فهرست مطالب رودی متی

Basra was a halfway station to Mecca. The city played a pivotal role in trade and politics amid the power relations between the Safavid and Ottoman Empire governments. One of the major parameters changed in Basra from the early sixteenth to end of seventeenth century was the lack of an imposing effective control by the central government and the presence of various centrifugal powers that every now and then brought violence to the city. From the beginning of the fifteenth century, the dynasty of the Al Mughamis ruled Basra. However, after a while Musha‘sha took over Basra until Shah Ismā`īl I gained power. In 1512 Basra was ruled by Muntafiq, an independent Arab tribe that has politically and militarily dominated there. Apparently, Shah Ismā`īl I claimed authority over the area, but the he never enforced it. It was only after the conquest of Baghdad by Sultan Sulaymān (r. 1520-66) that the Muntafiq rulers of Basra in 1534 offer his pro forma allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan. Although Ottoman coins were struck at Basra during that time, for the next twelve years nothing changed. Then, in 1546 Basra was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. However, Ottoman rule was never accepted in southern Iraq and for the next sixty years or so the Ottoman governors of Basra constantly had to fight the rebellious Arab tribes around their city. The Ottomans finally lost this war of attrition and in 1612 or thereabouts Āfrāsiyāb, an Ottoman official with local ties, founded an independent dynasty that ruled Basra till 1669. Interference in Basra wasn’t only limited to Iranian force; when Āfrāsiyāb Pasha ousted the forces of the Vālī of Huvayza from Basra province as well as those of another Safavid officials, Safavid forces under Imāmqulī Khān attacked Basra in late 1620s and in order to profit from trade the Portuguese stood against the Safavid troops. The re-establishment of Ottoman rule in 1669 resulted in ten years of relative peace and quiet, but from 1680 the running war with the Arab tribes, particularly the Muntafiq, started again. During the reign of Shah Sulaymān some governor of Basra refuged to Safavids and petitioned military force but the shah did no action for maintain the treaty. Eventually in dominion of shah Sultan Hussein Iranian garrison rendered the golden key of Basra to Ottoman Commander and Persian army discharged there in 1700.This study does not limit it to a particular tribe or state in the history of Basra, but it portrayed society of Basra and their vicissitudes from the beginning of 16th until end of 17th.