رمضان حسین زاده

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the difference in the economic structure among different provinces of the country with the average of the country on the difference of employment among the regions. For this purpose, the technique of spatial structural decomposition analysis has been used in the input-output model between the two regions and the effect of three factors: difference in the technological structure of production or inter-sectoral relations, the difference in employment coefficients (employment per unit of production) and final demand. The results of the study have shown that the effect of the difference in the final demand of the regions has a greater contribution (absolute value) in the employment difference except the regions of Kerman, West Azerbaijan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Gilan and Alborz. The difference in the final demand has a positive effect in 8 provinces and a negative effect in 23 provinces. Tehran province has experienced the most positive effect and Chahar Mahal Bakhtiari province has experienced the most negative effect compared to the country's average. The effect of difference in employment coefficients is positive in 22 provinces and negative in 9 other provinces. Inter-sectoral relations have been positive in 7 provinces and have caused more employment in these provinces than the average of the country. The most positive effect of all three factors is in sector of "other industries"(All industries except food, clothing and textiles).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors of differences in employment in two regions including Sistan ‎and Baluchestan province and the average of the country and to decompose it into four factors including ‎differences in direct coefficients, sectoral technology structure, final demand level and composition or structure of ‎final demand. For this purpose, the spatial structural decomposition technique has been used in the input-output ‎model between two regions. The results of this study showed that the difference in the composition of the final ‎demand in Sistan and Baluchestan province compared to the country's average has caused the employment of ‎‎50674 people in the province to be higher than the country's average, but the low level of final demand compared ‎to the country's average, has caused the employment of the province to be low by 687993 people compared to the ‎country's average. Also, the higher direct employment coefficients in the province compared to the average of the ‎country has caused the higher employment of the province by 539,805 people. Finally, the difference in the ‎structure of technology or inter-sectoral relations has caused the low employment of 51521 people in the province ‎compared to the average of the country.

One of the factors affecting production and employment in one economy is investment. In economic literature, capital formation is the driving force of economic activities and economic growth patterns are based on the use of capital and labor. Despite the importance of investment in production and subsequent employment in the economy, unfortunately, in recent years, capital formation and the level of investment in the country have been very low due to several reasons such as economic instability. Therefore, it has created major problems in the field of production and employment in the country and its different regions, and it is necessary to make a codified and coherent planning to increase production and employment in the country. On the other hand, the first step for planning and making policies for the growth of production and employment is to identify the factors affecting them and to examine the effectiveness of each of these factors. The point that exists in relation to investment at the sector level (different economic sectors) is that the potential of creating production and employment (direct and indirect) of different economic sectors is different from each other. For this reason, investment in different economic sectors can have different effects on production and employment at the level of the sector as well as the whole economy. Among the reasons for the difference in the production potential and direct employment generation of the sectors, we can mention the difference in technology used in different sectors. In this way, some economic sectors have a high direct employment generation coefficient and some others have lower direct employment generation. Among the reasons for the difference in production potential and indirect employment generation of the sectors, we can also mention the difference in the communication and links between the sectors of each of the sectors with each other. Sectors that have more links with other sectors have a high potential in production and creating employment due to a certain amount of investment. Therefore, it can be said that in addition to the total amount of investment in the economy, the relative share of the sectors in the total investment, or in other words, the structure and composition of the investment is also effective in the production and employment of the entire economy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of investment expenditure change on changes in output and employment in different economic sectors in Iran. In this study, structural decomposition Analysis (SDA) in the input-output model between 2011 and 2016 have been used. To do this, first, the investment demand matrix in the economy was divided into two matrices, one is the investment composition (structure) matrix and the other is the total investment matrix. The investment composition matrix represents the share of each sector in the total investment in the economy and the second matrix represents the total investment in different sectors of the economy. For the calculations of this study, the input-output tables of the years 2011 and 2016 are needed. The statistical table of 2011 and 2016 was obtained from Iran Statistics Center. In the next step, both input-output tables were aggregated based on the availability of employment statistics in 18 sectors. After that, to remove price effects in research calculations, input-output tables should be converted to constant price. In this study, to eliminate the effect of price changes between 2011 and 2016, the table of 2016 was converted to the constant price of 2011 with the double deflation method. For this purpose, the price adjustment index of eighteen sectors has been used. Finally, this adjustment index was used to convert the 2016 table to the 2011 price. The results of this study showed that the increase in the level of investment (with a constant composition) has increased the total production of sectors of the economy by 2361599.59 billion rials, but the change in the structure of investment (with a constant volume) has reduced the total production 5224865 billion Rials. Changing the composition of investment has decreased 509620 people and changing the volume of investment has increased 3021509 people in the total employment of the economy. Considering the negative impact of the change in investment composition on production and employment in Iran's economy, it is suggested to prioritize investment in sectors that have higher production and employment coefficients in the economy.

