زهرا آقاجانی

Methamphetamine is a highly addictive drug associated with severe psychosocial consequences and is extensively abused. This study aimed to determine the effects of four weeks of aerobic exercise and berberine supplementation on the expression of dopamine 5 receptor and poly (adenosin diphosphat [ADP]-ribose polymerase (PARP) genes in the heart tissue of methamphetamine-exposed rats.

In this experimental study, 30 female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups of six: Control, methamphetamine, methamphetamine + aerobic exercise, methamphetamine + berberine, and methamphetamine + aerobic exercise + berberine. Intraperitoneal injections of methamphetamine (10 mg/kg) and aerobic exercise and berberine consumption (100 mg/kg) were administered for 4 weeks during the withdrawal period. The expression levels of dopamine 5 receptor and PARP genes was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

There was no significant difference in PARP gene expression between the methamphetamine group (1.02±0.65) and the control group (1.02±0.24). Similarly, there was no significant difference in dopamine 5 receptor gene expression between the methamphetamine group (5.74±4.94) and the control group (4.76±2.63). The expression levels of PARP and dopamine 5 receptor genes following exercise (1.01±0.55 and 4.30±1.96, respectively), berberine supplementation (0.61±0.25 and 2.97±1.45, respectively), and the combined intervention (0.67±0.30 and 3.43±1.87, respectively) showed no significant differences between the groups.

Short-term methamphetamine induction did not induce significant changes in the expression of dopamine 5 receptor and PARP genes in the hearts of methamphetamine-exposed rats.

One of the most important responsibilities of any government is to ensure that the basic food requirements of the population and the requirements of critical service sectors to the key materials and products are met during crises. In developed countries of Europe, North America and Oceania, three main approaches exist for this purpose. The first approach is maintaining emergency reserves of important food and non-food commodities or products. In the two other approaches, no such reserves are maintained. In the second approach, in critical conditions government relies on coordination among authorities and local authorities, or it may directly acquire the required goods from the market and compensates later. Finally, the third approach is to rely on free market mechanisms and taking actions only if necessary. Since Iran maintains strategic reserves for staple foods, medicine and medial equipment's, this study is focused on examining the experiences of the developed countries that have adopted similar approaches. In this regard, the storage and management mechanisms of emergency reserves in Finland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovenia and United States are studied and analyzed, and then policy recommendations are devised for improving the relevant policies in Iran.

The development of rail transportation in a vast country like Iran is a crucial due to its potential role in reducing fuel consumption, environmental effects, causalities, and finally reducing the transportation costs, which is mainly caused by the road as the dominant transport sector in the country. Because of the importance of rail transport, it has been included as one of the pivotal issues in the sixth national development plan. According to the targets, the share of rail in goods transport must reach 30 percent, by the year 1404. Despite the advantages and potentials of rail transport, it is not sufficiently attractive for businesses, so that more than 90 percent of goods tonnage is carried by road. In this regard, the present study provides an overview of Iran's rail transport sector, analyzes the determining factors of rail freight transport attractiveness, identifies the major problems and challenges at macro level and at level of the selected goods categories, and finally devise solutions for them.

Public stockpiling of staple foods is used as a tool in food security policies. Stockpiling of agricultural products for strategic purposes such as dealing with food shortages during emergencies, controlling food markets and stabilizing the prices, is prevalent in Asian country and other developing economies. For this reason, public stockpiling is called as an Asian phenomenon. Reserves of staple foods in Iran are maintained, because of country's large area and population, climatic threats, economic fluctuations and sanctions. This paper aims to investigate the structures and mechanisms for maintaining and managing the strategic reserves of agricultural products in eight selected Asian countries, and to propose policy recommendations for Iran, based on benchmarking of Asian experiences and recommendations of international organizations.

Speech act theory is one of the well-known theories in applied linguistics. By considering language in the context of human acts, it reveals what is left unsaid in the text and enables us to arrive at an interpretation of it. Based on this theory, one does not merely use words and sentences to communicate a meaning, but commits acts which are called speech acts.  I saw Ramallah is an autobiographical novel by Mourid Barghouti, a Palestinian poet and writer. The events of the novel revolve around his return to Ramallah and Deir Ghassana after thirty years of exile to European and Arab countries. The article highlights and analyzes imperative-didactic speech acts of the novel in order to determine the author’s purpose in using them. The importance of the research is evident in the fact that the novel contains emotional speech acts contained in interrogative speech acts in order to express the plight of Palestinians and their resistance against the Zionists. The research argues that two kinds of interrogative speech acts are used in the novel: direct and indirect. The direct speech acts are used by the characters in order to acquire information. The indirect speech acts, however, are used by the writer in accordance with the societal circumstances to express his goals. They are mostly used to express denial, anger, scolding, ridicule, sadness, regret, and surprise upon seeing what has happened and is happening to Ramallah. This type of speech act is prevalent in the novel since it is the most effective in expressing the writer’s intentions and it highlights the communicative aspects of language, which are convincing, encouraging, and affecting the interlocutor. Thus, the writer uses indirect speech acts to reveal his psychological state, as he wants to influence the reader and stir the feelings of the Arab and Islamic nation so that they realize the issue of the Palestinian people and the right that is taken from them by the Zionists.

