رضا کیانی

Today, the issue of urbanization has become a fundamental phenomenon of our time, and consequently, urban research and studies have expanded. However, it should be noted that the city and urbanization, albeit not in their current form, have a very long history. In past religions and faiths, the concept of the city and urban life has had special importance and validity, and especially in the sacred texts of religions, many verses and commandments have been mentioned in connection with this concept. There is no doubt that the approach of holy books in relation to the subject of urbanization plays a decisive role in shaping urban beliefs and thoughts among religious communities; because, these texts are considered the main and fundamental source of religions, and the thoughts and behaviors of followers are rooted in them. The present study addresses this issue and intends, while examining the views of the three great and ancient religions of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity according to their sacred and heavenly books, to analyze their views on urbanization. It also intends to compare the views of these three religions regarding the concept of urbanization. The results of this research show us that the concept of city and urbanization is evident in the heavenly books of all three Abrahamic religions, and many verses and commandments have been mentioned regarding it.

Nowadays traditional marketing approaches have lost their effectiveness and efficiency, and organizations must adapt their products and services to the needs and desires of customers to maintain their market position. In this regard, paying attention to the predictors of consumer buying behavior and their categorization is important. Therefore, the aim of this article was to categorize the predictors of consumer behavior based on buying behavior. Due to the mixed of the research the statistical sample of the qualitative part was 15 experts and the quantitative part was made up of 10 managers and activists in the beverage industry. The results of the interpretive structural modeling method indicate that the predictors of consumer buying behavior can be categorized into two levels that in the first level there are factors of biological, customer-oriented commercial, individual social unstable and internal micro and the second level, factors of external macro, financial, and brand-oriented commercial.

Direct methods of measuring soil water retention curve (SWRC) are time-consuming and expensive, so they are not easily applicable to large scales. Therefore, researchers use pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to obtain it. Various point and parametric pedotransfer functions have been used so far, with numerous methods to estimate the SWRC, each of which has its drawbacks. However, rare methods have been used to develop pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions. The random forest (RF) method has not been utilized in any study so far, to create pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions. Some variables have not been used as predictors in pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions in any research. Therefore, the objectives of this article include investigating the potential of the RF method in creating pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions, comparing its performance with linear regression, and examining the probability of improving the performance of these functions using the geometric mean and standard deviation of particles diameter and field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) as predictors.

A total of 120 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from two provinces of Tehran and Hamedan. Soil texture, bulk density, and soil water retention curve in the range of 0 to 15000 hPa were measured. Then pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions were created using two methods of linear regression and random forest. The soil water matric suction, soil texture, percentage of silt and sand, bulk density, geometric mean, standard deviation of particles diameter, and moisture content at FC and PWP were used in various combinations to estimate the soil water retention curve. The accuracy and reliability of the generated functions were compared between the two methods and within each method.

Using soil water matric suction as the only input variable for estimating moisture at different matric suctions was not effective in the RF method, and no model was created. However, in the linear regression method, a model with acceptable results was developed (with R2 values of 0.675 and 0.674 for training and validation stages, respectively), which can be utilized in situations where additional information is not available. The inclusion of soil texture in the linear regression method significantly improved the accuracy of estimates by 5.4% and 5.3% in both training and validation stages, respectively. In the third function, incorporating the percentage of clay and sand alongside soil water matric suction as predictors improved SWRC estimation by 1.5% to 25.0% in both training and validation stages for both RF and linear regression compared to the second function. In the fourth function, using bulk density as an additional predictor led to a significant improvement in accuracy by 6.9% to 13.1%, because bulk density serves as an indicator of soil structure, enhancing the estimation of the soil water retention curve. Utilizing FC improved estimation accuracy by 3.5% to 24.4%, because FC is a point on the SWRC and enters direct information to the models. However, using the PWP as a predictor did not significantly improve estimation accuracy. Using geometric mean (dg) and geometric standard deviation (Sg) instead of percentage of clay and sand in pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions did not lead to noticeable improvements. Error distribution across soil texture triangles in the linear regression method showed no dependence on soil texture. Because, in pedotransfer functions 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8, the highest error values were obtained in coarse-textured soils, while in pedotransfer functions 5, 6, 9, and 10, the lowest error values were associated with coarse-textured soils. Error distribution across soil texture triangles depended on the type of input variables and the method used to create pedotransfer functions. In all pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions created by both methods, the accuracy of estimates in both training and validation stages in the RF method was significantly and noticeably higher, ranging from 22% to 46% more than those in linear regression. 