Innovation in a region or country is influenced by many variables. One of these variables is the uncertainty in the economic and political environment in that region and country. Based on this, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of global uncertainty (including economic and political uncertainty) on the level of innovation in selected OPEC member countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, and Ecuador in the period of 2011- 2022. To estimate the relationship between the variables, the econometric model of the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) has been used to examine the spatial and indirect effects in addition to the direct effects. The results of the model estimation showed that the global uncertainty variable had negative and significant direct and domestic effects on the level of innovation in these countries. Also, the spatial and indirect effects of this variable have been negative and significant on the innovation rate of countries. Two variables, the amount of facilities granted by banks to the private sector and the corruption control index had positive and significant direct effects. The indirect and spatial effects of these two variables are negative and significant.

Investigation of the importance and the impact of various factors on the economic growth of countries is crucial in short-term and long-term planning in various countries. Traditional theories and models of economic development only consider capital and labor as economic growth factors for nations and regions. Today, economists consider innovation, along with knowledge and technology, to be one of the fundamental variables in the economic development and development of countries.Knowledge and innovation can generate social welfare in diverse regions and countries and contribute to achieving sustainable economic growth. In this regard, it is crucial to note that the path of innovation development varies across regions and countries, and that a distinct innovative geography is created based on these differences. The issue of inter-regional or inter-country spillover effects of various variables, such as innovation spillovers, is a second crucial aspect of economic growth and development planning in different regions or countries. Thus, innovation can impact both the economic development of the innovating country and the economic growth of neighboring countries with trade linkages to that country. Examination the spatial dimension of the problem will be crucial for determining how spillovers occur and their effectiveness in the innovation process as well as economic growth and development, whereas excluding inter-regional (inter-country) effects will bias the results and misleading results. On the other hand, considering the inter-regional (inter-country) effects of innovation and other variables in the model can help in the planning of regional development in different countries.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

According to new theories, there are four distinct categories of innovation: product innovation, process innovation, organizational innovation, and marketing innovation. There is substantial evidence that various categories of innovation have distinct economic effects in countries. These differences are primarily attributable to variations in the level of pertinent externalities (spillovers) and the capacity of innovators to internalize the public benefits of these activities (fit). Thus, innovative knowledge penetrates the production process in two different ways. The first instance is when a company utilizes new technical knowledge developed during the production process. The second consequence is the spillovers of such knowledge. However, knowledge diffusion in other innovation institutions can only be observed once innovation and technology have reached a certain level.The concept of knowledge spillover is closely associated with the correlation effect, where in the recipient of an innovation assimilates it to facilitate economic advancement. The spillover effect has the potential to yield beneficial outcomes by fostering innovation and facilitating economic progress, but it can also have negative consequences. The adverse impact of knowledge spillover primarily arises from external circumstances, as well as the inherent uncertainties and risks associated with research and development endeavors. Consequently, the inability of spillovers to fully realize the benefits of their research and development endeavors diminishes enterprises' motivation to allocate resources towards innovation. The positive impact of knowledge spillover is directed towards individuals or organizations that possess absorptive potential, enabling them to effectively assimilate and utilize sophisticated information and technology.

