فهرست مطالب زهرا ترکمن

emergency evacuation is one of the first stages of crisis management, and reducing the time of complete evacuation has a great effect on reducing casualties caused by accidents. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of architectural design factors as well as the effect of changes in the initial plan during construction and operation on the evacuation time of mosques.

The research method is applied in nature, descriptive, analytical, and results are explanatory. This study has been carried out by using the agent-based model to simulating the emergency evacuation, by making changes in the state of corridors and exits, with the aim of reducing the evacuation time and reducing the population density during evacuation. Therefore, Malayer University Mosque was selected as a case study and in four different scenarios, the crowd evacuation was simulated based on the initial plan of the consultant, the existing situation, the proposed 1 and 2 plans.

The evacuation time and the population density in corridors and exits were investigated and compared in four different scenarios. The comparison of complete evacuation time and average evacuation time in proposed plans 1 and 2 shows that creating two exit doors (with a width equal to one door in other options) in the main courtyard of the mosque in proposed plan 2 does not help much to reduce the overall evacuation time of the building. The average distance traveled in the proposed plan 1 has decreased by 23% and 36.6% compared to the original plan and the existing situation, respectively. The average distance in the proposed plan 2 has also decreased by 32.7% and 44.5% compared to the original plan and the existing situation, respectively. The average distance traveled in proposed plan 2 has also decreased by 12.4% compared to proposed plan 1.

The results obtained from the simulation of four different scenarios indicated that the current situation due to the blocking of the main exit of the people on the south side of the building, has the worst time for the complete evacuation of the building among the four different scenarios, which shows the importance of managing buildings and gathering centers in especially the changes of exit routes during operation. By using the change in architectural variables (which includes the increase of exit doors and the average distance traveled), the complete evacuation time of the building can be reduced by 67.2%. Comparing the average distances traveled shows that although the increase in the number of doors in the courtyard of the mosque has not helped much in reducing the time of complete evacuation of the building; but reducing the distance traveled can play an important role in preventing more people from bumping into each other and also preventing fatigue, especially for the elderly, disabled and children.

Monuments play an important role in creating urban identity. they are upgraded to social-cultural landmarks. Dealing with the problem of meaning is mainly qualitative, and less literature has been used to quantify the meaning of architecture in terms of people. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the meaning of contemporary monumental architectures as socio-cultural landmarks In the view of the people, this research seeks to answer the following question: What are the sub-components influencing the promotion of an architectural building to socio-cultural landmarks? And what do contemporary monuments mean to people? At first, the literature was reviewed and summarized using theoretical and library studies, literature on urban sign and levels of meaning. The result of this section is a conceptual model of research in which sub-components affecting the role of architecture as a socio-cultural landmark and how they relate to the symbolic role of the building are identified. In the second part, the sub-components of the semantic section were surveyed through semantic differentiation test questionnaire to measure the meaning of the audience in seven contemporary Iranian monumental architectures. Descriptive statistics based on mean scores of responses and inferential statistics based on t-test and Tukey test were used to evaluate the results of the questionnaire. The result is social dimensions (tradition, power, media, economics, collective memory), cultural factors (rituals), psychoanalysis (subconscious and ethnicity), time (synchrony and diachronic), physical factors (Aesthetics), symptoms (visual, verbal, abstract, metaphore), climatic factors, social function are effective in shaping the meaning of an architectural work.

Buildings as urban cues play an important role in the urban environment from identity creation to orientation and if they have a secondary meaning they become socio-cultural symbols. Therefore, it is important to consider the factors that contribute to the promotion of an architectural work to the socio-cultural mark. The purpose of this article is to answer the question: What factors and how do they contribute to the enhancement of the meaning of an architectural work from urban sign to social cultural sign? The research method is in the study of theoretical literature, academic and library studies and in the interpretation of interpretive-analytical case examples; the transcendental approach of this study is social semiotics. The results show that the factors that influence the promotion of an architectural work to socio-cultural landmarks are: physical factors (including form, proportions, dimensions, color, texture, foreground and background, technology and style), structural factors ( Including permeability, position and extent), semantic factors (including social dimensions (tradition, power, media, economics, collective memory), cultural factors (rituals and ceremonies), psychoanalysis (collective unconscious and ethnic), time (synchronous and temporal). ), Physical factors (aesthetic dimension, symptoms (verbal, abstract, types of symptoms), climatic factors, social use).