Using the regression method and solely relying on soil water matric suction as a predictor, an acceptable pseudo-continuous pedotransfer function was developed. Investigating the potential of establishing a similar relationship using the state-of-the-art estimation methods may lead to independence from relying on numerous soil water retention curve models. Utilizing more detailed information such as particle size distribution and FC for estimating the SWRC through pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions is recommended. The dependence of error distribution on soil texture triangles on the type of input variables and the method used to create pedotransfer functions underscores the importance of selecting an appropriate combination of input variables and method for creating pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions for estimating the SWRC. Given the significant superiority of the random forest method over linear regression, using soil water matric suction, percentage of clay and sand, bulk density, and FC as predictors in pseudo-continuous pedotransfer functions with the RF method yielded the best results in estimating the SWRC.

With the increasing penetration of distributed generation resources (DERs) in distribution networks, the strategic placement of these resources has garnered increased attention. Due to the uncertain power generation of renewable based DERs, it is necessary to use stochastic models. Additionally, in recent years, due to the rise in the occurrence of weather-related disasters such as hurricanes and floods, leading to serious damages to power grids, the necessity of considering methods to mitigate these damages in installation planning has become crucial. This study introduces a comprehensive model for optimizing the deployment of distributed renewable (solar and wind) and non-renewable (diesel generator) generation resources, accompanied by energy storage systems (batteries), network reinforcement, and equipment upgrades to enhance its resilience against two specific weather events: hurricanes and floods. The model is applied to the IEEE standard 33-bus network. The planning problem is defined as a costs function while considering the environmental constraints. The optimization problem is structured as a probabilistic programming model and solved using the CPLEX solver in the GAMS software. The results obtained from case studies on the IEEE standard 33-bus network demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model in minimizing costs and increasing system resilience.

The main goal of this research is to investigate the solutions and policies for the development of investment and business in the rural border areas of Iran in order to maintain the population in these areas. In this study, 38 participants were used to collect data. The collected data have been analyzed by thematic analysis method. The results of this research show that strategies and policies for investment and business development include eleven axes and components. These include "marketing and market development", "facilitating the entry of technology into the production and packaging process", "training and empowering rural people and attention to their social capital", "attention to tourism and second home living in villages", "The existence of a communication channel between national investors and local entrepreneurs", "Facilitating access to loans and banking and financial resources", "Considering government tax and tariff benefits", "Amendment in some laws and management processes related to border residents ", " Solving issues related to land", "Attention to the infrastructure and amenities of villages" and "Changes in the cultivation pattern” and are placed in four sections: socio-cultural, economic, institutional and physical and accessibility. These need attention from policymakers and planners.