The primary objective of the present study is to examine the direct and spillover effects of innovation on economic growth within the D8 group of countries during 2012 -2021. This investigation will be conducted through the utilization of a spatial econometric model. Spatial econometrics is widely regarded as a major development in the field of estimation, having emerged alongside the introduction of the "New Economic Geography (NEG)" theory. This technique is associated with the research conducted by Krugman (1991), Fujita, Krugman, and Venable (2001), as well as Venables and Puga (1998). The econometric models under consideration has the capability to incorporate both spillover and indirect impacts of variables, in addition to the direct effects that are typically addressed in classic econometrics.

Based on the results of the model, the direct effect of innovation index on economic growth has been positive and significant. Also, the indirect effects of this variable have been positive and significant. Therefore, it can be said that the amount of innovation in the studied countries has both domestic and international spillover effects (through the establishment of trade relations) on the economic growth of the countries.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

Based on this, it is suggested that the studied countries pay special attention to the issue of innovation. Provide the necessary incentives to strengthen innovation in these countries, such as paying special attention to patents. Because having a patent is one of the motivating factors for innovation and further to achieve new technologies. This can be the basis for creating new processes in production, inventing new methods in countries. Paying attention to the spillover and indirect effects of innovation can also be very important. Based on this, it can be suggested that countries should pay attention to the fact that they prioritize the trade of goods with more knowledge (accumulation of knowledge and its transfer) in order to benefit more from the spillover effects of innovation. The higher the trade and especially the import of goods with knowledge and innovation, the countries can use the knowledge and innovation stored in these goods to strengthen knowledge and innovation within the country and economic growth will be strengthened.

Employment is one of the most important issues of economic and social planning . One of the factors affecting employment is research and development. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of R&D on employment in the industrial sector in the provinces during 2006 - 2019 using the spatial econometric model. The results showed that the industrial value added had the greatest direct and indirect effect on the employment of the industrial sector. The spatial effect of this variable was negative and significant. The direct effect of industrial investment on industrial employment is positive but insignificant. The indirect effect of the industrial investment on the industrial employment of the neighboring provinces is negative, but it has not had a significant effect on the employment of the neighboring provinces. The direct effect of industrial R&D on the employment is positive and significant. Also, its spatial impact or spillover on the employment of neighboring provinces has been calculated to be positive and significant. Therefore, the increase of industrial research and development in one province leads to the increase of employment in neighboring provinces. Considering the importance of employment in the industry, this matter should be taken into consideration.

Several factors affect the distribution of income in a society. One of these factors is risks such as economic and financial risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic and financial risks on income distribution in D8 countries. PANEL ARDL method during 2010-2020 is used to estimate the model. The estimation results of the model have shown that both financial and economic risks have a negative and significant effect on the Gini coefficient in the short term and in the long term. This means that with the increase in the level of risk and instability in countries, the distribution of income in them worsens and a greater income gap is created. Also, the variables of GDP per capita and trade openness index also had a positive effect on the Gini coefficient of countries. In other words, the growth of per capita GDP and the openness of the economy have created more income opportunities for the rich groups and the income gap has increased. The government expenditure had a negative and significant effect on the Gini coefficient. In this way, it can be said that the financial policies of the government in these countries have been in line with the equal distribution of income.

One of the most important issues related to the environment is the increase in energy consumption in economic activities. On the one hand, energy is a major production input that is necessary for production and economic growth. On the other hand, energy consumption causes the emission of greenhouse gases and also air pollutants such as carbon dioxide. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects (spillovers) of energy consumption intensity on carbon dioxide emissions in the provinces of Iran during 2008-2017 using the model of spatial econometrics. Before estimating the model, at first the Levin, Lin, Chou (LLC) unit root test was estimated to evaluate the stationarity of the variables, then after performing the Hausman test and multiple Wald and Wald diagnostic tests used to selection of best model. The results of model have shown that energy intensity, per capita GDP and population of regions have had a significant positive and direct effect on carbon dioxide emissions in the regions. Also, energy intensity, per capita GDP and change in the structure of the provinces have had indirect effects on the production of the provinces

