روح الله رضایی

Given the negative consequences caused by excessive use of chemical inputs in conventional agriculture, especially on human health and the environment, the production of healthy crops as one of the main solutions of sustainable agriculture has received the attention of policymakers and planners in recent years. However, the path of development of this type of crops is not smooth and faces many difficulties. Considering the importance of the issue, this study was conducted with the aim of analysis of barriers and constraints of healthy potato production in Zanjan Province. The participants in the research were key experts and informants in Zanjan Province among which a suitable number were selected through purposive snowball sampling method. The individual and group un-structured interviews were used to collect the data, and the interviews were continued until data saturation was reached (after conducting 32 interviews). The collected data were analyzed by MAXQDA software using qualitative content analysis. The credibility and confirmability of the data were examined to ensure the validity of data obtained from interviews and the accuracy of the findings. The results showed that the main barriers and constraints of the production of healthy potato in Zanjan Province were classified into 48 concepts and nine categories, among which three categories of economic issues and lack of sufficient credit support (17.6 percent), management and legal issues (14.4 percent), and weak infrastructure and support (14.2 percent) were the most important, respectively. Moreover, in terms of the identified concepts, the most important barriers and constraints of healthy potato production were included the low yield level of healthy potato production (3.8 percent), lack of economic justification for healthy potato production (3.7 percent), high cost of conducting tests related to the issuance of certificate of compliance with the permissible limit of pollutants (3.5 percent), the difficulty and time-consuming legal procedures to obtain a certificate of healthy potato (3.5 percent), and lack of proper labels and packaging for healthy potato (3.5 percent).

The awarding of deterrent damages is a severe reaction to a breach of contract, where the ultimate goal is not compensation but deterrence and punishment. Due to the departure of these damages from the principle of compensation, legislators and courts are generally reluctant to apply them in situations of ordinary contract breaches. On the other hand, most legal systems recognize unique consequences for intentional breaches of contract—the most severe type of breach—that are not applicable to unintentional breaches, reflecting the necessity to increase liability in the face of intentional wrongdoing. This study aims to answer, through a descriptive-analytical method and comparative study, whether the intentional nature of a contract breach can justify the awarding of deterrent damages. The findings indicate that in most legal systems, there is no general rule regarding the awarding of deterrent damages in cases of intentional breaches. Recent efforts to establish this connection (for example, in France and the United States) have so far been unsuccessful. However, in certain specific cases of intentional breaches, especially where the breach constitutes an independent quasi-crime or in egregious intentional breaches such as an insurer’s deliberate breach of an insurance contract, the awarding of deterrent damages is accepted. Although this type of damage is not recognized in Iranian statutory law, it appears that accepting such damages for intentional breaches would not be inconsistent with jurisprudential principles.

Disgorgement of benefits resulting from breach of contract is a severe remedy that is awarded in different legal systems in certain situations. Unlike compensatory damages, which focus on the damage caused to the promisee, this remedy is based on the interest of the party in breach and allows the promisee to claim the benefits that the breaching party obtained through breach of contract. Due to the distance of this remedy from the compensation and closer to purposes such as deterrence and punishment, its application in normal situations of breach has not been accepted. This article tries to answer the question through descriptive-analytical method and comparative study, whether willful breach of contract can justify the award of this exceptional remedy? Willful breach of contract, which is the most severe type of breach of contract, has unique effects. One of the most important effects of this legal phenomenon, which is the hypothesis of this research, is that in cases of willful breach, the court can award the disgorgement of benefits resulting from the breach due to the seriousness of the promisor's fault. Examining the regulations and jurisprudence of the studied legal systems confirms the truth of this statement. The possibility of awarding of disgorgement of benefits for intentional breaches does not seem inconsistent with our jurisprudence and legal foundations.