Discount stores are especially targeted to low and middle income classes, by attracting and satisfying them with keeping the prices at low levels, utilizing economics of scale (buying and selling at low prices), low margins despite high volumes of sales, and providing goods with affordable prices (given their acceptable qualities).
Due to the novelty of discount stores model in Iran, identifying the development barriers for this type of stores is of great importance. In this study, after introducing the notion of discount stores and the related experiences across the world, the major barriers to the development of these stores in Iran are identified using methods such as interview, questionnaire and statistical tests. Finally, operational solutions are developed for resolving the barriers

In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) were synthesized using apple extract, and then the physical and chemical properties of ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated using SEM, XRD, EDS, UV-Vis and FT-IR. The average size of ZnO nanoparticles using Debye-Scherrer equation was estimated at 10 nm. The nanoparticles synthesized by this method (using apple extract) exhibited antimicrobial properties against Candida albicans, which showed the diameter of the halo created by the specimen in this fungus was 26 mm. The XRD spectrum represents the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles and is consistent with earlier reports. According to the SEM spectrum, zinc oxide is composed of uniform particles. According to the results of the EDS test, the presence of Zn in the synthesized nanoparticles has been confirmed using apple extract. In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) were synthesized using apple extract, the physical and chemical properties of ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated using SEM, XRD, EDS, UV-Vis and FT-IR evaluation methods. The average size of nanoparticles ZnO was estimated using a 10-nm DSS equation. The synthesized particles with this method (using apple extract) showed antimicrobial properties against Candida albicans, which showed that the diameter of the halo created by the sample The mushroom was spotted at 26 mm.

Using Karl Popper's critique of positivism and inductivism, we attempted to criticize the main bases of grounded theory. According to grounded theory, social reality can be understood by emptying our mind from any prejudgements and ethical valuation in the research process, but emphasizing on observation, paying attention to the differences and similarities of data, and dedcting abstract concepts. We argue that, in practice, this claim is not true and it leads to a distorted social reality. Following these principles makes social researchers become an information worker and not a critic of social reality. Therefore, not only the science of sociology loses its critical aspect but also justifies the status quo.

Divorce, especially in transitional societies like Iran, that hallow the family, is not only as a moral evil but as a factor of loss and harm. The results shows that this representation in some case is an unfounded stereotype which needs revisions. Structural changes in societies from traditional to modern conditions, leads to the wide changes in dominant values. The most important changes include the rise of ethical values such as autonomy and individuality which explained in Emmanuel Kant philosophy. These fundamental principles are the basis for defining the "personal identity" in modern society according to Anthony Giddens. This work shows how the divorce experience leads to the substantiation of these moral principles and consequently personal identity. We work with 21 middle class women who educated in social sciences. Our method is Grounded Theory for understanding the “process of constructing Identity”, but during our research we faced with troubles arised from its methodological requirements and assumptions, which was an obstacle to the realistic interpretations of the data. Grounded Theory practically, distorts data confrontation, which is incompatible with sociologic purposes.

Aim and Mentha longifolia with the generic name "Wild Mint, is one of the oldest medicinal plants which have been widely used in Iranian food and medicine. This study was performed to extract the essential oil of Mentha longifolia and analysis of its components and also antioxidant and antibacterial properties of its oil and non-polar compounds, extracted by n-hexan. In this study, the essential oil of M. longifolia was extracted using SDE technique for the first time. The obtained essential oil was analyzed using GC-Mass and its components are identified. Antioxidant activity of the oily compounds was measured via DPPH free radical scavenging activity; while, antibacterial effects were evaluated using disc diffusion method by measuring inhibition zone diameter evaluating n-hexane extract. The major components of the oil are d-carvone (57.2%) and limonene (15.7%). Some of the essential oil components, identified in this study, are not similar to those mentioned in the previous reports. The results indicate that despite non-polar nature of extract solvent, n-hexane extract has a noticeable inhibitory power on DPPH free radical. Also, it shows very high antimicrobial properties on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which are comparable with standard antibiotics. This study shows that components extracted by hexane as solvent, despite oily nature of compounds with low polarity, have antioxidant activity and also significant anti-microbial potential which have not been reported for M. longifolia in the literature.

