روح الله عسکری

Nurses, as the closest healthcare providers to patients, hold significant popularity and trust. Strengthening their competence in spiritual care is critical in ensuring holistic healthcare delivery. This study aimed to evaluate the spiritual care competence of nurses working in selected teaching hospitals of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd in 2023.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 262 nurses employed in three selected teaching hospitals (Shahid Sadoughi, Shahid Rahnamoun, and Afshar hospitals). Data were collected using the Standard Spiritual Care Competence Questionnaire (SCCS) and analyzed through ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Spearman's correlation coefficient using SPSS version 21 software.

The overall mean score and standard deviation of spiritual care competence among nurses were 83.9±18.2, indicating an optimal level of competence. Among the dimensions of spiritual care competence, the "personal support and consultation with the patient" dimension scored the highest (18.8±5.2), while the "communication" dimension scored the lowest (7.3±1.6). The highest overall competence score was observed at Shahid Rahnamoun Hospital (88.5±17.7)

While the overall competence in spiritual care among the nurses studied was favorable, the low score in the communication dimension highlights the need for workshops focused on effective nurse-patient communication. Developing these skills can significantly enhance nurses' roles in improving patient health outcomes.

The need for healthcare is one of the fundamental needs of humans in critical and emergency situations. Hospitals and healthcare centers are among the first units that can reduce casualties by providing optimal and timely healthcare services. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the resilience status of selected hospitals in Yazd city during the crisis in the year 2023.

This research is a descriptive-cross sectional study conducted in 2023 in 5 selected hospitals in Yazd (classified by hospital ownership: university hospitals A, B, C, charity hospital D, and private hospital E). The resilience level of the hospitals during a crisis was assessed using Zhong's standard questionnaire, which evaluated 9 dimensions of resilience. Responses to the questions were based on a 5-point Likert scale (always to never), and data were analyzed using SPSS 26 software. Quantitative data were reported with central (mean) and dispersion (standard deviation) indicators, followed by qualitative (demographic) data as numbers and percentages.

The results showed that the overall resilience status of the hospitals in this study averaged 3.95 ± 0.69, which was evaluated at a good level. The highest score was for the private hospital E with an average of 4.30 ± 0.55, and the lowest score was for the public hospital A with an average of 3.75 ± 0.55. Hospital A's score was at a moderate level, while the remaining hospitals were rated at a good level.

Considering the average resilience of hospitals in a number of areas, it is suggested to develop and present training programs related to preparing for critical situations and holding maneuvers and conducting exercises with emphasis on training key employees.

Examining the rate of leaving with discharge against medical advice (DAMA) despite not completing the treatment process is one of the ways to be aware of patients' satisfaction with the environment and treatment system. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting emergency department (ED) discharge with personal responsibility of the patient in selected hospitals of Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2021.

The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2021 in the emergency department of selected hospitals affiliated by Alborz University of Medical Sciences. The sample size included 200 patients leaving ED with personal consent by stratified random method. Data were created by a researcher checklist using descriptive statistics and SPSS24.

The most identified reasons for DAMA from the emergency room of the studied hospitals were educational (50%) and attitudinal-emotional (30%); and the least reasons were related to equipment, physical environment and amenities (12%) and Emergency procedures (7%).

DAMA can have many undesirable and sometimes irreversible consequences for them, such as death and infection. Planning for training medical students and scheduling the presence of residents and interns in the ED to prevent overcrowding in this department, as well as identifying factors affecting the patient's attitude and feelings, including explaining the treatment process, are recommended.

It is expected that graduates of healthcare management have the necessary skills to perform various managerial and administrative positions. This study was carried out with the aim of designing and compiling an evaluation framework for students based on educational standards in the internship period.

The current study was conducted in four phases: In the first phase, in order to identify the problem and assess the needs, the existing curriculum and topics were examined, as well as the studies conducted in this field. In the second phase, the perspective of the stakeholders was used to complete and modify the initial framework. In the third phase, worksheets for registering internship learning activities were prepared for students and a checklist of educational and learning objectives, personal and management skills, and skills for developing professional qualifications was compiled. Finally, a specialized panel was used to determine the type of formative and final exams.