Considering the importance of greenhouse crops on the one hand and the need to improve the level of technical knowledge and skills of greenhouse owners in order to increase their production performance on the other hand, this survey research was conducted with the main purpose of identifying and analyzing the training needs of greenhouse owner in Zanjan province. The statistical population of the research was made up of 147 active greenhouse owners with operation licenses in Zanjan province in 2022 of which 120 were selected through the stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The research instrument for data collection was a questionnaire, the content validity of which was established by the faculty members of University of Zanjan and the experts of Jihad Agriculture Organization of Zanjan Province. In order to check the reliability of the questionnaire, a pilot study was also conducted, and the value of Cronbach's alpha calculated for the main scale of the questionnaire named training needs of greenhouse owners. The results of reliability analysis through Cronbach's alpha demonstrated an acceptable (i.e., 0.89) level of reliability for the research instrument. The collected data were analyzed using SPSSWin26 software. The results showed that the greenhouse owners' training needs in Zanjan Province can be loaded on six components including “factors related to technical issues before planting and after harvesting”, “technical issues related to crop planting”, “greenhouse management and harvesting and packaging”, “methods of marketing, advertising and value enhancement of the crop”, “location and technical issues related to the design of the greenhouse”, and “pests and diseases and their management”. Moreover, the results indicated that the intensity of training needs among the surveyed greenhouse owners, especially cucumber producers, was high, indicating the necessity of compiling and implementing related courses to cover the greenhouse owners' training needs.

Contract termination is a severe remedy that terminates the legal life of the contract. Therefore, in most legal systems, it is used as the last resort against breach of contract. Accordingly, one of the conditions for application of this remedy is the severity of breach, which is referred to in different legal systems with similar titles such as "fundamental" or "material" breach, but a normal breach of contract can’t be a sufficient reason to terminate it.In order to terminate the contract, in national legal systems and international trade law, various criteria have been devised to determine the severity of the breach. One of these criteria is "intentionality" of breach. In fact, intentional breach destroys the trust relationship between the parties and normally deprives the obligee from relying on contract performance. Therefore, contract governing law should entitle him to terminate the contractual relationship as one of the remedies.However, studied legal systems' approaches are different in this regard. In some legal documents such as PECL, DCFR and PICC, deliberate breach has been explicitly considered as fundamental breach. In new France and Germany civil code, the concept of breach severity is not explained but these countries judicial precedent requires intentionality as one of the criteria. In common law, intentionality of the breach is a component in addition to other circumstances which may justify contract termination. In Iran's law severity of breach is not necessary for contract termination and as a result it doesn't matter whether the breach was intentional or not. Nevertheless, according to jurisprudential principles regarding contractual and non-contractual civil liability, it is possible to distinguish between intentional and unintentional breach of contract.

Protecting and revitalizing wetlands and other water areas requires the participation of all stakeholders, especially water exploiters and local communities. Based on this fact, the present descriptive-analytical research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the barriers to farmers' participation in the revitalization of Lake Urmia. The statistical population of the research consisted of 7100 farmers in the Mahabad sub-basin (one of the sub-basins of Lake Urmia); out of them, 364 cases were selected as the sample using random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the barriers to the participation of farmers in the revival of Lake Urmia can be categorized in the form of seven factors, including the lack of awareness of organizations regarding the concept of participation, economic barriers and infrastructural weakness, centralized and inappropriate management, political issues and legal weakness, cognitive and educational barriers, weak communication, low social capital, and weak motivation of users. These seven factors could account for 65.9% of the variance in barriers to participation. Furthermore, the results of the prioritization of these factors revealed that economic barriers and infrastructure weakness, political issues and legal weakness, and lack of awareness of organizations regarding the concept of participation were more important in comparison to the other barriers. Thus, it is recommended that any program planning decision-making on the revival of Lake Urmia be aligned with an emphasis on removing these barriers.