Iran's economy has faced various economic, financial and political risks in recent decades. Therefore, several studies have examined the effect of these risks on macroeconomic variables, but no comprehensive study has been done on the effect of instabilities on economic growth. Therefore, this study tries to investigate the effect of financial, economic and political risks on Iran's economic growth. For this purpose, the financial, political and economic risk index in the framework of the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) for the period 1398-1388 has been used. The results of long-term estimation of variables have shown that the two indicators of economic risk and financial risk have had a negative and significant effect on economic growth in Iran. Between these two indicators, the negative impact of financial risk index was more than economic risk. Based on this, it is suggested that appropriate policies and measures be taken to reduce financial and economic risks in the Iranian economy. Properly adopting fiscal and monetary policies and not making sudden decisions without a comprehensive study of the economy can make a significant contribution to reducing financial and economic risks.

This study investigates the economic effects of taxes on pollutants in Iran in 2011. For this purpose, computable general equilibrium model with 2011 social accounting matrix is applied. Six scenarios taxes on pollutants have defined and estimatethe effects on economic variables and production quantity of activities. The results show that the taxes on pollutants is conducive to environmental improvement, but the economic variables and production quantity of activities are adversely affected. when the government refunds the production  tax and corporate income tax, the results show that this can indeed relieve the negative effects. According to the results, it is suggested that the taxes on pollutants should be applied along with the tax refund through the reduction of other taxes in order to reduce the negative effects of the taxes on pollutants on production quantity of activities and economic variables.

The way of establishment of various economic activities, especially industrial activities, in a region can affect many economic variables such as production and employment. In this paper, the direct and spillover impact of industrial agglomeration on employment of manufacturing  sector in Iran's provinces are evaluated. For this purpose, while using the panel data of 31 provinces for the period 2015-2018, the spatial econometric model is estimated. The results of the estimation of the spatial Durbin model (SDM) with spatial fixed effects indicate that the manufacturing value added has a dicrect positive and significant impact on manufacturing employment  but a negative and significant spill-over impact onl employment. Also, the direct and spatial impacts of manufacturing investment is positive and significant. On the other hand, the direct impact of industrial concentration index on industrial employment is positive and significant. In addition, the results indicate that the spatial or spillover impact of the industrial agglomeration index on manufacturing  employment es is positive and significant.country's provinces has been positive and significant.

Exports are one of the factors affecting production and employment in the economy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the composition and volume of exports on changes in employment in different economic sectors by different levels of education as well as urban and rural areas using the input-output model between 2011 and 2006. For this purpose, the export matrix of 14 sectors of the economy was divided into two matrices, export volume (exports of all sectors of the economy) and export composition (share of each sector in total exports). Then, the effect of these two factors on employment in urban and rural areas, as well as the labor force with a higher level of education and less than higher education in the economic sectors were studied. The results of this study showed that both the change in the composition of exports and the volume of exports has increased employment in urban and rural areas. Also, labor employment with higher education and less than higher education has increased due to changes in the composition and volume of exports in the study period. The increase in labor force employment in urban areas due to changes in the composition and volume of exports has been greater than the increase in labor force employment in rural areas.

Since the population pyramid structure of Iran shows the aging of the country's population, in addition to youth employment policies, attention should also be paid to the incentive system for the elderly. In this regard, the most important related researches were identified and their methods and variables were reviewed and categorized in order to provide a model for identifying factors affecting youth employment in Iran. Also, the most possible, most important and necessary variables have been selected. Then, using the micro data of the pension organization, the retirement motivation index was calculated seasonally for the economy of Iran. The estimation of the model showed that although the retirement motivation index has a positive and significant effect on youth employment, but the intensity of this effect is very low compared to other factors. In other words, premature retirement of the elderly cannot be considered as an important factor for the employment of young people. In fact, the policy maker can pursue the goal of reducing youth unemployment by influencing other variables affecting youth employment. Since the implementation of different policies can have precarious consequences, the best policy should be adopted and implemented in accordance with the conditions of each country.