The problems and challenges of internships can be investigated in 4 areas: inappropriate planning of the course, faculty, group - professors and hospital. In designing the evaluation tool, 9 criteria were taken into consideration. Also, tests designed in a compilation framework were used as formative tests and reasoning tests were used as final tests.

The compiled framework can be used as a valid and comprehensive tool to evaluate the practical competence and capabilities of healthcare management students during the internship period.

From the perspective of health promotion, the most critical mission of hospitals is to change the treatment-oriented mindset to a health-oriented one. Health promoting hospitals seek to institutionalize the concept of prevention and health promotion. Therefore, the current research aims to study Kashan, Aran and Bidgol hospitals in achieving health promotion standards in 2020.

The current study is a descriptive correlational study that was conducted cross-sectionally in 2020. The statistical sample studied was 65 managers and officials of 4 hospitals in Kashan, Aran and Bidgol cities (1 government hospital, 3 non-government hospitals). Data were collected using the World Health Organization (WHO)'s health promotion standards questionnaire. The authors used Kruskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA tests to compare the mean performance scores among the hospitals. Bonferroni test was used for parallel comparison of the hospitals. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software with a significance level of 5%.

Findings indicated that regarding the standards of management policy, patient assessment, patient information and intervention, promotion of a healthy workplace, continuity of treatment and cooperation, performance score of non-government hospitals (private and Social Security Organization) were significantly higher than the studied government hospital in this study (p < 0.001). The total score of health promotion standards in the non-government hospitals was significantly higher than the government hospital (p < 0.001). This difference was significant.

Conclusion :

One of the variables influencing the quality of health promotion standards in hospitals is the type of hospital in terms of ownership (government, non-government). It seems that organizations using government funds, typically, have worked less than other organizations with regard to improving and upgrading their quality. Therefore, managers of government hospitals need to plan for developing standards of management policy, patient assessment, patient information and intervention, upgrading a healthy and standard work environment continuity of treatment and cooperation. Then, authorities need to monitor and evaluate these processes.

Job performance is the most critical organizational issue determining the survival or dissolution of an organization. Professional ethics are among the major factors promoting job performance. Since professional ethics and job performance contribute greatly to the enhancement of productivity, the present study aimed to assess the relationship between professional ethics and job performance of staff in selected hospitals of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2021.

This applied research was conducted based on a descriptive cross-sectional design conducted on 180 employees of selected hospitals in 2022. The subjects were randomly selected and administered the Work Ethic Questionnaire of Gregory, C., Petty, and Job Performance Questionnaire by Patterson. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16) using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.

The results pointed to a positive and significant relationship between professional ethics and job performance. The correlation coefficients of "interest in work', "perseverance", "healthy relationships", "collective spirit and participation in work" were reported as 0.355, 0.551, 0.483), and 0.386, respectively. Demographic variables (marriage, education, age, and professional experience) showed a significant relationship with professional ethics, and demographic variables (gender, marriage, age, and work experience) were correlated with job performance.

As evidenced by the findings of this study, the promotion of ethics can increase employees' job performance. Since job performance directly improves organizational productivity, these two variables deserve assiduous attention.

 In patient care provision, observing ethical principles is prior to care delivery and observing professional ethics is among the essential components of the nursing profession. Considering this important fact, the present study was conducted with the aim of prioritizing and investigating the degree of observing professional ethics values from the perspective of the nurses in the selected hospitals in Yazd in 1400.

 The present study is a descriptive cross sectional study, which was conducted in 2021 in the two selected hospitals in Yazd (A, B). The samples consisted of 100 nurses, who were selected through stratified-random method. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, deriving from the 10-dimension Nursing ethical values approved by the Ministry of Health in 2011. The results were analyzed in SPSS 20 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation).