Breach of contract, a fundamental concept in legal systems worldwide, leads to the obligor's contractual liability. This liability obliges them to compensate the obligee for losses incurred due to the breach. Whether the breach is intentional or unintentional, it raises complex questions about the extent of the obligor's responsibility and the compensatory measures available to the injured party. This research delves into the intricate nuances of intentional breach of contract, exploring the relationship between intentional breach, foreseeability of damages, and the intensification of contractual liability. In legal systems globally, the principle of full compensation prevails, emphasizing the obligor's obligation to compensate all losses caused by the breach. However, exceptions exist, such as the non-claimability of damages that were not reasonably foreseeable at the time of contract formation. This exception raises questions about the compensatory rights of the injured party and the moral and ethical implications of intentional wrongdoing. Intentional breach of contract represents the most severe form of breach, occurring when the obligor refrains from fulfilling the contract with the intention of gaining undue benefits, avoiding losses, or causing harm to the obligee. This deliberate action raises profound legal and ethical questions. Does the intentional nature of the breach warrant an intensified response in terms of contractual liability and compensatory measures? The hypothesis of this research asserts that intentional breach signifies bad faith, justifying a heightened response. Ethically, intentional wrongdoing deserves a more significant degree of accountability compared to unintentional actions. This moral principle aligns with established legal doctrines, custom, reason, and the wisdom of jurisprudence. When a person intentionally commits an abnormal act, their actions should be treated differently from those of an unintentional person. In the context of contractual liability, this differentiation translates into an intensified liability for intentional breaches. To validate this proposition, the research employs a descriptive-analytical approach coupled with a comparative study of legal systems, including French law, international legal documents (PECL, DCFR, and CESL), Iranian law, and jurisprudential foundations. By meticulously examining these legal frameworks, the research investigates whether intentional breach of contract justifies claiming unforeseeable damages, a right typically restricted in cases of unintentional breaches. The findings of the research demonstrate that intentional breach of contract results in an escalation of the obligor's contractual liability. In situations of intentional breach, the injured party can claim unforeseeable damages that would otherwise be unclaimable in cases of normal, unintentional breaches. This legal possibility is unequivocally recognized in various legal systems, including Article 1231-3 of the New French Civil Code, Article III.3:703 DCFR, and Article 9:503 PECL. While the principle of foreseeability of damages generally serves as an exception to the principle of full compensation, intentional breach of contract transcends this limitation. Consequently, the injured party in cases of intentional breach is entitled to claim unforeseeable damages, thus reviving the principle of full compensation. Furthermore, the ability to claim unforeseeable damages in cases of intentional breach underscores the multifaceted nature of contractual liability. Beyond its primary function of compensating damages arising from breach of contract, contractual liability assumes secondary roles, such as punishment and deterrence. It serves as a form of private punishment, discouraging intentional misconduct and promoting ethical behavior in contractual relationships. In the realm of Iranian law and Imamyah jurisprudence, while there may be no explicit and universal rule permitting additional damages for intentional breach, specific legal and jurisprudential branches exist where intentional misconduct heightens liability. By adopting the criteria of these branches, it becomes evident that intensifying liability for intentional breaches harmonizes with jurisprudence and legal foundations, thereby ensuring a just and equitable legal response to intentional wrongdoing. In conclusion, the research establishes a compelling argument for the intensification of contractual liability in cases of intentional breach of contract. By recognizing the distinctive nature of intentional breaches and the moral principles that underpin legal doctrines, legal systems can uphold justice, accountability, and fairness in contractual relationships. The ability to claim unforeseeable damages in cases of intentional breach not only ensures full compensation for the injured party but also serves as a powerful deterrent against intentional misconduct, reinforcing the integrity of contractual agreements and promoting ethical conduct in the realm of commerce and law.

Failure to perform contractual obligations may be unintentional or intentional. Intentional breach represents the most severe form of contract violation, consequently leading to unique consequences not applicable in cases of unintentional breaches, among various legal systems. One of the significant effects of intentional breach within the framework of compensatory arrangements is the inability of the breaching party to rely on an exemption clause it has obtained as a contractual benefit. A party that intentionally and willingly fails to fulfill its obligations should not be allowed to escape the consequences of its deliberate harmful actions by seeking refuge in an exemption clause contained within the contract. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the practical and significant impact of intentional breach on the validity of contractual exemption clauses from an objective perspective, within the regulatory framework and judicial practices of three major legal systems (Roman-Germanic, Common Law, and Islamic Law).

The agricultural extension system has always needed transformation and structural adjustment from different dimensions; In order to achieve this goal, some reformative institutional approaches such as pluralism have been proposed. Therefore, the purpose of present mixed (qualitative-quantitative) study was to identify the components and imperatives of the pluralistic agricultural extension system in Iran which was performed using Delphi technique. The panel members included 20 people in the first round and 11 people in the second round who were selected purposefully based on their education level, research records, and having sufficient experience in the field of pluralistic agriculture extension. In order to analyze the data using SPSS software, statistical values including mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Kendall's correlation coefficient were calculated. After doing two rounds of the Delphi technique, 10 main components for a pluralistic agricultural extension system were identified that were including organizational structure, information sources, agricultural extension agents, financial resources, policies and strategies, communication methods and channels, audiences, organizational and management methods, content and topics, and approaches. Also, the implementation of the Delphi technique in the second round led to the identification of 24 different imperatives for the pluralistic agriculture extension system in Iran, which were identified using the qualitative content analysis technique with a summarization approach. Based on the conceptual fit and semantic proximity of the concepts, these imperatives were categorized into 10 general groups including attention to extensional approaches, development of facilities and support services, structural imperatives, reduction of government tenure, legal imperatives, comprehensive coverage of groups and audiences, persistent monitoring and evaluation, networking and coordination between actors, capacity building, and development of professional skills and targeted content creation for extensional programs. In general, paying attention to the components and imperatives identified in this research can in practice be a suitable guide for designing a desirable model of pluralist agriculture extension system and implementing such a system in the country.