One of the factors affecting production and subsequent labor demand in different sectors is the change in the final demand of the sectors. Among the components of final demand, the demand of households constitutes a major part. Therefore, it can have a major effect on the production and employment of sectors. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the structure and volume of household consumption in different income groups on changes in employment in different economic sectors using the input-output model between 2011 and 2016. The results of this study showed that the change in total consumption in the first- and second-income groups has increased the total employment of the economy, but the change in total consumption in the top three income groups has reduced the total employment in the economy. On the other hand, changes in the consumption level of all income groups have increased the employment of the whole economy. Also, the change in the composition or structure of consumption in all income groups has reduced the employment of the whole economy.

Considering the functions of the environment for human society, environmental pollution related issues have great importance. Air pollution is one of the environmental pollutions had more attention in recent decades. According to the economic literature, one of the important factors affected the emission of air pollutants is the industrialization of economic activities and the structure of production in industry sector. Accordingly, the current study amid to investigate the direct and indirect effects (spillovers) of structural changes in the industrial sector on carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption.

This research have been carried out using spatial econometric model for thirty provinces of Iran during 2006-2015. To calculate the index of structural change in production in this study, the index of structural change index presented by Lillian (2012) has been used. Before estimating the model, at first, to check the stationarity of the variables, the Levin, Lin, Chou (LLC) unit root test was estimated, and finally, after performing the Hausman and multiple Wald test, according to the results obtained from the tests, the spatial Durbin model is estimated with spatial random effects.

Based on the results of the Levin, Lin, Chou (LLC) unit root test, all variables of the model are I (0). Hausmann test also suggests the estimation by random effect method (RF). Based on the results of estimating the model, the effect of GDP per capita on carbon dioxide emissions is positive and significant; If GDP per capita increases by one percent, carbon dioxide emissions will increase by 0.22 percent. The effect of energy intensity on carbon dioxide emissions is positive and significant; If the energy intensity increases by one percent, carbon dioxide emissions increase by 0.06 percent. The effect of population on carbon dioxide emissions is positive and significant; If the population increases by one percent; Emissions of carbon dioxide increase by 0.95%. The effect of changes in industrial structure on carbon dioxide emissions has been negative. This means that the industrial structure in different provinces has changed in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, although the contribution of these changes in reducing this pollutant was small. On the other hand, the spatial impact of industrial structure changes on carbon dioxide emissions is negative and significant. The coefficient related to the effects of industrial overflow shows that if the index of changes in the industrial structure increases by one percent, carbon dioxide emissions in adjacent areas will decrease by 0.03 percent.

Model estimation has shown that the restructuring of industry has a direct and negative effect on carbon emissions in the provinces. This indicates that the structure of industry in different provinces has changed to industries with lower carbon dioxide emissions. One of the reasons for this could be the increase in the share of sub-sectors of the industry that have low energy consumption. Another reason for this could be the increase in the share of sectors that use fossil fuels with less pollution. Other results of the model have shown that the change in the structure of production in the industrial sector of the provinces has had indirect effects (spillovers) on the production of the provinces. Based on the results of the model, it is suggested that policies be adopted to transfer factors and resources from low-efficiency sectors to high-efficiency sectors. Also, energy efficiency policies in high-energy intensive industrial sectors and sub-sectors that use high-emission fossil fuels such as diesel and fuel oil should be considered.

According to the regional economic literature, interregional communication can play an important role in production, followed by production-related variables such as employment. For this reason, changing (strengthening or weakening) inter-regional communication can lead to changes in production and employment in the regions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the change of regional spillovers and feedback coefficients on changes of regional employment in Sistan and Baluchestan province using a two-regional input-output model and structural decomposition analysis. Two-regional input-output tables including Sistan and Baluchestan province and other regions of the country in the years 2006 and 2011 were used as database of this study. The results of the model showed that the effect of changing spillovers and feedback coefficients on the total employment of the province is positive and caused to increase in total employment. The increase of total employment of the provincechr('39')s economy due to changes of these factors was 21,852 and 197, respectively. The effect of changes of these two factors on sectoral employment in the province has also shown that “Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fisheries” have had the most positive effect from the change of both factors.