Ethical Considerations: 

The present study has been approved by the ethics committee. Ethical considerations have been observed, including completing the written informed consent form, voluntary participation, explaining the research objectives and ensuring data confidentiality.

 Among the 10 dimensions of nursing ethical values, the nurses prioritized professional adherence (140±2.03), compassion and kindness (120±3.4) and promoting the awareness of professional regulations (115±1.3), respectively. In addition, 79% of the nurses assessed the degree of observing ethical values as good.

 Considering the priority of ethical values, paying attention to professional adherence, compassion and kindness, and promoting the awareness of professional regulations in continuous nursing education programs can be effective in improving the quality of hospital performance and the degree of patient satisfaction.

 Nursing care as an essential component of health services is very important and ethics in nursing is a significant factor in health care. Therefore, the present study aims to prioritize and examine the level of observance of nurses' ethical values ​​from the perspective of patients admitted to the selected hospitals in Yazd in 2021.

 The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in two selected hospitals in Yazd and in a sample of 100 patients who were selected by stratified-random sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the 10 dimensions of ethical values ​​of nursing of the Ministry of Health in 2011. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) in SPSS software version 20.

Among the 10 dimensions of ethical values of nursing, the patients gave the highest priority to altruism and kindness (1± 140.19), compassion and kindness (2 ±135 .01), and accountability and responsibility (1± 130.33), respectively. Moreover, 56% of patients rated the observance of ethical values ​​in a good condition.

 If the ethical values ​​of altruism and empathy, compassion and kindness, and accountability and responsibility are considered in the continuous nursing education program, it can be effective to help improve the quality of hospital performance as well as patients’ satisfaction.

Today, the medical tourism market has been raised as one of the revenue industries in the world. In the tourism industry, factors have a direct and important impact on boom and expansion that causes some countries to become a medical tourism pole. This study aimed at prioritizing factors related to the absorption of medical tourists in Yazd City, Iran.

In the first step, using the keywords such as "medical tourism, effective factors and absorption factors", Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, Medlib, Civilica, and Irandoc were reviewed, and related factors with the absorption of tourists were extracted; and in the second stage, using the hierarchical analysis model, by the research community consisting medical tourists and experts in this area, these factors were prioritized.

Factors were identified in the two themes, seven subthemes, and 27 items; among them, the subtheme of the quality of health services, and item of the quality of the treatment staff had the most importance and priority from the viewpoint of medical tourists and experts in this area.

One of the ways to increase tourists attracting and influencing tourists to choose Iran as a destination country, is to increase the quality of services, especially medical services, along with reducing costs, and making them competitive.

Health promotion includes the concepts of health education, disease prevention and rehabilitation services. Accordingly, the implementation of standards and indicators of health promotion in hospitals is necessary to ensure the quality of the services provided. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of implementing a health promotion hospital plan on the awareness of hospitalized cardiac patients in selected educational hospitals in Yazd.

This was an interventional study, which was performed on 62 cardiac patients referred to 2 selected educational hospitals of Yazd University of Medical Sciences. 31 patients from Afshar Hospital (the case group), and 31 patients from Shahid Sadoughi Hospital (the control group) were selected by purposive sampling method. In the case group, in addition to the routine trainings, the subjects received face to face and group educational interventions based on the Health Belief Model and the Guidelines to the American Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Association for 3 months, and were finally given an educational package. The samples in the control group also underwent routine training. Data analysis was performed using a questionnaire based on Health Belief Model, before the educational intervention and 3 months after, using SPSS 23 software, Chi-square and independent t-tests.

Awareness scores in the case and control groups before the intervention were 7.90 ± 4.01 and 10.67 ± 5.31, and after the intervention were 21 ± 1.61 and 11.54 ± 5.31 respectively, and a significant difference was seen in the scores of the post-intervention group (p < 0.001).

