زهرا درویزه

Family is among the most fundamental units of society and shapes the personality of its members. What highly matters in marriage is marital satisfaction. A characteristic of reducing marital satisfaction and enhancing marital conflicts is responsibility–concerned issues. Considering the growing rate of divorce, using psychological methods to increase couples’ responsibility is necessary. Novel approaches to marital counseling and increased accountability have been proposed; the most important approach of which is reality therapy. Its’ significance in Iranian society is attributed to specific sociocultural and welfare conditions. This theory can be summarized as follows: individuals are responsible for their choices, decisions, goals, and in a word, their happiness. The present study intended to explore the effects of group reality therapy based on choice theory on responsibility in married women.

This was an applied and quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest–follow–up and a control group design. The study population included married women who lived in Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. To select the study subjects, a convenience sampling method was applied. The required sample size, according to the conditions of access to the subjects, was estimated as 30 individuals (n=15/control & test group). The study participants were matched by educational level. The inclusion criteria of the research were as follows: willingness to participating in the project; no specific history of mental illnesses; participating in all meetings, and not being >10 minutes late for the meetings. The exclusion criteria of the study included simultaneous participation in other treatment programs; the presence of severe physical illnesses preventing the subjects from attending the meetings; dissatisfaction with the continuation of cooperation; not completing the research questionnaire; having psychiatric illnesses and receiving pharmacotherapy during the sessions. The research instruments implemented in this research consisted of a structured diagnostic interview and California Psychological Inventory (CPI) (Gough, 1987) for measuring responsibility. The group reality therapy protocol was performed in 8 two–hour sessions. In this study, descriptive statistics (e.g., mean & standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the obtained data in SPSS. The significance level for all tests was considered as 0.05.

The present study findings indicated that the time factor was significant in the 3 stages of pretest, posttest, and follow–up (p<0.001). The obtained data revealed that the responsibility scores of the investigated individuals in the 3 stages were significantly different from each other. Furthermore, the effect of the group was significant (F=128.53, p<0.001); accordingly, there was a significant difference between the level of responsibility in the study groups during the measurement periods.

According to the current research findings, group reality therapy based on choice theory impacted married women's responsibility; therefore, this approach can be used as an effective therapeutic intervention in this group.

The aim of this study was to compare the psychological hardiness and cognitive emotion regulation in students with social anxiety disorder and normal students. The sample consisted of 301 student of the University of Tehran (250 females and 51 males) were randomly selected by classification and the appropriate allocation. Participants completed social anxiety questioner, cognitive emotion regulation questioner and psychological hardiness questioner. Then the collected data by using descriptive statistics, regression, MANOVA and ANOVA was analyzed. The results showed that the cognitive emotion regulation strategies between students with social anxiety and normal students are different. Using of the positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal on normal students are more than students with social anxiety. While students with social anxiety in relation to the catastrophizing and blaming others, have earned higher rating. Similarly, the psychological hardiness in normal students and students with social anxiety disorder, were significantly different. The same result has also been obtained for the components of psychological hardiness. In other words, the level of commitment, control and challenge in normal students and students with social anxiety were significantly different. And given the descriptive indices obtained for these two groups can be expressed. Calculated mean scores for commitment control and challenge in students with social anxiety is higher than normal students. Also, considering the importance of using cognitive emotion regulation strategies in decreasing and managing stress, especially in social conditions and environments, it is suggested to be trained to use these strategies.

Between evaluating factors of the success in Sleeve gastrectomy surgery, psychological factors are important because of the personal perception of successful treatment. In this study, the role of anxiety and depression as two common disorders in patients undergoing surgery was investigated. The present study is a qualitative study to investigate the phenomenological method of the lived experience of individuals who went thorough Sleeve surgery. Twenty successful or unsuccessful people in weight loss were selected using a homogeneous Sampling method from all of whom went thorough Sleeve surgery one year ago. The findings show that preoperative anxiety and depression are more focused on related psychological maladaptation or the defect in social function due to obesity and overweight, but the role and importance of anxiety and depression after surgery was more due to temporary fractures or post-surgical abnormalities such as hair loss, lethargy, oversleeping, and so on. Anxiety and depression play important roles in the perception of surgery success so that anxiety and depression give people an emotional feedback about the surgery usefulness. If the surgery resolves obesity-related discomforts, has fewer side effects, one can follow the doctor's instructions after surgery and do not have weight gain, the feeling of anxiety and depression is reduced and the person feels positive about the surgery successful.