Multiple factors have contributed to rangeland degradation. The present research aims to investigate the impact of policies and interventions by local communities on rangeland reduction through a qualitative approach utilizing the grounded theory method. The participants included 17 experts in natural resources, environment, and agriculture from Zanjan Province, selected purposively and interviewed using a snowball method until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis employing open, axial, and selective coding yielded 427 concepts, which were categorized into 203 initial, 51 principal, and 8 core categories. The core categories encompassed: the decrease in rangeland area and increase in cropland area, the influence of government policies on rural lands and rangelands, shifts in rural socio-economic and farming systems, the impact of human interventions on rangeland degradation, the role of institutions in rangeland conservation, unsustainable exploitation of natural resources by rural communities, changes in rural land ownership, and the effect of collective utilization on rangeland degradation. The paradigmatic model centered around the central phenomenon of the research, "decrease in rangeland area and increase in cropland area," particularly post the 1980s. Government land policies, notably the nationalization of natural resources and land reforms, have significantly contributed to qualitative changes in rangelands, shifts in land ownership, reductions in rangeland area, and expansion of cropland. These changes have triggered shifts in socio-economic systems and land-use patterns in rural areas. Human interventions, especially population growth in rural areas and the intensified livestock population exceeding rangeland capacity, emerge as the most influential factors driving land-use changes, rangeland diminution, and degradation.

Objective or subjective view of the contract, although itself a more theoretical issue, has important practical effects, especially in the area of contractual errors. It has long been believed that civil law systems have a subjectivist and common law systems have an objectivist approach to contract. However, this statement does not seem to be accurate in its entirety.The purpose of this article is to investigate this issue in the rules and jurisprudence of these legal systems by descriptive-analytical method with a detailed explanation of the similarities and differences between legal systems in perception of contract. In three systems (England, France, and Germany), the contractual conception of rules and decisions (external view) is a similar objective-subjective dialectical conception. But from the inside view, the issue is very different: these are only German jurists whose perception of contract is consistent with the jurisprudence. But the English and French jurists, tend to understand contract in a more linear way, in England is essentially objective and exceptionally subjective, and in France it is essentially subjective and exceptionally objective. However, the conception of the Iranian legal system seems to be a subjective understanding, both externally and internally.

Increasing the ability of parents in problem-solving skills in the field of effective interaction with aggressive children will reduce the level of aggression in their children.

The present study was conducted to reveal the effect of problem-solving skill training intervention on the relational aggression of mothers with aggressive sons.

The method of the present study was experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a one-month follow-up test. The statistical population included all mothers of male students of the public primary schools in the city of Kermanshah in 2020-2021. After screening and completing the questionnaire the students with the cooperation of mothers and teachers, among the mothers whose children were one standard deviation above the limit in terms of aggression, 60 people were randomly selected and divided into two groups, 30 experimental and 30 under control. A relational questionnaire was used for data collection (Shahim, 2007). The mothers of the experimental group were trained for 5 sessions of 60 minutes, and the control group was without intervention until the end of the sessions. was used to analyze the statistical data. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) by SPSS was used to analyze the statistical data.

The results of the research indicate the effect of the intervention on relational aggression components in the post-test (F=16.30 and p<0.01) and follow-up (F=11.24 and (p <01) and verbal-reactive aggression in the post-test (F = 19.25, p < 01) and follow-up (F = 9.95, p < 0.01). However, there was no impact on the physical aggression component; Post-test (F=1.20 and p>0.05) and follow-up (F=1.75 and p>0.05).

According to the findings of this research, problem-solving skill training can be used as a psychological intervention to control and reduce aggressive behavior in children.