The researchers have been attracted toward the use of herbs and active components as they are natural resources which have antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are compounds that are effective in different ways by the reaction of free radicals of oxygen and nitrogen active biomolecules (such as proteins, amino acids, lipids and DNA) to prevent and reduce damage or cell death, cardiovascular disease and cancers. In this study, after extraction of oil from seeds of chamomile to measure the antioxidant activity of radical test 2 and ''''2-diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and system-carotene / linoleic acid was used. The results showed that the test of DPPH, IC50 values, showed that the antioxidant power of the oil is not significant compared to BHT, but in the case of beta-carotene / linoleic acid inhibits the activity of the oil sample percentage is 29%. The results show that the oils of this plant do not show a significant antioxidant power.

Hyssopus officinalis L. is an important medicinal plant grows in central and southern Europe, western Asia, North Africa and Iran in jungles of Mazandaran and Gilan and height of Alborz and Semnan.Extraction is the first basic step in the research of medicinal plants and preparation of the extracts of the plant is the starting point for the separation and purification of chemical components.In this study, the essential oils composition of aerial parts of Hyssopus officinalis L. extracted by two methods, hydrodistillation and microwave. Chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Hyssopus officinalis L. were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).31 compounds obtained in essential oil of Hyssopu sofficinalis by hydrodistilled method and 36 compounds in microwave method.It was found that hyssop essential oil in hydrodistilled method contained cis-Pinocamphone (45.32%), trans-Pinocamphone (18.00%), β-pinene (10.24%) and elemol (3.87) as major components and in microwave method, contained cis-Pinocamphone (63.48%), elemol (6.67%), ortho-Menthatriene (5.55%) and bicyclogermacrene(4.43%) as major components.

Consumption of antioxidant compounds derived from plants, reduces the incidence of many chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of extracts of leaves of two varieties of olive (Mission and Conservalia). The ether and pentane extracts prepared from leaves of olive varieties and then using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) the power of antioxidant effects was measured. The results showed that Conservalia leaf extract has more yield, higher inhibition percent and more antioxidant properties.Consumption of antioxidant compounds derived from plants, reduces the incidence of many chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of extracts of leaves of two varieties of olive (Mission and Conservalia). The ether and pentane extracts prepared from leaves of olive varieties and then using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) the power of antioxidant effects was measured. The results showed that Conservalia leaf extract has more yield, higher inhibition percent and more antioxidant properties.

In this study, the seed oil of Rumex acetosa L. prepared from Isfahan Pakan Bazr (co), ground and were extracted by soxhlet. The solvent removed by rotary and then the fatty acids of obtained oil were changed into ester by esterification method. The oil analyzed by the GC/MS method. 8 components of isolated compounds containing 88.4% of oil were identified. The main components were 9, 12-Octadecandienoic acid, methyl ester (52.4%) and 1, 2-palmitin (16.5%).

Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is a sample-preparation process was first introduced in 1989 for the extraction of drug residues from animal tissue. By blending tissues with a polymeric phase bound to a solid support one obtains a semi-dry material which can be used as a column packing material from which one can isolate drugs in a stepwise manner based on the solubility characteristics of the drugs in this matrix.Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) has found particular application as an analytical process for the preparation, extraction and fractionation of solid, semi-solid and/or highly viscous biological samples.MSPD is based on several simple principles of chemistry and physics, involving forces applied to the sample by mechanical blending to produce complete sample disruption and the interactions of the sample matrix with a solid support bonded-phase (SPE) or the surface chemistry of other solid support materials. These rules are discussed as important factors in the MSPD extraction.

Chamomile is one of the most important drugs known to man and one of the most widely used as medicinal plants in Europe, the Middle East, North America, Australia and African.It is cultivated mainly in order to use its blue essential oils. Due to its increasing use in Pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, perfumery and flavoring food preparation is very important.In this study, the seed oil of Matricaria urea L. were purchased from the company of Pakan Bazr Isfahan, ground and then were extracted by soxhlet apparatus. The obtained sample oil was concentrated by rotary device and then, the fatty acids of obtained oil were changed into ester by esterification method. Then the sample diluted and analyzed by GC / MS qualitatively and quantitatively. Of the 66 isolated compounds 22 compounds containing 91.7% of oil were identified. The main components were 8, 11-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (53%) and n-Decane (15.8%).

