رویا اشراقی سامانی

One of the basic strategies to strengthen the sustainable livelihood of local communities against environmental crises, including climate change, is to increase the resilience of these communities against disruption and chaos created in ecological systems. therefore The present research was conducted with the goal of gardeners' sustainable livelihood resilience model to climate change in Hamadan province. The research method was descriptive-correlational and causal-relational. The statistical population included the gardeners of Hamedan province (N=53785). The sample size was 380 people using the Krejcie and Morgan table, and the stage sampling method was used. In this research, the situation of sustainable livelihood resilience model of gardeners in Hamedan province in the face of climate change was analyzed by using questionnaire tool and using statistical software SPSS22 and SMART PLS3 and the reliability and validity of the model were confirmed according to the calculated indicators. In total, based on the average of 3.22 out of 5 (sd=1.01), it can be concluded that the livelihood resilience of gardeners in the face of climate change in Hamedan province is evaluated at an average level. The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicate that environmental norms (β=0.691) and adaptation capacity with climate fluctuations (β=0.606) have a positive and significant effect on the resilience of sustainable livelihoods, the environmental attitude variable It has a positive and significant effect on environmental beliefs (β=0.617), place attachment has a positive and significant effect on adaptation capacity (β=0.610) and the environmental attitude of gardeners in the face of climate change (β=0.567). Also, based on the results, the variable of environmental awareness has a positive and significant effect on adaptation capacity with climate fluctuations (β=0.536) and the variable of environmental beliefs also has a positive and significant effect on environmental norms in the face of climate change (β=0.667). In total, based on the findings, 0.72 of the changes in the dependent variable of sustainable livelihood resilience are directly or indirectly explained by the independent variables of environmental attitude, environmental awareness, environmental beliefs, environmental norms, place attachment and adaptation capacity. The results of this research can be useful and practical for decision-makers in the field of agriculture, especially horticulture, from the point of view of environmental psychology. The findings of this research can be used for policy making and planning and decision-making in order to develop resilience and stabilize the livelihood of gardeners in Hamedan province in the face of climate change.

The present research aims to evaluate the ecosystem of agricultural entrepreneurship in Ilam province. This research has used mixed methods approaches with a sequential exploratory design. In the qualitative part, the statistical population of this research included agricultural entrepreneurs of Ilam province. After conducting in-depth interviews with 30 entrepreneurs and using content analysis, information about the subject under investigation was obtained. In the qualitative part, the statistical population included the agricultural entrepreneurs of Ilam province, 183 of whom were participated through census. The data collection tool (in the quantitative part) was a questionnaire, the face and content validity of which was confirmed by the relevant professors and experts, and its reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.83). Based on the results of the qualitative part, 7 main subsystems (political, financial, social, human, cultural, support and market) of the entrepreneurial ecosystem were extracted. The results of the quantitative part show that the overall structure of the research model has been approved based on the fit indices. The results also indicate that 64% of the variance of agricultural entrepreneurship is accounted for by certain variables (political factors, financial capital, social capital, human capital, cultural factors, support factors, market, entrepreneurial attitude), and among these, the variables of financial capital and political factors contributed the most in explaining the variance of the research dependent variable (agricultural entrepreneurship).

In recent years, rural areas have become strategic points for implementing renewable energy projects; Because these areas have a high potential for the establishment of renewable energy facilities and, as a result, sustainable rural development. Despite the fact that political strategies have predicted the positive effects of renewable energy in achieving sustainable rural development, how to achieve this important goal in accordance with the current conditions of different societies, is still an aura of ambiguity. In this regard, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying factors affecting the implementation and development of the use of renewable energy in the rural areas of Ilam province. Instrument of data gathering in this quantitative research was a researcher-made questionnaire, which validity and reliability were confirmed using content validity and Cronbach's alpha test. The statistical population of this research included all the experts in the field of energy in Ilam province (N=265), and using the sampling table of Bartlett et al., 154 of them were randomly selected as research samples. Data analysis using SPSS software showed that according to the belief of most experts, governance-political, economic-financial, managerial-organizational, social-cultural, educational-promotional, international, technical features, Physical-infrastructural, natural-regional and market conditions play a role at a higher than average level in the implementation and development of the use of renewable energy in the rural areas of Ilam province. The results of this study can play an effective role in changing the pattern of energy production in Ilam province and moving towards sustainable energy development.