One of the important topics in regional economic literature is inter-regional communication and the influence of one region from other regions. In this way, economic growth in one region can lead to growth and development in neighboring regions. Accordingly, if one of the factors affecting economic growth, such as financial development, causes economic growth in a region, the existence of spillover effects will also affect the economic growth of neighboring regions. According to this theory, it can be said that financial development in an area (if it has an intra-regional impact) can also have spatial effects (spillovers and between-regional). The objectives of this study are: 1- investigating the effect of direct effect of financial development on the growth of Iranian provinces 2- spillover effects of financial development on the growth of Iranian provinces 3- Effect of auxiliary variables such as foreign direct investment, transaction value of Stock market, bank lending facilities, human capital and per capita road on the growth of Iranian provinces.  To collect information related to the research, a documentary or library method was used in which the data of 30 provinces of the country in the period 2011-2015 were collected. Then the data is analyzed using the spatial panel econometric method.  Therefore, the results of model estimation show that financial development has had a positive and significant effect on economic growth of regions, but no spillover effects on the growth of neighboring regions and provinces. Also, foreign direct investment and road per capita have both a direct positive effect and a positive spillovers effect on the growth of regions. Human capital has also had a positive and significant direct effect on the economic growth of the regions. The effects of its spillovers have also been significant on the growth of regions. According to the results of the study, financial development has a positive and significant effect on the regional growth of Iran's provinces. One of the indicators of financial development is the facilities granted by banks to the public and private sectors, which has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. According to the results, if the granting of credits and banking facilities to the applicants of private sector projects is done and since it is one of the most important domestic sources for investment, by adopting the correct monetary policies and using appropriate monetary instruments, private sector savings can be efficiently equipped and directed to productive activities, so financial development through the optimal allocation of capital resources and the provision of better and more efficient services, the field of innovative activities. Improves and increases economic efficiency and ultimately leads to the growth of neighboring areas.

The main purpose of this article is to assess and prioritize the regional competitiveness coefficient in Iran based on the components of knowledge economy. In general competitiveness is a key criterion for assessing the degree of success of regions in the field of political economic and commercial competition. This means that any country region or enterprise that has a high level of competitiveness in competitive markets can be said to have a higher level of competitiveness. Competitiveness arises from a combination of assets and processes. Assets are either gifted (such as natural resources) or man-made (such as infrastructure) and the processes that turn assets into the economic benefits of selling to customers ultimately creating competitiveness. This study is intended to investigate the impact of knowledge-based economy on regional competitiveness in Iran. In this research we study the regional competitiveness in the country's science and technology parks in 2016 related to the variables of the science and technology park using the Herfindal method. The results confirm that the variables of production inventions number of knowledge-based companies have a positive role in regional competitiveness.

Nowadays, the problem of unemployment is one of the challenges facing the country and specially, the province of Sistan and Baluchestan. On the other hand, one of the sectors that can create employment is the cooperative sector. According to the Vision 1404 document and the Law on Economic Development Programs, and Article 44 of the Constitution, the cooperative sector is considered as one of the foundations of the country's economic system and the government has been asked to provide the necessary support by increasing the share of economic activities in the cooperative sector to help for social justice, reduce poverty and deprivation, and create employment. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of investment in the cooperative sector on employment in different regions of Sistan and Baluchestan province using spatial econometric method. In this study, data related to 50 cooperative companies in different regions of Sistan and Baluchestan province during the period 1391-1396 have been used. The results of spatial econometric models show that the amount of wages paid in the cooperative sector has the highest direct impact on employment in the province. The results also show that there is a positive relationship between investment and employment in the province's cooperative sector. Moreover, according to the estimates of the variable model, the price index has a positive and significant relationship with employment in the cooperative sector of the province.