This study was aimed at predicting internalizing and externalizing problems based on Cloninger temperament and character model. Cloninger proposed a solid theoretical framework on character with emphasis on biological parameters that pertains for both normal and abnormal personalities. This model includes four dimensions (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence) for temperament and three dimensions (self-directedness, self-transcendence and cooperativeness) for character. To achieve this goal, 500 male and female students were selected from high schools of Mahallat using cluster sampling method. Achenbach Behavioral Problems and Cloninger Temperament and Character Inventory were administered. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling via AMOS software. The results showed that %42 of internalizing problems and %36 of externalizing problems can be explained by temperament and character. Harm avoidance could positively, and persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness could negatively predict internalizing problems. On the other hand, novelty seeking positively and harm avoidance, reward dependence, self-directedness and cooperativeness could negatively predict externalizing problems. These findings can be applied in etiology of behavioral problems and preventive strategies.

The purpose of this study, was to investigate the effect of stressful tasks on working memory capacity. This study was based on quasi- experimental design through a pretest- posttest with a control group model during 1390-91 academic years. The sample group consisted of 28 female students (age mean=20 years) of the Alzahra university who were selected via accessible sampling with respect to neuropsychological control variables. The subjects were divided randomly into an experimental and a control groups. During the pretest and posttest, stressful tasks administered for, subjects in the experimental groups while the subjects in the control group were relaxed. For evaluating the working memory capacity, it was used a word span test and physiological variables such as diastolic blood pressure (BPD) and heart rate (HR) were recorded with a blood pressure monitor. These data were analyzed by covariance test and repeated variance test. Subjects were asked to evaluate the perceived stress by self-report measure. The results showed the effect of stressful tasks in stress induction (F= 4/814, P 0/05). The results of this study indicated that the moderate stress will not affect working memory capacity.

Introduction Environmental psychology is a field of study that examines the interrelationship between environments and human affect, cognition and behavior (Gifford 2007; Stokols & Altman, 1987). Today, social adjustment and mental health as the most important sign that many specialists preoccupied the minds in different Experts, has been attracted psychologists and researchers’ attention in last decades. Interaction and connection between the environment and human lead to emotional relationships between men and the environment (Low & Altman, 1992, p. 12). The use of terms such as neighbors or citizens in many culture expresses attachment to the environment. Permanent interaction with the environment will affect abilities, our being as a person and our mental health. Many Studies show that stronger environmental attachment relates with satisfaction of the location, positive affect and better adjustment (van den Berg et al., 2003, p.135), that this specification will increase social adjustment by increasing peoples’ Mental health. Therefore, we expect environmental attachment in students will be associated with social adjustment and mental health. This study investigated that attachment to the environment related to mental health and social adjustment in students. Materials and Methods Present study is a descriptive correlation study which investigates probable relations between environment attachments with mental health and social adjustment in first grade high school Students. Statistical population of this study is all male and female high school students of Varamin City in 2012-13 academic years. Samples include 340 students (170 boys and 170 girls) who selected by random sampling method. Measures 1) Socio-demographic Data Information was obtained using a standardized questionnaire, for the following sociodemographic variables: sex, age, place of birth, educational level, occupational status, living arrangements, monthly family and per capita income. 2) General Health Questionnaire General Health Questionnaire is a method to quantify the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. GHQ-28 (28-items), however the scale is often used as measure of psychological wellbeing .This measure incorporates four subscales: somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, social dysfunctional and severe depression. 3) Social Adjustment The California Psychological Inventory assesses social communication and interpersonal behavior. The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is a leading non-clinical personality inventory test that evaluates interpersonal behavior and social interaction of normal individuals. The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is a self-report inventory and is made up of 80 true-false questions which can be grouped into two classes: 1) Social Adjustment 2) Personal Adjustment. The test is typically used with people aged 13 years and older. The inventory contains 80 items. 4) Environmental Attachment Measures We measured environmental attachment using 9scale items developed and validated by Midalgo and colleagues (Williams et al., 1992; Williams & Roggenbuck, 1989; Williams & Vaske, 2003). Environmental attachment was measured contained a set of questions repeated four times, ones for each of for area. This measure has shown good internal consistency. Items were presented in on a four -point Likert- type. Results Data obtained by searching records in 340 students who were randomly selected to be included in the study. Table 1 summarizes Correlations between the environment attachment with mental health and Social adjustment Table 1. Correlations of All Tested Variable . . . Discussion The results show that there is a significant relation between some of dimensions environmental attachment with mental health subscale such as anxiety, sleep disorders, depression and social functions. It seems People who have no attachment to the environment, will not comfort in that environment, and they will be suffering from anxiety and depression environmental attachment establishes better relationships with neighborhood and this creates more social adjustment. This research suggests that environmental designers have to design environments that increase the emotional interaction with their environment. These conditions can increase social adjustment and mental health in students.The findings suggest that environmental attachment play an important role in influencing the psychosocial adjustment, particularly positive mental health.