This study aimed to develop an extension-education model of farmers adaption to climate change using an exploratory mixed method approach. In the qualitative part, the grounded theory method based on 18 semi-structured interviews was used. In the quantitative part of this study, the structural equation modeling was applied. By using stratified random sampling, the perceptions of 350 experts and middle level managers of organizations related to climate change were studied. The findings of the qualitative part of the research revealed 223 primary codes, 72 secondary codes, 46 concept codes, 30 sub-categories and six main categories. The identified model was evaluated by structural equation modeling and Smart pls2 software package. Findings showed that man-made activities in agriculture and industry have the highest effect and power in predicting farmers' adaptive capacity to climate change.

Currently, the protection and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Zagros vegetation area has always been the main concern of activists and officials in this area. On the other hand, the agricultural Extension as an interdisciplinary science examines the phenomenon of decline of Zagros oak forests from a sociological and psychological perspective, as well as from an agricultural and rural perspective, and offers strategies that maintain the sustainability of natural resources while maintaining livelihoods. Also elevate. the present study aimed to Explain the Sustainable Management Extension Strategies of Zagros Oak Forest by using SWOT method. In this regard, internal and external factors were collected through in-depth interviews with 30 scientific and executive experts in the provinces of Zagros basin in the form of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Additionally, they were identified through line-by-line analysis in the form of common content and using MAXqda12 software analysis. In the next step, the internal and external factors questionnaire was adjusted and and the weight factor of each factor was calculated and the identified strategies were prioritized based on the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix.Considering the results in the internal and external factor evaluation matrix for the sustainable management of forests in the basin, as well as the dominance of weaknesses in the external factor evaluation matrix and threats in the internal, defensive pattern was more prioritized for managing the forests sustainably compared to the other strategic patterns.

The village is the oldest form of human settlements and rural living is one of the oldest ways of social life. Paying attention to the village and rural dwellers has a high importance and a special place in the world. Rural development has always been one of the main components and elements of national development. Development is not just an economic phenomenon and many societies need to plan and identify their actual and potential facilities and resources in order to strengthen the foundations of development when also they need to correct and adjust the imbalances and multitude of economic, social and cultural issues and problems. The lack of a comprehensive evaluation based on scientific methods of the degree of development and its level of imbalance in different levels of cities and villages is one of the main obstacles in identifying priorities and formulating provincial development plans. For this purpose, paying attention to the approaches of regional balance and regional policy making and planning to reduce existing heterogeneity and inequalities requires studying and recognizing the importance of the characteristics of each region with regard to its position in the entire regional system. The current study is conducted to determine the development rate in rural districts of Lorestan province as well as to rank them using the VIKOR and TOPSIS analysis method.

Multi-instrument decision-making techniques are suitable for ranking in a set of existing indicators with respect to multi-dimensional and multi-contradictory features. In Iran, the statistical analysis of the provinces has been published by the Iranian Statistics Center, and the selected indicators play an important role in the development of the regions. In this research, like other studies conducted in the field of evaluating the development levels of villages and rural areas, in order to formulate a regular and logical framework of indicators that express the characteristics of rural development in the study area, based on global experiences, the literature on the subject, and the review of available information from referring to the statistical yearbook of villages of Lorestan province, 110 key and effective indicators in the field of rural development were selected for Lorestan province. The selected indicators are classified in eight different educational, demographic, infrastructural, economic, health and treatment, cultural services, welfare and functional agricultural sectors. After identifying and selecting the indicators,  determined the degree of development of the villages of Lorestan province and rank them based on the level of development were carried out. This did using multi-indicator decision-making techniques (VIKOR and TOPSIS), which are among the best statistical models and calculations in the field of measurement and ranking.