The implementation of the health promotion hospital plan can be effective in increasing the awareness and improving the performance of cardiac patients. Therefore, it is recommended for hospitals to move towards health promotion.

The objective of this paper was determining population and species diversity of water birds and waders in Gandoman wetland during one year from mid-September 2017 to mid-September 2018 using SDR-IV software. Result showed from 70 identified birds, 28 species were waterfowl and 42 species were waders. The largest population was belong to Fulica atra. Anatidae with 33.19 percent frequency was the largest family and Burhinidae with 0.003 percent was the smallest family. Winter had largest bird counting (14413 birds) and summer had the lowest bird counting (4039). Results obtained using biodiversity index showed that spring had the biggest diversity in terms of Shanon-Winer (2.97), Simpson (10.71) and Margalf (6.69) diversity and biggest evenness (0.92) in terms of Smith & Wilson. The largest species richness was found in spring (60 species) and the lowest one was found in summer (40 species). The largest bird frequency (bird number) was belong to waterfowl (81.57 %) and the lowest frequency was belong to waders (18.43). In contrast, the largest number of species (60 percent) was belong to waders and the lowest one was belong to waterfowl (40 percent). The results showed that Gandoman wetland had the highest numerical values of richness and evenness of water birds and waders in spring, and this indicated the quality and desirability of the wetland in spring compared to other seasons.

proper geographical access to hospital medical facilities will increase people’s visits to receive non-emergency services and no delay in providing emergency services. This research aimed to determine the level of access to hospital medical facilities with Geographical Information System in Yazd in 2019.

This research is descriptive and applied. The required data for analyzing access included the information related to all existing hospitals, demographic data, and the layer of Yazd’s population blocks. Data analysis was carried out with GIS10.3 software.

Yazd city has 11 hospitals and 1915 active beds. The number of hospitals was proportional to the total population, but there was a shortage of 147 active beds. The per capita hospital space was 0.40 square meters, which is more than the standard (0.37 m2). The distribution of hospitals and beds in different regions of Yazd was inequitable. The population with high or desirable access (the population within a 1500-meter radius of the hospitals) to the hospitals with emergency, internal and surgery, pediatric, and gynecology units made up 54.12, 41.92, 44.44, and 48.34 percent of the Yazd’s population, respectively. Also, the population with limited access (the population out of a 3000-meter radius of hospitals) to the hospitals with emergency, internal and surgery, pediatric, and gynecology units made up 15.40,   31.72, 21.78, and 18.89 percent of the Yazd’s population, respectively.

Regarding the obtained results, it is concluded that there is no shortage of hospitals and hospital space in Yazd, and the number of beds is not way below the international standard. However, locating the hospitals is not so that a large proportion of the population is placed within the radius of high or desirable access to hospitals.

In Iran, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality. The economic burden of these diseases imposed on families makes the situation even worse. Health system policymakers need to be aware of the costs of these diseases to make wise decisions regarding the allocation of resources. The present study aimed to estimate the economic burden of cardiovascular disease in selected hospitals in Yazd.

This cross-sectional study was conducted based on a descriptive-analytical design. The economic burden of cardiovascular disease was estimated using the cost-of-illness method and based on the human capital method. Based on the content and purpose of the current study, the prevalence-based approach was used. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The statistical population included patients with cardiovascular disease who referred to the hospitals under study in Yazd. They were selected by random sampling (n=200). The data were analyzed in SPSS and EXCEL software.

41.5% of patients were male and 58.5% were female. The total direct medical cost was 2,6184,130 Rials and the total non-medical direct medical cost was 11,521,250 Rials for each patient. The economic burden of cardiovascular disease was 16,721,997,317,485 Rials  at a discount rate of 3% ,and a discount rate of 5%, it was reported as 11,819,209,806,581 Rials.

Cardiovascular diseases impose a huge cost on society. The best way to manage these diseases and reduce costs is to change and modify risky behaviors that make the patient invulnerable.