Unemployment of agricultural and natural resources graduates is one of the challenges that can be solved to some extent by forming agricultural cooperatives. In the various fields of production, distribution of inputs, conversion and processing, and marketing of agricultural products agricultural cooperatives are of the necessary potential to create employment for agricultural graduates. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the behavioral intention of agricultural students towards the formation of agricultural cooperatives using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The statistical population is all undergraduate students of Lorestan University in the academic year 1400. Using Cochran's formula, 363 cases were determined as the sample size. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by content validity analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficients, respectively. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS and PLS software. The results showed that the behavioral intention of students to form agricultural cooperatives is influenced by the variables of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, and these three variables are also affected by the three variables of behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and controlled beliefs, respectively. According to the results, the effects of students' behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and controlled beliefs on their attitude, subjective beliefs, and perceived behavioral control towards the formation of agricultural cooperatives were significant. Also, the three variables of attitude, subjective beliefs, and perceived behavioral control have significant effects on students' behavioral intention towards forming agricultural cooperatives. These three variables explained 62.7% of the variance of students' intention. The implications of this research can be a guide for cooperative planners and those in charge of the employment of students in the field of agriculture and natural resources.

The main purpose of this descriptive-analytical study was to identify and explain the barriers to protection of water resources in the Urmia Lake Basin. Participants in this research were key experts and informants in UL Rehabilitation Headquarters, Urmia University, Agriculture-Jihad Organizations, Regional Water Companies, Departments of Environmental Protection and Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centers in three provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Kurdistan among which 19 people were selected through purposive sampling method for doing the research. Semi-structured interviews (in individual and group form) were used to collect data and the data were analyzed using MAXQDA software. The results of the study showed that barriers to water resources protection in the Urmia Lake Basin were in the form of 28 different signs among which not using the real participation of stakeholders in water resources management (among the signs related to social- cultural barriers), lack of promotion of sustainable and compatible livelihoods with water resources at the basin level (among the signs related to economic barriers), lack of sufficient coherence for decision-making between local, provincial and national levels (among the signs related to organizational- Institutional barriers), the lack of comprehensive water distribution law (among the signs related to legal-administrative barriers) and top-down management of water resources (among the signs related to management barriers) had the highest priorities compared to other signs. Finally, based on the research findings, some strategies were presented to eliminate barriers to the protection of water resources in the Urmia Lake Basin.

Fire as a frequent phenomenon in rangelands and because of its complicated and different effects on natural ecosystems, has great importance. Awareness of such fire effects on vegetation cover in point of rangeland management after fire is important and helps better Understanding and sustainable management of rangelands. Changing in plant structure and composition and site  situations is on of the most clear effects of fire on natural ecosystems especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Fire effects on soil seed bank is a fundamental subject in ecology and phytosociology. These seeds have a vital role in maintenance and reclamation of deteriorated rangelands and also in plant composition improvement in plant communities. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fire on vegetation and soil seed bank in Sarkhalaj rangelands of Kangavar (middle Zagros).

In current research, one year after the fire, in two areas of the control (Grazing exclosure) and fire, percentage of canopy cover and soil seed bank were sampled on transects with a systematic-random approach. Soil was sampled on these transects in two depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm. After greenhouse cultivation, germinated seeds were identified and the composition and density of soil seed bank were determined. In order to comparing of biodiversity, we used species richness index, species diversity index (Shannon- Wischmeier) And evenness index (Pielou). Also similarity index (Jacard) between ground and underground vegetation cover in exclosure and fire area using formula. Mean comparison of biodiversity indices performed by LSD test. Also, biodiversity indices calculation of plant communities based on two viewpoints: ground and soil seed bank plant composition was done andsignificancy of differences of functions of biodiversity of ground and soil seed bank under treatments (fire and control area) compared via T-test. Raunkiaer life-form system was used to Plant categorizing.

The results of this study indicated that after one year fire the diversity, richness and evenness indexes were significantly reduced. Assessment of soil seed bank in depth of 0 – 5 cm showed that fire decreased the diversity and species richness indexes. However, it did not significantly affect the evenness index. Moreover, in depth of 5-10 cm fire had no significant effect on diversity indexes. Plants life form classification changed after fire and Cryptophytes  and Hemicryptophytes species decreased 8% and 6 %, respectively which resulted in domination of annuals in plant composition. Also, seed amounts decreased greatly in soil surface layer (0-5 cm.).