The goal of the present study was to determine the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in predicting depression. In this correlation study، 262 Isfahan Payame noor University students from different fields were selected by multi-stage random sampling method. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionaire (Garnefski et al.، 2002) and SCL-90 (Derogatis et al.، 1973)، Were administered. Research data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that from among of the nine scales of cognitive emotion regulation strategies scale، catastrophizing، acceptance، refocusing on planning، rumination، and recent stress، respectively، influence and significantly predict depression (P<0. 001). But، self-blame، blaming others، positive reappraisal، positive refocusing and putting into perspective strategies had no effect on depression and were removed from the equation. These results provide guidelines for the prevention of depression through modification of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

In this research the effects of silver nanoparticles behaviors of germination and early growth stages of Thymus kotschyanus L., one invitro experiments, were conducted on CRD with four replicates during summer 2011. The silver nanoparticles treatments were consisted of as follows: 0, 20, , 60, 80 and 100 mg.kg-1 respectively. For germination test, after treating by solutions, the disinfected seeds were placed on Watman paper in Petri-dish, and were located inside the germinator at 20°C. The numbers of germinated seeds were recorded twice a day, in a 14 days period. The germination percentage, germination speed, vigor, the length of rootlet and stem, fresh weight, dry weight were determined. Results showed that the 60 mg.kg-1 of nano-silver particles had the best effect on germination percentage and speed, fresh weight and the length of rootlet in germinator condition. In addition the treated seeds with 60 mg.kg-1of silver nanoparticles showed the highest concentrations of the length of rootlet and stem in greenhouse condition. To prevent the increase of silver in soil and improvement the conditions of germination and early growth of T. kotschyanus, 60 mg.kg-1 of silver nanoparticles is recommended.

In the export promotion strategy one can reach to this idea that devaluation has a positive impact on export, and this can lead to GDP growth. Given the current situation of world economy in which many countries find themselves in the financial crises and U.S. economy go to a recurrent crises and stagnation, and given the especial situation of Iran which is far away from domestic and foreign equilibrium, this idea is gaining attention of policy makers in Iran. But at the same time this has many proponents and opponents, for example, manufacturers is concerned with the inflation of imported raw material and capital equipment which increase the cost of production, while proponents argue that devaluation has positive effects on export and GDP.
Also policy makers have other concerns about tuning the export promotion strategy. They most promote export and at the same time must be careful about keeping the internal equilibrium (mild inflation), the equilibrium of internal supply and demand, external balance (the equilibrium of balance of payment) and increasing employment. Therefore they most execute a mixture of monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policy for doing those tasks to reduce domestic absorption, attain balance of payment equilibrium, government budget equilibrium and taming inflation. For this purpose it is necessary to have a large scale econometric model for executing these programs. But with smaller model can attain this goal, as we done in this paper.
Here we pose this question that if devaluation has a positive effect on export and growth using a Panel VAR model to build a dynamic system to construct impulse response functions for panel VAR model and show positive effect of devaluation. Results show that devaluation has a positive impact on export and with reducing government consumption, inflation is reduced and the economy can reach to higher level of private sector investment.

The most of researches on detective goods have emphasis on tort law i.e. restitution, negligence liability, strict liability and … therefore, they have not pay attention to the right to replacement and the right to restitution of detective goods; however, the mentioned rights are more economical and prior to restitution; particularly, there is no damage related to detective goods. This article tries to consider the economic philosophy of right to replacement and right to retraction of detective goods and their position in Iranian Law from the view of economic analysis of law.

Although the Rights to Retraction and Replacement of defective Goods were provided in national laws of many countries, these rights to safe goods were not. The main question is that: is there Rights to Retraction and Replacement of safe Goods for consumer? If the answer is positive, what are their foundations? Unfortunately, there is not any article about this practical subject; therefore, this article tries to consider legal and economic basis of these two rights in Iran. It constitutes two sections: the first section surveys legal basis and the second section considers economic foundations.

The present paper investigates the link between tariff rates and consumer prices for poultry and veal using pass-through panel data model. For that purpose we use consumer price, world price, and domestic producer price tariff trade costs data for 12 provinces of 15 data points 1371-85 for poultry and for 10 provinces of 19 data points 1369-87 for veal. The pass-through panel data model estimation results show that increasing the poultry tariff rate from 4% to 90%, consumption price of this product with increase 11.39% and with increasing the beef tariff rate from 4% to 90%, consumption price of this product with increase 27.37%.