The results show a heterogeneous distribution of facilities and services among rural districts of this province, with Shirvan as a developed region ranked in the first place. In addition, Bazvand and Goudarzi as the second and third place, are developing regions respectively, while other rural districts are considered deprived and relatively deprived regions. Moreover, GolGol, West Kargah, Roumiani, Zhan, Shirvan, Azna, ChalanChulan, and Chamsangar rural districts are ranked in first place in educational, demographic, infrastructure, economic, health service, cultural, welfare, and agricultural indicators respectively. In other words, based on the results of the present research, it can be stated that the rural areas of Lorestan province have an unbalanced distribution in terms of development indicators. So that Shirvan district has all the development indicators (educational, population, infrastructure, economic, health and treatment, service, cultural, welfare and agricultural performance) at a favorable level and therefore it is considered developed. In the same way, the development indicators in Bazund and Guderzi villages are improving and for this reason they are at the developing level. Meanwhile, a small amount of development indicators have been distributed in Rumiani, Silakhor, West Kargah, Durood, North Mirbeg, West Pachelek, Chalancholan, East Japleq, East Silakhor, Yusufvand, Heshmatabad, Mozafari and Zhan villages. For this reason, they are among relatively deprived villages. In total, based on the findings, 70 sub-districts of Lorestan province also lack development indicators and are evaluated as deprived of development.

Based on current research findings, it can be applied by policy makers, planners and relevant managers to improve rural development management and policy-making in order to achieve sustainable development.

The purpose of current applied research was to explain the promotional educational factors affecting the sustainability of the supply chain of healthy agricultural products. The research was conducted with a mixed exploratory perspective. The participants of the research in the hierarchical analysis section included 45 experts related to the research topic who were involved in extracting, ranking and weighting the criteria and sub-criteria of sustainable supply chain and determining the importance of educational-extension methods in sustainability of supply chain of healthy agricultural products. Also, in the quantitative section, the statistical population of the study consisted of all farmers participating in training and extension courses related to supply chain management supported by the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Ilam Province in 2020 and 2021 years. The sample size was determined using the sampling table of Bartlett et al. Data were collected using a questionnaire and the apparent and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by a group of experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated by the sequential alpha (α = 0.98). The results of hierarchical analysis showed the most important factors for the sustainability of the supply chain of healthy agricultural products were economic, social, and environmental factors. Also, Result and Method demonstration method was the most appropriate extension training method for the sustainability of the supply chain of healthy agricultural products. Logistic regression analysis revealed that promotional educational factors confirmed 72% of variance of the stability of the supply chain of healthy agricultural products.

The purpose of this qualitative research was to analyze the development strategies of Zagros nomadic organizing based on Grounded Theory. The Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and purposive sampling methods with 30 specialists, managers and experts in the field of nomads. The theory extraction and coding process was performed by MAXqda18 software. The study findings indicated that categories such as failure of previous projects, lack of attention to environmental sustainability, lack of attention to human capital, natural and ecological potential of nomadic areas, lack of socio-cultural pathology and lack of attention to upper-level documents as causal conditions affecting the development of the Zagros nomadic organization were identified; also, grounded conditions included categories such as lack of coordination in planning and implementation, lack of financial resources, cultural barriers, lack of specialized manpower, technological and natural barriers; meanwhile, constantly changing the pattern of life, lack of investment and marketing, disregard for the potentials in the region, implementation of parallel development policies and inconsistencies between the provinces of the Zagros area were also identified as intervening conditions. Besides, in order to develop the nomadic organization of the Zagros area, strategies such as decentralized and regional planning, participatory management system, local (tribe) management system, establishment of nomadic cooperatives, nomadic ecotourism and the creation of local markets were identified. Finally, it was found that the development of the Zagros nomadic organization would have consequences such as environmental sustainability, establishing social justice, permanent job as well as restoration of forest and rangeland ecosystems, food security and productivity among the studied population. Accordingly, the study findings can be exploited by the concerned policy makers, planners and managers while paying more attention to the nomads of the region in supporting decisions in order to achieve sustainable development.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social institutions in sustainable agricultural development. . For this purpose, 42 experts, managers and implementers of agricultural projects were selected as the study sample and the required information was collected through questionnaires distributed among them. In order to analyze the data obtained from structural equation modeling, the partial least squares method was used by PLS statistical software and the results of the conceptual model fit indices indicate the appropriate fit of the measurement model, structural and It was a general model of research. All hypotheses related to the factors affecting the sustainable development of agriculture were confirmed. The validity of the research was confirmed using a panel of experts, project implementers, professors and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha, combined reliability, convergent validity and convergent validity. The results showed that causal factors (education-comprehensive planning), central category (economic conditions), intervention factors (policy-judicial-climate), underlying factors (government-infrastructure), strategies (Banking regulations) affect the sustainable development of agriculture (collection of loans), and the productive root of a comprehensive pattern of collection of loans in the agricultural sector is economic factors, based on which farmers' incomes are affected. With the increase of farmers' incomes and coherent planning for the repayment of agricultural loans and the implementation of the necessary and efficient infrastructure by the government, the proper implementation of appropriate methods and methodology for receiving loans in the agricultural sector will be provided.