Regional convergence is one of the major challenges in developing economies. In Iran, the whole development programs before and after the revolution have not succeeded in creating a regional balance, and spatial polarization continues. One of the axes of regional convergence is oil and its revenues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the direct effects and spatial spillover of oil revenues on regional convergence in Iran based on the space Solow model. According to this model, less developed economies grow faster than developed economies and the result of this process is the convergence between regions.  

The research variables include per capita income, oil revenue, and human capital, saving rate, population growth rate, and capital stock. To study the subject, have been used the latest data of the provinces of the country in the period 2005-2017. Connections between regions that are the outcome of natural needs and geographical, political, cultural, social, and economic commonalities can accelerate their development while providing the shortcomings of regions. In the regional economic literature, the convergence of per capita income growth in the regions is a function of the situation within the region and also the surrounding areas, which appears as spillover effects. Therefore, in regional studies, explanatory variables contain the dimension of place (space) and spatial relationship and have direct and indirect (spillover) effects on the dependent variable. Hence, it is necessary for growth and convergence studies to consider the dependence between regions. Since the use of location-based data in conventional econometrics is contrary to Gauss-Markov assumptions, therefore the Dynamic Spatial Durbin (DSDM) econometrics technique is used. To estimate the coefficients have been used Stata software.  

According to the results, the occurrence of regional convergence in the country is confirmed. So that the convergence speed is 0.062. Therefore, every year, the per capita income gap of the regions decreases by %6.2 and the regions move in the direction of balanced growth towards a steady-state situation. In other words, provinces with lower per capita incomes grow faster than provinces with higher per capita incomes, and in the long run, will decrease the per capita income gap between regions. Despite the positive and significant direct effect, the oil variable has a negative spillover effect on the regional convergence process. Other results show that among the influential factors, human capital has the highest direct effects and spillover on regional growth and convergence. Therefore, in Iran, investing in human capital and providing the necessary conditions to use its potentials has the greatest role in regional convergence.  

The results of this study are in order to strengthen decision-making power and create conditions that provide the necessary basis for proper use of resources and factors affecting regional convergence as one of the main priorities and goals of development programs. In Iran, the effective role of oil in regional convergence depends on strengthening communication channels between regions and institutional reforms and creating efficient institutions that Guaranteed transparency and accountability and prevent centralization and rent distribution of benefits from resources between individuals, organizations and regions.

One of the factors affecting economic growth along with traditional factors of production such as labor force and capital  is structural changes in the economy. Structural change is a broad economic process that involves changes in the structure of production and employment within and across sectors of the economy. The emergence of new activities and sectors in the economy and the disappearance of old activities and sectors are also indicators of structural changes in the economy (Gabardo  et  al., 2017, p. 5). From the perspective of a well-structured economy the countries and regions that have a production structure commensurate with regional and national potentials can experience faster economic growth, and countries that depart from this well-structured position, will have a less economic growth (Eigner, 2001, p. 3). Therefore, investigating the effect of structural changes on macroeconomic variables and then identifying the factors influencing structural changes can provide a good basis for policymakers to remove the barriers of structural change and thereby achieve greater growth and development in the regions and also in the country. Economic growth and development in an area can be influenced both by specific characteristics within the region (direct and intra-regional effects) and by the characteristics of the surrounding area (spillovers and inter-regional effects) (Sharify and Hosseinzadeh, 2016, p. 2). Disregarding the interconnections and spillover effects between the variables can cause the model results to be biased. One of the models that is able to consider inter-regional correlations and consider the spillover and indirect effects of variables is the spatial econometric model.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the direct and spillover effects of structural changes on economic growth in 28 provinces of Iran during 2004-2015 using spatial econometric model. An important feature of this study compared to previous studies in the field of structural change impact is the use of spatial econometric model to study the direct and spillover effects of this variable on economic growth in different provinces of the country. The production data of different economic sectors were used as the statistical bases for calculating the structural change and Gross domestic production index in 28 provinces of the country. Also, government expenditure and provincial  active population variables were used as control variables. Finally, the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) and the Stata 14 software were used to estimate the model.