Recently, pseudo-continuous transfer functions (PC-PTFs) have been introduced for estimating soil water retention curve (SWRC). The M5 tree method is similar to regression trees, where linear functions are located in its leaves, and it has a high capability in creating transfer functions. These functions are highly sensitive to the power of machine learning algorithms. However, so far, the powerful M5 tree method has not been used to develop PC-PTFs for a wide range of soil textures. Additionally, the effectiveness of some soil structural variables in improving PC-PTFs has not been investigated, so far. Furthermore, the dependency of the error distribution of PC-PTFs on soil textural triangles to various factors has not been deeply examined. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop PC-PTFs using the M5 method, investigate the effect of soil structural variables on the performance of these functions, and examine the error dependence of these functions on different factors. A total of 120 soil samples were collected from depths of 10 to 60 centimeters, with agricultural, orchard, and pastureland uses of Tehran and Hamedan provinces, and soil texture, bulk density (BD), SWRC, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), organic matter (OM), mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates, and penetration resistance at 300 hectopascals (PR300) were measured. Thirteen PC-PTFs, in three groups of inputs, were developed to estimate SWRC, using M5 tree and non-linear regression methods. The error distribution of all PC-PTFs was plotted on the soil texture triangle, according to root mean square error (RMSE). In the first function, soil suction was used as the only estimator. A non-linear regression model produced an acceptable model for the first function with a R2 of 0.718. In PC-PTFs 3 to 6, components of soil texture, BD, and FC (at 300 hPa matric suction) and PWP (at 15000 hPa matric suction) moisture contents were used to estimate SWRC. The R2for these functions ranged from 0.719 to 0.990, indicating an improvement in the performance of SWRC estimation. In the M5 method, the use of FC significantly improved the model performance and created an optimal model, resulting in RMSE of 0.015 and 0.020 cm³cm⁻³, and R² of 0.987 and 0.973 in the training and validation stages, respectively. In the M5 method, any function using Ks and MWD as estimators showed significant improvement compared to PC-PTF4, which used soil texture components and BD as estimators. The AIC values in both training and validation stages in the M5 method were 37% to 283% and 111% to 157% lower compared to non-linear regression, respectively. The error distribution on the soil texture triangle showed no dependence on soil texture but was related to the method of creating PC-PTFs and relevant input variables. A powerful artificial intelligence methods can be employed to create a comprehensive model for SWRC. This would eliminate the need for users to rely on various SWRC models such as van Genuchten for different soils. Incorporating a set of soil texture and structure variables increases the accuracy of SWRC estimation. However, among structural variables, those indicating pore size distribution were more suitable for SWRC estimation. The greater impact of FC compared to PWP demonstrated the higher efficiency of moisture in intermediate matric suctions for SWRC estimation. The robust algorithm of the M5 tree method identified some patterns of relationships between input and output variables that were not detectable by non-linear regression. Considering the dependence of error distribution on the soil texture triangle to the method of creating PC-PTFs and input variables, categorizing error distribution maps should be done based on the mentioned factors.

In this research, we deal with the detailed simulation of CIGS solar cells using band-gap grading. Our main goal is to improve the electrical and optical properties of these cells. In order to check the performance, we also evaluate the change in the thickness of the absorbent layer as a key factor. In particular, we analyze the effect of these changes on the efficiency and filling factor of the cells. In conventional CIGS solar cells, the efficiency is about 20.8% that we have achieved so far. But by taking advantage of the bandgap grading on the absorber layer and by using engineering techniques in the absorber and buffer layers, we have achieved the most impressive efficiency ever of 33.7%. This increase is the result of successful achievements in optimizing the structure and properties of cells. In summary, the values of important output parameters for these advanced cells include 33.7% efficiency, 79% filling factor, 1mV open circuit voltage and 40.96mA/cm2 short circuit current.

Malingering is a differential diagnosis in the field of medical disorders, especially in the field of forensic medicine. In medicine, malingering is when a person imitates a medical or psychiatric disorder with external motivations to gain financial gain or avoid social or occupational duties. In some cases, diagnosing a medical or psychological condition from malingering can be challenging and difficult. In this case report, a patient with a history of multiple hospitalization, neurodevelopmental disorders, and intellectual disability requested to receive injectable Biperiden due to aggression, irritable mood, and neck deviation, and in order to receive it, he deliberately showed neck dystonia. This report aimed to discuss on a neuropsychiatric symptom, after which the patient requested a drug injection to resolve it, in order to differentiate possible diagnoses such as drug complication, factitious disorder, and functional neurological symptom disorder. On the other hand, during the recent searches of similar texts, conflicting results and suggestions have been presented.

The welfare and social security system in our time, due to the developments and global conditions, has faced various crises and challenges. For this reason, recognizing the crises and harms of the social security system and adopting policies to deal with those crises are among the important issues in social welfare research. Having a favorable level of social welfare for citizens is considered to be one of the characteristics of a developed society and the result of extensive developments in the development system of countries because this issue plays an important role in the state of benefiting from welfare services and economic security of the entire society. One of the most important scientific sources for understanding the state of social security systems is the reports prepared, compiled and published by the International Union of Social Security. Recently, in a book entitled "Ten Global Challenges of Social Security", this organization has explored and examined the challenges of the social security system on a macro level and proposed policies to deal with that challenge. In this article, in line with this report, the concepts, policies, indicators and criteria mentioned in this important book have been examined and the challenges facing the country's social security system have been presented and examined.