Agriculture and horticulture have always been risky occupations, and the development of mechanization, despite reducing the difficulties of agricultural activities and increasing production, has caused numerous occupational injuries for farmers and gardeners. Therefore, this study aimed to prioritize and analyze the effective factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health in Ilam, Iran.

This applied research was conducted quantitatively based on a causal relationship method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all gardeners in Ilam province (n=6711). The sample size was determined at 405 people using the sampling table of Bartlett et al. and stratified random sampling method.

According to the results of factor analysis, the components affecting the gardenerschr('39') occupational health included supportive, economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors. Path analysis findings using AMOS vol.23 software also showed that supportive factors had the greatest impact on gardenerschr('39') occupational health, followed by economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors.

Considering the findings of the present study and the effect of supportive factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health as the most priority factor, it can be concluded that the occupational injuries of gardeners can be significantly reduced by increasing government support through providing financial incentives, subsidies, as well as long-term and low-interest facilities to develop and increase the health and safety of gardens and greenhouses.

Currently, biodiversity in the Zagros region faces two serious threats including land use changes and unstable harvesting. These factors both alone and in combination, can lead to severe and irreversible damage to the forests. Therefore, the restoration, reconstruction, protection and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Zagros vegetation area has always been the main(basic) concern of activists and officials in this basin. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explain the criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management in Zagros vegetation area from the point of view of experts, using content analysis technique. The research data were collected through semi-structured interviews. People involved in research includes specialists, manager scientific and executive experts and experts related to Zagros forests.For data analysis, MAXqda12 software was used. The research findings indicate that among the most important criteria identified for sustainable management of forests in the Zagros vegetation from the point of view of experts are the criteria of forest size and production capacity, conservation functions, ecosystem conditions, conservation criteria biodiversity, economic criteria. Social criteria, criteria of laws and structures and educational and extension criteria. It should be noted that for each of the relevant criteria, the indicators corresponding to that criterion were also identified (8 criteria and 18 indicators). Our findings indicate that, the most important indicators for sustainable management in the Zagros vegetation region are the indicators of law-making and total forest area belonging to the criteria of laws and organization and to the criteria of ecosystem conditions, respectively. The results of this study can be used in line with principled policies in the forest resources of the Zagros Basin and for planning, decision making and success in this field.

Abstract Given the water resources and the tensions and conflicts that have arisen in recent years over the use of water resources, it is necessary to pay more attention to the role of local water organizations in order to provide appropriate solutions to control the water crisis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of local organizations in improving the economic and social situation of villagers covered by organizations in Ilam province. The study population included farmers, board members and members of water organizations in Ilam province in 1957, of which 320 were selected using Morgan table and random stratified sampling method with appropriate proportions. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was examined and confirmed through the panel of experts. Cronbach's alpha was also used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire. In this study, in order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics of mean comparison tests and SPSS25 software were used. The results showed that the rate of water disputes in villages with local water organizations is low; In other words, proper management of water distribution in villages covered by local water organizations has been able to reduce the conflict between users in the field of water distribution.

