motorizing rapidly, with associated urban road development and extensive construction of motorways. Speeding accounts for about 10% of fatalities, which represents a large decrease from a peak of 17.2% in 2004. Speeding has been addressed at a national level through the introduction of laws and procedural requirements in 2004, in provinces either across all road types or on rural and urban roads. Typically, documentation of speed enforcement programmes has taken place when new technology (i.e. speed cameras) is introduced, and it is likely that many programmes have not been documented or widely reported. In particular, the national legislation of 2004 and its implementation were associated with a large reduction in fatalities attributed to speeding. In Guangdong Province, after using speed detection equipment, motorway fatalities due to speeding in 2005 decreased by 32.5% comparing with 2004. In Beijing, the number of traffic monitoring units which were used to photograph illegal traffic activities such as traffic light violations, speeding and using bus lanes illegally increased to 1958 by April 1, 2009, and in the future such automated enforcement will become the main means of enforcement, expected to account for 60% of all traffic enforcement in Beijing. This paper provides a brief overview of the speeding enforcement programmes in China which have been documented and their successes.

This study aims to determine the prevalence of stress and the associated socio–demographic and work factors among police personnel in metropolitan kuala lumpur, Malaysia.
Method. A across- sectional study was conducted in two randomly selected police districts in kuala lumpur from 2009 to 2011. A total of 579 police officers from 11 police stations and two head quarters participated in this study. The 21- item Depression, Anxiety and Stress questionnare was used. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were carried out to examine the effect of socio demographic and work factors on stress
Results. The overall prevalence of stress was 38/8%(95% cl 34/2, 43/6) with 5/9% (3/9, 8/8) 14/9%(11/6, 18/8)and 18/0% (14/5,22/2) for severe, moderate and mild stress, respectively .Inspectots were more likely to suffer from severe stress (aOR 10/68, 95% CI 3/51, 32/53) compared to junior officers. Those who complained that their salaries were not commensurate with their jobs were more likely to suffer from moderate levels of stress(aOR 2/73, 95%CI/43, 5/22)compared to those who were happy with their salaries.
Conclusions. This study strengthen findings that police job is stressful. Special attention needs to be paid to Inspector–level ranks and the remuneration structure of police officers to address this issue.