Literary language and poetry in particular is a suitable platform for the manifestation of Qur'anic teachings by poets, who enable the audience to receive and interpret their poems spiritually by referring their thoughts to the Holy Words of Revelation. In this regard, Hazin Lahiji, a 12th-century Sufi poet, has been influenced by the Qur'an in various ways. Inspiration through divine verses has helped the process of reading and analyzing his mystical poems. His sad poems are accordingly affected in both explicit and implicit forms. Sometimes, they are reflected in the content and sometimes by the words of the Qur'an in such a way that the contents, compositions, themes, and events of the Qur'an, in line with his poems, have created the ground for the variety of expressions and crystallization of his mystical thoughts. The present study was an attempt to investigate Lahiji's method of composing sad poems, which is referred to as ‘intertextuality’ or ‘proportionality’ in modern linguistic discussions. In this view, the authors intended to answer the following 3 questions by examining the poet's poems: 1) In what ways have his sad poems been influenced by the word of revelation? 2) What are the main mystical concepts of sad poetry that refer to Quranic themes? 3) How has Hazin aligned Qur'anic themes with poetic acquisitions in his mystical poems? This research was based on a descriptive-analytical method for analyzing Lahiji's sad poems. The results of this study showed that Lahiji used the techniques of adaptation, simile, allegory, allusion, interpretation, and quotation to translation. The rhetorical layers of his mystical language were adorned with the words of the divine dictators in such a way that the simple interaction between the absent text [the Qur'an] and the present text [poetry] in his poem had made his creativity unfruitful. The pure concepts of mysticism, such as ‘trust’, ‘manifestation’, ‘endurance’, ‘nearness’, ‘annihilation’, and ‘survival’, with the support of divine verses were found in Rohani’s interpretations. In addition, deliberately sad norms and unusual distances from Qur'anic characters, such as Khidr had plunged some of his poems into an aura of poetic appropriation.

Marriage and related issues are considered to be important and fundamental issues in the ancient religions. By studying religious texts that are historically valid in addition to spiritual and human values, this concept has been expressed extensively and in various dimensions. In the heavenly books of the Old Testament (Torah) and the New Testament (Gospel), which are considered to be the most important religious texts, we encounter many verses that, while paying attention and encouraging marriage and starting a family, consider observing the hadd in choosing a spouse. And are the boundaries and rules and rules of religion, and naturally the followers are required to observe the desired range in the matter of marriage and choosing a spouse. The purpose of this study is a comparative study of the limits of marriage and family formation in Judaism and Christianity based on doctrine. The findings of this research show us that although today the couple's love and affection for each other is valid in choosing a spouse, but based on the teachings and rules mentioned in the two books Historical and Religious of the Old and New Testaments, followers were required to observe certain limits and limits in choosing a spouse

According to Kiani et al. (2021), 53 Components of Auditing, Performance, Development, Sustainable, Supply Chain, Mining, have been Identified, Since Auditing Performance is an Independent, Targeted, and Reliable Evaluation of Components (Commitments, Systems, Operations, Programs, Activities, In terms of Compliance With Cost-Effectiveness, Efficiency and Effectiveness Criteria and Provide a Proposal with the Aim of Progress and Development, Due to limited Resources in the Allocation of the Present Study, the Importance and Weight of Each Component is Extracted From the Components According to the Impact on Each of the Audit Criteria. The Purpose of this Study is to Rank the Components of Performance Audit Criteria in the Sustainable Development of the Mining Supply Chain, for Governance with Accountability and Transparency, to Rank the Necessary Components of the Two Delphi Methods and Hierarchical Analysis With the Help of Mining and Industry Minerals with a History of More than 25 Years and Snowball and Non-random Sampling Methods Have Been Used in the Time Range of 2021, A ccording to the Results of the Research. The Research Was Compiled. According to the Results of the Component "Employment and Recruitment Of Technical, Efficient and Specialized Manpower" has the Highest Rank Affecting the Effectiveness Criterion and the Component "Replacement and Transfer of Experience to New Staff" has the Highest Rank Affecting the Efficiency Criterion and Component "Focus on Professional Management Decisions They have the Highest Effect Rating on the Economic Efficiency Criterion.