Healthy or organic products as a solution to healthy human and environment is being considered. In this regard, this Quantitative research is seeking to design a model for promoting healthy crop cultivation among Kermanshah province producers in order to advance the cultivation of this type of product. By review of the literature and the history of research The variables of the research were identified  by using the planned behavioral , Health Beliefs and DOI Models. Using the Descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling to validate variables promoting healthy crop production. The statistical population of the study consisted of 80304 of beneficiaries in Kermanshah province. A sample of 400 farmers in the province was selected by multistage cluster sampling with proportional assignment from seven cities. 400 researcher-made questionnaires were distributed among users in seven provinces. The data collection period was from 1396 to 1397. Data analysis was performed in descriptive statistics using SPSS version 23 and inferential statistics using SmartPlins version 3. Results from structural equations Showed that the Intention variable has the most impact on behavior and Comparative advantage Behavior, Compatibility, Attitude, Perceived behavioral control, Perceived benefits  Threats have a positive and significant effect on the intention and healthy cropping behavior of the product.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between financial stress and quality of work life among the rural people of Ilam County of Iran. The statistical population included 21658 employed people living in the concerned rural areas, out of which 377 persons sampled by random sampling were selected according to Morgan table. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was estimated to be 0.76 by Cronbach's alpha. Regression analysis showed that the variables including the rural people's ages, number of children, quality of financial life, stress of job conditions, and working hours per week had the greatest impact on the quality of work life.

The present study aimed to analyze the role of rural women’s vocational capability on their self-reliance. The statistical population comprised all employed rural women of Ilam County, including 1088 women, of them, 283 participants were recruited by proportional stratified random sampling using Cochran’s formula. The questionnaire’s content and face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was estimated to be 93.7% by Cronbach α test. The obtained data were descriptively analyzed by mean, frequency, frequency percentage, standard deviation, and coefficient of variations, also they were inferentially analyzed by Pearson correlation, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney test, and step-wise multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 22. Thus, the variables of technical skills and manual dexterity, creativity and problem-solving skills, technical knowledge, age, and income explain 57.7% of the variance of dependent variable. Thus, technical knowledge had the most important role and age the least important role in determining self-reliance.

The present study was carried out to examine the role of agricultural cooperatives in the alleviation of rural poverty in Ilam Province. Statistical population was composed of the members of agricultural cooperatives who lived in rural areas of Ilam Province (N = 2976). Sample size was estimated to be 196 subjects using Cochran’s formula. Sampling was carried out by stratified random sampling method. The main research instrument was a questionnaire which validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and the reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha as to be 0.70.It was found that the services provided by agricultural cooperatives (credit, production inputs supply, agricultural marketing and education-extension) had significant relationship with rural poverty alleviation. As regression model revealed, credit services, production inputs supply, agricultural marketing services and education-extension services as well as age and length of membership in agricultural cooperatives accounted for 80.9% of the dependent variable of rural poverty alleviation. Furthermore, among model’s variables, agricultural marketing services were the main contributor to total variance of the dependent variable.

To encourage farmers contribution in extension training expenses requires special treatment. This article dealing with factors affecting wheat farmers willing to pay for agriculture extension services in Ilam Province. The statistical population consisted of 57,262 wheat farmers, out of which 381 farmers were selected as research sample through stratified random sampling method according to the Morgan table. Data collection tool was a researcher-designed questionnaire. Face and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of agriculture extension and education experts at Ilam Islamic Azad University. The construct validity was also confirmed by two-criterion convergent validity (AVE=0.79, CR = 0.85). Reliability of the questionnaire was estimated by ordinal alpha coefficient (α=0.84). Logistic regression model applied through Eviews8 software. It was found that, only 28.08% of respondents expressed their willingness to pay for agriculture extension services. According to the regression estimation, factors influencing wheat growers’ willingness to pay for agriculture extension services in Ilam, included farmers’ educational background, income from non-agricultural sources, wheat cultivation area, experience in wheat growing, satisfaction with extension services, and willingness to use extension services. Except the factor ‘having income from non-agricultural sources, all other factors had positive impact on wheat growers’ willingness.

In recent years, career decision-making has always been considered one of the main challenges students in universities and educational centers. Uncertainty in decision making and subsequent career in the future concerns the issue of obtaining a job after graduating, intellectual concern for many students, especially in the last years has education. The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing career decision making Graduate Agricultural of Universities in Ilam Township. All graduated students of Universities in Ilam Township as the Statistical population(N=2000). The sample size if 400 graduated students based on Morgan table was taken randomly. After designing and validating the questionnaire, it was pilot- test among 30 graduated students by Cronbach's alpha. Data processing and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS19. Based on the results, Factor analysis revealed five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted. In total, 57.564 % of the total variance was explained by factors And 42.436 of the remainder of the factors that were identified in the analysis. The results of ordinal regression models showed that age, structural and political factors, economic factors and personality traits have the most influence on decision-making graduates job.