Editing manuscripts is the most fundamental type of research in academic research. Taleb-e Amoli is among the most well-known poets in the eleventh century AH. His sonnets, which include more than half of his songs, contain nearly 13000 verses. Although Taheri Shahab (in 1968) has corrected and published Taleb-e-Amoli's Divan (collection), in order to correct, it is necessary to use all the authentic sources and copies available. Issues such as not using numerous available manuscripts, not reporting inaccurate versions and alternatives in the printed version, and wrong selections lead the authors of this paper while introducing a valid manuscript not used in the previous correction of this work, to criticize and investigate the previous correction of the book. This re-examination attempts to address some of these shortcomings and misreading by researching the text and using the new manuscript. As a result of the present study, a number of new sonnets and verses were added to Taleb’s collection. This completes the shortcomings of the printed version as far as possible. Recording the duplicate version and some new vocabulary is another result of this study. In addition, research into the work makes a new introduction to the stylistic features of Taleb's sonnets and other related topics to be made easier for scholars of Persian poetry and literature to ensure proper judgment and interpretation about Taleb's collection.

The category of health is closely related to growth, comprehensive development, including economic development and human development. Health expenditure are important factors affecting economic growth. These expenditures can increase human development along with human resource and physical capital. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of health expenditures (public and private) on the Human Development Index (HDI).

The present study is a time series study, in which data related to health expenditures and human development index were collected in 2001 to 2014 time series. Then, using time series models in econometric and VAR self-regression econometrics, Granger causality techniques were analyzed.

In this study, public health expenditure expenditures had a one-way relationship with adult literacy rate and its direction is from public health expenditures to adult literacy rate. Private health expenditures had a one-way relationship with adult literacy rates and its direction is from private health expenditures to adult literacy rate. There is also a bilateral relationship between public health expenditures and GDP per capita.

The results of the present study indicated that health expenditures have a significant effect on human development index. Given the important role of the private sector in providing and promoting community health, it is suggested that the government should pay special attention to this issue and through further efforts to provide credits, for both public and private sectors, improvent and promotion of the human development index, are provided.

Considering that human capital is the most important part of health care, planning for distributing human resources in the health sector should be considered as an integral part. The aim of this study was to evaluate the required maternal force in selected hospitals in Yazd City, Iran, according to the standards of Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education in year 2017.

In this descriptive cross-sectional stud, the maternal strength of the Shahid Sadoughi and Shahid Rahnemoon hospitals were estimated according to the standards of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education in year 2017. Researcher-made checklists were used to assess general specifications and performance indicators of the hospital, the status of administrative, financial, supportive, and paraclinical sections of the hospitals. After collecting data, information was analyzed through simple tables.

Out of 37 departments in Shahid Sadoughi and Shahid Rahnemoon hospitals, 28 (75%) had shortage and 9 (25%) had excess of personnel.

The distribution of power was not in good condition. In order to improve the quality of hospital services, having the right information about the number of required human resources is an essential step for managers to make the necessary plans for fair distribution based on human resource requirements, and delivering the sectors to the standard level. The results of the study can be used by authorities, hospital managers, and policymakers of the health sector.

In every country, educational systems are regarded as the axes of development. Therefore, evaluating different academic departments as the main parts of educational systems is one of the most important responsibilities for university managers and authorities This study aimed at evaluating educational performance of all departments at the School of Health, a University of Medical Sciences using Data Envelopment Analysis technique in a time period of 2012-2015. This descriptive, cross-sectional study evaluated the performance of the School of Health departments from 2012 to 2015 using Data Envelopment Analysis technique and Deap version 2.1. The study findings revealed that 57% of the academic departments were efficient and had constant returns to scale (CRS) while others (43%) had decreasing returns to scale (DRS). The Departments of Health Care Management, Nutrition, and Environmental Health were mentioned as reference groups for those inefficient ones. Improving the quality of universities' performance depends greatly on competent and well-organized academic departments. Thus inefficient departments should benchmark reference groups to increase their output and promote the performance.