Overall, considering the results of this study, it could be said that by changing the site conditions, both in terms of the space required for the establishment of new species and by changing the soil properties, the fire has caused a change in the composition and diversity of species and finally the life form of existing species in the area.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between social capital and conflict management and its impact on institutional effectiveness in rural cooperative companies. This research was conducted through the survey approach and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect field data. The statistical population of the research included members of 13 rural cooperative companies of Gorgan county (N=14988). The sample size was estimated using Cochran's formula (n=315) and the respondents were selected by random cluster sampling.. All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS21 and AMOS20. At the descriptive level, according to the measurement of the non-weighted linear combination of variables, most of the respondents evaluated the status of social capital, conflict management, and institutional effectiveness in cooperative companies at an average level. At the analytical level, the fit of the structural model indicated the causal relationship between social capital and conflict management, and institutional effectiveness. Among the three components of social capital, two communicative and cognitive components had a significant impact on conflict management. Also, among the three components of social capital, two structural and cognitive components had a significant effect on institutional effectiveness. Finally, investigating the causal relationship between social capital and conflict management with institutional effectiveness, showed that the conflict management variable has a fully mediating role in the relationship between social capital and institutional effectiveness.

The diversity and complexity of the missions of the police organization requires that these people have the appropriate psychological capabilities to face stressful situations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neurolinguistic programming training on cognitive flexibility and emotional resilience of the SWAT female officers.

The current research is in the group of semi-experimental and descriptive researches. The statistical population of the research was made up of 100 students of the Special SWAT Unit of the Women's Police Complex of Amin Police University, and a sample of 30 of them who obtained the lowest score in the test of resilience and cognitive flexibility were randomly divided into two groups. 15 people were tested and controlled. The experimental group received 14 sessions of neurolinguistic programming training and the control group did not receive training. After the sessions, a post-test was taken from both groups and the results were analyzed. The data were collected with DennisVander Wal (2010) cognitive flexibility questionnaires and Connor-Davidson (2003) resilience questionnaires, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89 and 0.87, respectively, and with spss23 software and the test ANOVA and Levene were analyzed.

The research showed that neurolinguistic programming training has a positive effect on the cognitive flexibility and emotional resilience of female students. This training makes women add this habit to their behavior treasure and in problematic situations, instead of using convulsive behaviors such as unnecessary criticism, blame, sarcasm, sarcasm, sarcasm, etc. Use constructively

The main purpose of this study was analyzing educational channels that could help to improve village participation in environmental protection projects. The main objective of this qualitative study was to identify the factors affecting wheat farmers’ adaptation to cope with climate change. The statistical population of this study consisted of key experts and informants in Kerman Province,21 of them were selected using purposeful sampling and snowball technique. The collected data were analyzed using MAXQDA11 software. The results indicated that the most important adaptation actions to cope with climate changes in Kerman Province were on-farm actions including technical-agronomic, technological, water conservation, and sustainable environmental actions, and off-farm actions including managerial-economic, occupational, and diversification of livelihood. The results also showed that the main factors affecting adaptation actions to cope with climate changes in Kerman Province were three factors, institutional- supportive (i.e., legal-administrative, institutional-organizational, supportive, and economic), extension-awareness (i.e., extension-educational and information-advisory), and individual (i.e., individual-psychological), respectively.

the main objective of this research was to investigate the effects and consequences of sustainable agriculture activity in the framework of the project “modeling local community participation in lake Urmia restoration via establishment of sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation”. This research was a descriptive-correlational study in terms of research method. The statistical population of the research consisted of all participants in sustainable agriculture activity in the villages covered by phases 6 and 7 of the project in the provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan (N = 900). According to the table of Bartlett et al. (2001), 251 persons of the participants were selected using multi-stage random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. A pilot study was conducted to determine the reliability of the research instrument. The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed that the effects and consequences of sustainable agriculture activity were classified into three factors: environmental, social and economic, respectively, and explained a total of about 59 percent of the variances of project implementation effects. In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that in accordance with the three main dimensions of sustainable development, the implementation of sustainable agriculture activity has been able to improve the livelihoods of local communities through social capacity building and modeling the participation of local communities in parallel with paying attention to environmental considerations.