Obesity represents an economical setback for the country, and its outbreak threatens the public health. The present study aimed at studying factors affecting women’s willingness to pay (WTP) for controlling weight gain and treating obesity.
A researcher-designed questionnaire survey consisting 450 women was carried out on Mashhad residents in 2014 (Iran). The participants were selected by a convenience sampling method out of people coming to Mellat Park in Mashhad. The questionnaire credibility and reliability were confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was estimated to be >0.7 by Cronbach’s alpha, confirming that the employed measuring tool has had enough credability. Data were collected by face-toface interview and were analyzed by Logit regression model using SPSS (ver. 19) Software Package.
Among participated women, about 86% were willing to pay for controlling weight gain. Mean monthly payment by women to control weight gain was estimated to be 823,110 IRR (Iranian Rials). The variables positively affected WTP included household monthly income (P Participants having higher monthly income were more willing to pay for controlling weight gain. Awareness of the effects of obesity on health had positive influence on WTP. Social impacts of obesity, also, increased women’s WTP for controlling weight gain. Therefore, it is necessary for health policy-makers to design appropriate plans for training the health, social and even economical impacts of obesity in the society in order to motivate people to pay for its control.

The current research was conducted with the purpose of Challenges of rural entrepreneurship in Ilam province. With respect to objectives, this research is an applied study using a survey method. Statistical population of the current research includes 400 persons of village assistants of Ilam province Sample size was determined through Cochran formula (n=196). Sampling was carried out through stratified random sampling method with appropriate assignment Content validity and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts’ judgments and the reliability of which was determined through the calculation of Cronbach alpha coefficient (=α0.86). Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software, version 19.According to results of factor analysis, five factors were identified including economic, political, instructional, social, and cultural impediments which specified 62.82 percent of the total variance. In addition, economic impediments with a special value of 5.035 explains the largest portion of total variance (22.31 percent) and cultural impediments with the special value of 1.484 explains the smallest portion (5.48 percent).

Observance professional code of ethics and patient satisfaction has a great importance in medical practice. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine of the effect of perceived quality of services on patient satisfaction in in Physician's Offices of Ilam Township.
This cross-sectional study was done by using a convenience sampling method on 381 patients referred to physician's offices of Ilam. Researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection after gaining the face and content validity, and confirming reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS SPSS20 and regression analysis.
Ethical Considerations: After presenting the research objectives, emphasizing on confidentiality and obtaining patient's oral consent to participate in research, questionnaires were distributed.
Findings: perceived quality of services in dimensions of reliability, trust, empathy, accountability and physical factors effects on patients 'satisfaction referred to doctor's offices of Ilam city, directly (p=0.001). Patients’ satisfaction increased with their age, but decreased by higher educational levels and complementary insurance coverage. Based on regression analysis, the trust or reliability, perceived the greatest impact than other dimensions, and physical factors were the least impact on patient satisfaction.
Findings showed the trust and reliability has the greatest impact on patient satisfaction than other dimensions. With regarding to the patients’ rights and expectations, physicians can provide the necessary background to gain patients, satisfaction through improving the quality of services. Also, physicians must consider moral virtues and values such as care, honesty, compassion and empathy in the treatment of patients in their medical practice, in addition to professional duties based on rights and obligations.

The present research investigates factors influencing rural women’s occupational capability in Ilam County. The statistical population of this study includes employed rural women in Ilam county (N= 1088). Through Cochran formula 323 people were selected as the sample. Sampling was carried out through stratified random sampling. Content and face validity of the questionnaire was determined through experts judgment and its reliability was calculated through Cronbach alpha coefficient (α= 91.3). Data analysis was carried out through descriptive and inferential statistics using SSPS. Correlation and regression analysis were run through stepwise method. Results of regression analysis indicated that variables including occupational barriers, psychological characteristics, economic status, educational factors, family support, educational, type economical activities type, and social status influenced occupational capability of rural women in Ilam County and can predict 80.7 percent of changes in the dependent variable. Among the variables of the model, the variable of occupational barriers had the highest share in predicting the occupational capability as the independent variable.