One of the essential skills which helps healthcare management students succeed in leadership is development of critical thinking skills during their education. Our study objective was to assess critical thinking skills among healthcare management students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 90 healthcare management students in two bachelor and master’ degree studying in health faculty of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2016. To gather data, a standard questionnaire “California Critical Thinking Skill Test (CCTST)” was used and data were analyzed by SPSS 16 through descriptive and analytical statistical tests
Mean scores of critical thinking skill and its different dimensions were in a moderate level indicating its satisfactory condition among participants. Results of correlation test among study variables only confirmed a significant statistical relation between evaluation aspect and education degree (p Findings revealed that total score of students’ critical thinking skills was within the norm range; but their weakness in some aspects highlighted the importance of constant development of such skills among healthcare management students to help them better succeed in leadership tasks

Organizations always struggled to reach the highest levels of employee performance in line with their goals. Hospitals are no exception to this rule too, especially nurses who are the most important occupational groups in the hospital. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dimensions of the internal environment and the five personality traits in nurses' job performance in an educational hospital. Nurses working in a teaching hospital proportional to different wards were selected and 89 person entered the research. The three internal organizational questionnaires (Weisbord), Five Personality traits (NEO) and Job Performance Evaluation (Paterson) were data collection tools. 185 nurses entered the study as samples by using appropriate allocation in each hospital ward. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 software using descriptive statistics and artificial neural networks. In Personality trait questionnaire, the dimensions of accountability (44.13 ± 5.60) and neuroticism (32.86 ± 4.93) were the most and the lowest mean scores. In the internal organization questionnaire, the dimensions of rewards (3.81 ± 1.11) and communication (4.74 ± 1.14) were respectively the best and worst of the studied dimensions. Comparison of importance coefficients in neural networks showed that the dimensions of purpose (from the interior of the organization, 100%) and type of employment (from demographic characteristics, 7.20%) had the highest and the least importance in nursing job performance. Since in this research, purpose (from the interior of the organization) has the highest significance factor in nurses' performance, it is suggested that formulating clear goals and this group should interfere in organizational goals in order to achieve the highest level of job performance.

The work-family conflict has many negative consequences, such as absenteeism, employee turnover, and reduced performance. This study aimed to investigate and compare perceived work-family conflict among clinical and non-clinical employees working in hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive analytical cross-sectional study, was conducted on 210 employees working in Shahid Sadoughi educational hospital in Yazd city, 2016. Data collection was performed using Carlson work-family conflict questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out by t -test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance.
The mean perceived work-family conflict among the study population in terms of three dimensions of time, pressure, and behavior, were 18.11.23, 7.91.09, and 18.16.71, respectively, which showed a significant difference between clinical and non-clinical employees (p Given that female employees are more exposed to work-family conflicts compared to male ones, therefore, measures should be taken to decrease work-family conflict level through greater focus on these groups, creating an appropriate supportive environment, and avoiding rigid and inflexible rules.

Managers’ communication skills and leadership style have influential effect on organizational effectiveness.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of communication skills and type of leadership style among managers and its association with organizational effectiveness from the viewpoints of employees working in hospitals affiliated by Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd.
This analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 400 employees working in three training hospitals of Yazd who have been selected using a randomized clustered method in 2016. Three standard questionnaires including communication skills by Burton, leadership style, Burdens and Metzcus and organizational effectiveness were used by Parsons used to collect data.
Findings: Study findings revealed a significant reverse relationship between managers’ leadership style and their communication skills (P=0.001, r=-0.682) and a direct significant relationship between organizational effectiveness and the latter (P=0.001, r=0.913). Results also confirmed a reverse association between leadership style and organizational effectiveness which was not statistically significant (P=0.669, r=-0.032). Furthermore, the direct influence of communication skills on organizational effectiveness was much more severe than indirect influence of communication skills on organizational effectiveness with a moderating role of leadership style.
Developing effective communication and influencing interaction among managers and organizational employees are mentioned as an important strategy for successful organizations to achieve their determined goals in an appropriate manner.