Creation of poetic images in the setting of novel adjunctive or attributive combinations that are far from conventional norms, whenever associated with purposeful innovations of poets and led to creation of deep associations between words, have immersed poetry in an aura of genuine poetic imagination and encouraged the audience to discover the subtleties hidden in the semantic layers of words. In the process of lexical combinability, the quality of lexical selection and combination indicates the weakness or mastery of poets in using linguistic capacities. A poet who continuously uses the combination of repeated words in the creation of poetic images, imposes a burden of boredom on the mind of the audience and opens a desolate perspective in front of the reader’s eyes. In such an atmosphere where everything looks conventional and ordinary, contemporary poets of Iran and Iraq in particular with regard to their intellectual and cultural affinities, have challenged the semantic norms of the language through new composite constructions in order to save words from the bondage of repetitive images. The constant assault of the poets of these two realms on the semantic rules governing the combination of words and their boldness in using the capacities available in the language has sometimes been accompanied by the creation of similar new combinations, something which the reader experiences for the first time. The basis of the authors' efforts in this research is finding an answer to this question: What are the most important motifs that have led to the combination of words far from each other and expanded the semantic field of the language in common form in the poems of contemporary poets of Iran and Iraq? According to the findings of this study employing new combinations in the structure of the poetry of today's Iranian and Iraqi poets has given their poetry a new and unusual movement by opening new semantic perspectives.

A study of the situation of Iranian pension funds shows that these funds have faced significant financial challenges in the last two decades and have reached a state of instability in the pension system. This raises serious questions about the ability of funds to meet their obligations for the benefit of beneficiaries. One of the tools for measuring the balance of resources and expenditures and the stability of pension funds is the support ratio. The purpose of this study is to examine this ratio in pension funds with an emphasis on social security and its developments over the past 50 years.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical research through secondary analysis of organizational registration data. The data used were obtained from statistical and information sources of pension funds and the Statistics and Information Office of the Ministry of Labor Cooperation and Social Welfare.

State Pension Funds, Steel, Central Bank, Radio and Television, National Copper and Ports and Shipping have a support ratio below one. By classifying this ratio with the following group of 2 employees retired, to this list can be added banks, Homa Airlines, Central Insurance and Oil. Also, the support ratio in the Social Security Fund has been decreasing in recent years, so that in the last ten years it has decreased from 6.81 in 2010 to 4.5 in 2019.

The crisis in pension funds is so important that any neglect of it can create a national challenge in the country. The results obtained in this study show that the support ratio in pension funds has a decreasing trend and the continuation of this trend poses major risks to the Iranian economy.

Today, one of the most important issues in the study of aging is the review of the coverage of the elderly by supportive institutions. With the increase in the number of elderly people in the country, the need to meet the special needs of this population group is a priority in policy-making and planning.The purpose of this study is to compare and review the coverage of the elderly under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation and the Welfare Organization, as two major organizations supporting the poor elderly in society. The main question that we are looking for an answer in this study is whether, as the number of elderly people in the country has increased, the coverage of official organizations supporting them has increased or not; And what has been the status of this coverage at the national and provincial levels in recent years? The results of this study show that during the period 1394 to 1397, the coverage of these two organizations of the elderly in the country has decreased from 33.7% to 27.4%. This means that the level of support in these two organizations has been declining in proportion to the growth of the elderly population. The highest amount of support coverage of the two mentioned institutions for the elderly was related to Sistan and Baluchestan, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces and the lowest amount was related to Tehran, Alborz and Isfahan provinces.

Among the books of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, the famous Indian thinker and writer, there is a book that has serious differences with his other works, and it is really brilliant. This book is called " Dolarani and Khezer Khan ", despite its great cultural and social significance, it is an anonymous work in Iran. In this work, Amir Khosrow, while telling a love story, has briefly narrated how Islam was spread and expanded by the kings of the Ghori dynasty in India. There are important sources from the spread of Islam to Iran, but perhaps we have read and heard less about its spread to other countries, especially those with strong indigenous and patriotic civilizations. In this work, while narrating one of the Indian emotional stories, special attention is paid to the changed social, political and even cultural conditions of that time in India. The purpose of this study is to introduce and recognize this lesser known but important work, and to recognize the content by emphasizing its social paradigms. Documentary and library methods have been used to obtain the results. Findings show us that the new religion has changed some of the beliefs, traditions and social rituals of the people of that land, such as marriage in a Muslim way, attention to marriage and family formation within a group, and so on.