The results of the model estimation showed that structural  changes directly and indirectly had a significant and negative impact on the production of regions. This indicates that structural changes have not been consistent with the regional growth pattern. Also, government spending variables in the region and the active population of the region had a positive and significant direct effect on regional economic growth.

Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the economic structure in different provinces of the country should be changed in accordance with the regional advantages. Government spending should also increase in line with regional potential.

Increasing final demand in the economy is one of the variables affecting production and value-added growth. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of final demand components on changes of value-added with emphasis on the role of exports between 2011 and 2016 using the Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) approach in the input-output model. The statistical bases of this study are two input-output tables of 2011 and 2016. The results of the model showed that the change in the structure of exports (with the volume of exports being constant) between the two years under study has increased the value added of the whole economy by 73662.31 billion Rials. The decrease in the volume of exports between the two years has also reduced the added value of the whole economy by 12443.2 billion Rials. The most positive effect of restructuring belonged to the three sectors of "transportation and communications", "wholesale and retail" and "water, electricity and gas". The value- added of these three sectors due to this factor has increased 92481.94, 88672.52 and 45720.77 billion Rials, respectively. On the other hand, the value-added of the two sectors "crude oil and natural gas" and "chemical, rubber and plastics" have the greatest negative effect of the restructuring of exports. The value- added of these sectors due to this factor has decreased by 260550.29 and 12312.67 billion Rials, respectively.

Export is one of the variables affecting the growth of output and value added in the economy.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changes in export structure on value added and Compensation of Employees in different sectors of Iranian economy between 2001-2011 using SDA model. Input-output tables of Iran in 2001 and 2011 were used as statistical base for this study. The model results show that changes in export structure (with a constant volume of exports) has reduced the value added of the economy by 30384.7 Billion Rials. The change in the level of exports (with a constant structure of exports) has increased the value added of the economy by 10880412 Billion Rials. The three sectors including "Residential & Business Services", "Machinery" and "Chemicals, Rubber and Plastics" had highest increase in value added due to the change of export structure. Increase of value added in these sectors was 11303039.24, 99749.42 and 6674.78 Billion Rials respectively. Other results of the study showed that export restructuring has caused an increase of 1793.84 Billion Rials in employee compensation in economy.The three sectors, including "Chemicals, Rubber and Plastics", "Transport and Communications", and "Machinery" had the most positive effects from export restructuring. The increment of compensation of employees in these sectors was 1999.00, 1323.00 and 365.19 Billion Rials, respectively.

The purpose of this study is to investigating the effect of direct and spillovers effect of human capital on regional convergence in Iran provinces based on the spatial Solow convergence model. For this purpose, based on the latest information available at the regional level, data from different provinces of the country have been used during the time period of 2005-2017. Also, the spatial dynamic Durbin model (DSDM is used to estimation of the model. According to the results, regional convergence in the country is confirmed, but the convergence rate is low (about 0.063%). Thus, the different regions of the country, in average, with a convergence rate of about 0.063% move in the direction of balanced growth towards a steady state situtation.Other results of the study have shown that human capital has direct positive and significant impacts on regional convergence in Iran.

Border markets can play a significant role in the export of manufactured goods in the region and, consequently, in the economic development of the region. Therefore, the creation and development of border markets; the expansion and expansion of exports, the creation of employment and income for people living in the border areas Will follow. In many advanced countries, exports have been the main focus of development. Therefore, the growth of exports leads to increased income and employment, and by providing the opportunity to take advantage of scale savings, using advanced technology, the optimal allocation of resources and increased competition in the production of products can increase the total productivity of production and employment factors and reach Increase economic growth and development, Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Milak and Gamshad border markets on employment in Zabol city using the output data model during 2011-2013. The findings of the research show that the increase in the export of border markets from the three sectors of agriculture, industries and mines during the years 94 and 95 was 3.9136129, 20.43732515 and 0.826770649 respectively, which had the greatest impact on the increase of employment in agricultural sectors 22 people, industry, 20 people and training of 15 people, so that the increase in exports has the most impact on employment in the agricultural sector, which has the least effect on supply of water and electricity and gas, resulting in increased employment of the entire region.