The occurrence of drug mistakes leads to serious health problems and threatens patient safety. It increases the mortality rates and hospital costs. The purpose of this study was rankings the Causes of Medication Errors from the viewpoints of Nurses in selected Hospitals Affiliated With Yazd University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 nurses working in educational hospitals affiliated to Yazd University of Medical Sciences (Shahid Sadoughi, Shahid Rahnemoon and Afshar Hospitals). Stratified random sampling was used. Required data was gathered by Gladstone questionnaire. Data analysis was done through SPSS 16.
The most common causes of medication errors were the failure to match the patient's names with ordered drugs, the ill-considered and unreadable nature of the physician's orders and the nominal similarity of drugs. Failure to match the patient's names with ordered drugs (3.45 ± 2.85) and the incorrect setting of the infusion device by the nurse (8.81 ± 2.57) had the highest and lowest scores from the viewpoints of nurses.
Establishing and implementing electronic drug prescription, in service training for improving nurse's pharmacological knowledge, identifying the main types and causes of drug errors, the teaching of proper prescribing techniques are needed.

Customer relationship management is a modern marketing concept which is also considered as a successful business strategy. The present study aimed to design a customer relationship management model in the hospital.
The study is an applied research performed in 2 phases of 1) texts investigation and 2) the expert's opinions to achieve consensus. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software along with descriptive statistics.
The designed model included areas of customer relationship management tasks (15 components), employee's required skills (6 components), customer relationship management implementation requirements (7 components), influencing factors on successful customer relationship management (13 components), evaluation of customer relationship management performance (23 components), and customer relationship management consequences(5 components). Moreover, a proper organizational chart was suggested for customer relationship management unit in hospital.
The findings of the present study can be used as a practical guide to design and improve performance of customer relationship management unit in the hospital.

One of the main principles in comprehensive care giving in nursing is spirituality and spiritual care which has been addressed to have a crucial role in providing more effective treatment in patients. This study aimed to assess nurses’ attitude toward spirituality and spiritual care in hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 133 nurses employed in three selected teaching hospitals affiliated to Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Data collection was performed through a two- section standard SSCRS questionnaire (The Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale) including spirituality (n=15 items) and spirituality care (n=8 items). To data analyze SPSS software version 22 was utilized. Significance level was set less than 0.05.
The mean score of attitude toward spirituality and spiritual care were calculated relatively 31.15±7.89 and 21.05±5.5, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant statistical association between nurses’ attitude with gender (p=0.01) and job category (p=0.03). given that, there was no significant association between age, educational level, employment and marital status.
Based on study findings, attitude toward spirituality were more desirable compare to spiritual care among nurses. Thus, more training and awareness can have affecting effects on clinical care and treatment quality potentially in spite of positive attitude toward spirituality.

Despite the resources allocated to hospitals, there is a gap between resources at hand and those needed in hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of intensive care unit departments of hospitals affiliated with Yazd University of medical sciences in 2012.
This descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional, and retrospective study employed data envelope analysis (DEA) to examine efficiency in a sample of ICU departments in 7 selected hospitals. In this study, input variables included the number of physicians, nurses, beds, and medical equipment (Ventilators), while the output variables consisted of the number of discharged healthy patients, bed occupancy rate, economical information such as bed price, as well as physicians and nurse's fees. Data were collected through the study of documents, then, they were imported into the DEAP 2.1 software and various efficiencies were calculated.
The efficiency means of scale, managerial, technical, allocative, and economic calculated for ICU wards were respectively about 0.991, 0.890, 0.883, 0.956, and 0.866 in 2012.
Excess human and capital resources costs are a heavy burden for hospitals to bear and surplus production factors paly a substantial role in decreasing hospitals’ costs. So, intensive care units with efficiencies of less than 1 are recommended to decrease their excess resources to achieve the optimal efficiency.