Overgrazing, imbalance between stocking rate and range capacity, premature enterance of livestock to range and forests, are among the main factors in range and forest destruction and changes in composition, structure and species diversity. In this study, the changes in composition, structure and species diversity under different intensity of livestock Grazing: ungrazed (UG), moderate grazing (MG), and heavy grazing (HG), after one year grazing in Sarkhalaj Deteriorated Forests (Kangavar), was investigated.

Sampling was done along 100 m transects, with 90 plots (2 m2) based on Brown blanke method to record vegetation cover of species. Whereas Sarkhalaj area, are numbered as summer woody rangelands, sampling of soil seed bank was done before seed growth season. Then after field observation of area, three site were selected that in each site, ecological characteristics such as topography (slope, aspect, height), soil type and average rainfall were the same and only differed in grazing intrnsity. The distance among sites was considered as 500 m. Then these sites treated uvder heavy and moderate grazing and in one of sites, no grazing was performed (control). Also sampling from soil seed bank in the study area, was collected in two soil depth: 0-5 and 5-10 cm in each plot. The composition and amount of seed bank were determined by seeding method in greenhouse.

 The results showed that MG and HG caused change in species diversity by decreasing of cryptophytes and trophytes and increasing of hemi-cryptophytes, chaemophytes and phanerophytes in the study area. Also, diversity indices of vegetation and seed bank in HG, were very lesser compared to UG area which indicats the severe changes of species diversty due to overgrazing. The results of this study showed that, livestoch grazing could be applayed as a management tool to enrichment of phanerophytes (shrubs) in woody rangeland.The results showed that MG and HG led to change in species diversity, so that by increasing of graze intensity cryptophytes and trophytes species were decreased, wherease hemi-cryptophytes, chaemophytes and phanerophytes spesies were increased.Also, diversity indices in HG area were lesser than ungrazing area, wherese diversity indices of MG was more than HG.

 Overally, results of this study showed that annual exclosure oprations can increase the diversity indexes and when exclosure is not possible (because of rural and nomad's needs for rangeland forage and impossibility of exerting rangeland exclosure in such vasst area, MG can be a higher priority.

In recent decades, unsustainable development of agricultural activities in the Lake Urmia (LU) catchment area has led to drying up of a significant part of the lake. In addition to the negative impacts on the quality of life of local communities around the lake, this issue has had a devastating effect on the quality and quantity of agricultural activities in the region. Accordingly, it seems that the development of sustainable agriculture (SA) can be considered as one of the most important steps towards the revitalization of LU. Due to the importance of the subject, the main purpose of this applied research was to identify and analyze the strategies for the development of sustainable agricultural activities in the provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan in order to revitalize LU. The statistical population of the research was 27 renowned experts and specialists in the Conservation of Iranian’s Wetlands Office, Agriculture-Jihad Organizations, Department of Environmental Protection, and Agricultural Technical-engineering Firms in the provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan. In this research, first, internal and external factors affecting SA activities were identified using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) technique. Then, the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) technique was employed to prioritization of acceptable strategies for the development of SA activities. According to the results, in both West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan provinces, the opportunities for SA activities outweighed its threats, and at the same time, the strengths of SA activities outweighed its weaknesses. Also, the results of this research showed that in terms of strategic position, SA activities in both West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan provinces were in a developmental position or maximum-maximum. In this regard, the most important joint strategies at the level of both provinces were included "institutional empowerment and synergy of inter-sectoral capacities in order to use the existing potentials in different governmental and non-governmental sectors in the provinces" and "linking SA activity with environmental protection issues with emphasis on the conservation of LU".

The present study aimed to analyze the Farmers' Behavior in Using Low-pressure Irrigation System. This qualitative study is performed in East Azarbaijan province. The statistical sample population consists of 393 farmers out of 112010 farmers of East Azarbaijan province. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that face validity and convergent validity were used to assess the validity of the questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the mean of variance extracted was acceptable for the studied structures (AVE≥0.522). Also, the combined reliability value was suitable for all structures (CR≥0.785). The SPSS version 20 and AMOS version 21 were used to analyze the data. In order to better understand the main factors influencing the behavior of low-pressure irrigation systems, the research model was based on the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) and extended. In this study, two variables of moral norm and self-identity have been added to the initial model of the decomposed theory of planned behavior, which has made it more complete and comprehensive. The results of using structural equation modeling showed that EDTPB had a suitable effectiveness and efficiency to predict farmers' behavior in using low-pressure irrigation system. In addition, variables including compatibility, advantages, facilitators, self-efficacy, attitudes, moral norms, self-identity and behavioral control were explained 72% of the variance changes.

Due to the critical conditions of lake Urmia, the plan of “modeling local community participation in lake Urmia restoration via establishment of sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation” began in 2014 in the villages of the provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan. One of the main objectives of this plan was to identify and extend livelihoods with low water needs, which has been implemented in recent years in the form of the "diversifying the livelihoods of rural households" (DLRH) project. Considering the importance of the project and the various barriers facing its implementation, the main purpose of this applied research was to identify internal and external factors affecting the implementation of DLRH project and formulate diversification strategies for rural households in order to revitalize lake Urmia. The statistical population of the research was 27 relevant experts and specialists in the Conservation of Iranian Wetlands Project Office, Agriculture-Jihad Organizations, Departments of Environmental Protection and Agricultural Technical-engineering Firms in the provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan. In this research, first, internal (i.e., strengths and weaknesses) and external (i.e., opportunities and threats) factors affecting the implementation of DLRH project were identified using SWOT technique. Then, the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) technique was employed to prioritization of acceptable strategies for the development of the DLRH project. The results of the SWOT technique showed that the DLRH project was in a competitive strategic position (maximum-minimum) in West Azerbaijan province, implying that efforts should be made to avoid threats by using strengths; while the strategic position of the project was in a position of change of direction (minimum-maximum) in East Azerbaijan province, and consequently, it is recommended to take advantage of the opportunities to eliminate the weaknesses of the project. Eventually, according to the results of this study, the two main strategies to diversify the livelihoods of rural households in West Azerbaijan province, respectively, were included "professional empowerment and promotion of villagers' cognitive and skill areas" and "emphasis on the use of female facilitators in the structure of administrator firms of the project; these strategies in East Azerbaijan province also were included "development of production clusters in order to integrate and synergy rural small businesses", "more attention to facilitating the marketing of products".

Hyperlordosis is one of the spinal abnormalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fatigue caused by strenuous running on static and dynamic balance in women with hyperlordosis.

In the present quasi-experimental study, 30 women with lumbar spine curvature greater than 40 degrees were included in the experimental control groups. To measure lumbar lordosis from a flexible ruler and to assess static and dynamic balance, displacement changes and center of pressure (COP) distance, with the eyes open on a hard surface using a biodex device in two pre-fatigue conditions (3 repetitions) and after fatigue (3 repetitions) were performed. The experimental group was affected only by the independent variable of muscle fatigue. Simon test was used to perform the fatigue program to the point of exhaustion.

Fatigue due to running to the point of exhaustion had a significant effect on static and dynamic balance (COP displacement). Fatigue with Simon protocol in the difficult directions of dynamic balance test (anterior, anterior-external and external) compared to before the fatigue protocol had a significant difference in dynamic balance on the subjects.

According to the results, it can be said that fatigue reduces balance in women with lumbar hyperlordosis by reducing postural control.

The main purpose of this research was to analyze the crisis situation of Lake Urmia (LU) catchment area and providing solutions for its sustainable management using DPSIR model. Participants in this research were key experts and informants in LU Rehabilitation Headquarters, Urmia University, Agriculture-Jihad Organizations, Regional Water Companies, Departments of Environmental Protection and Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centers in three provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, and Kurdistan among which 14 cases were selected through purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews (individual and group) were used to collect the required data and data were analyzed in MAXQDA software using directional content analysis. The results of the research showed that the factors related to crisis situation of the LU catchment area were included 45 different indicators among which climate change (among the indicators related to the driving forces of the LU crisis), inappropriate policies and poor management of water resources (among the indicators related to pressure factors in the expansion of the crisis), reducing the water level of the lake (among the indicators related to the current situation), and increasing air pollution due to dust and stress on local communities (among the indicators related to the effects) had the highest priorities compared to the others. Moreover, according to the results of the study, it was found that the most important responses to resolving the crisis of LU and its sustainable management were included establishing the new organizations and institutions, carrying out projects related to groundwater balancing, increasing the capacity of NGOs, tightening enforcement of water protection laws, and increasing extension and training activities for farmers in the field water resources protection.