The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive failures and coping strategies with stress in patients with Major Depression Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), and Comorbidity. By Applying post-hoc comparative research method and A sample of 143 participants (50 patients MDD, 43 patients GAD, and 50 patients COM) selected. In order to collect research data these instruments were used: Depression‚ Anxiety‚ Stress Scale, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation (CISS). The data were analyzed by using statistical methods (Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test).The results showed that cognitive failure and its subscales (memory, distractibility and blunder) were more prevalent among COM than MDD and GAD groups. There were no significant differences between total cognitive failure and its subscales among MDD and GAD groups. Also, regarding The Names subscale no difference among three groups was found. The COM group obtained higher scores in other subscales compare to the MDD and GAD and utilizing more emotional oriented coping strategies. There was no difference between major depression and generalized anxiety groups regarding utilization of emotional oriented coping strategies and no difference among three groups in using task-oriented coping strategy. Regarding the differences in subscales and emotional oriented coping strategy among groups, developing a suitable program for clinical intervention may be suggested.

Objective (s): Despite the negative attitude of the society toward reverse marital age heterogamy, in which women are older than men, spreading of reverse age discrepant marriages and their impacts on changes in community structure illustrate the necessity of identifying the reasons for choosing this type of marriages. This research was conducted to identify and assess factors affecting the marital satisfaction, in couples with reverse age differences. Due to the limitations of using questionnaire surveys in the field of marital satisfaction, the data was gathered using a qualitative method (Phenomenology) by conducting interviews with 30 couples with reverse age difference as well as using observational techniques and assessing the recorded audios and transcribed texts of interviews. We used axial, selective and open coding methods to analyze the data. In all, 130 concepts were selected and categorized into five main factors that affected marital satisfaction in these couples. These factors were: individual-, family-, attitude, motivation, and background-related factors. The accurate ways to decrease possible breakdown of such marriages is recommended.

The aim of the present research was to study dimensions of national identityand introducing its behavioral aspect as a new dimension and to compare developmental processof these dimensions andalso assess the role of parents، peers، educational environment and the media، in predicting national identity in early and late adolescence and early youth. This research was a surveyandselected700 students including 358 male and 342 female from Junior high school، high school and undergraduate students in Tehran citythroughcluster random sampling. Research instruments were researcher made questionnairesused for national identity، Knowledge of national signs and symbols and role of family، peers، educational environment، and media in development of national identity. Results of present study indicated that national identity has threedimensions: cognitive، affective and behavioral. Development of national identity showed decreasing trend from early adolescence to early youth but Knowledge of national signs and symbols showed anincreasing trend. Family، watching TV،listening toradio، peers، satellite، non-curriculum books and magazines were predicated to be national identity and Knowledge of national signs andsy mbols

The Purpose of this stady was to investigate the effectiveness of self- differentiation on close relationship quality in single students. research sample was included of 400 single students (girls and boys) from Tehran University and Tehran University Medical Science. These people selected through random cluster sampling method. differentiation of Self was evaluated by Skorown and Friedlander questionnaire. researchers designed a questionnaire for study the quality of relationship based on maladaptive Schemas Theory of Jeffrey Young. for scoring the relationship quality questionnaire, the first quartile of subjects was considered as low relationship problem, the second and third as moderate and the last in frequency distribution as high relationship problems.The results showed in differentiation of self and its subscales emotional reaction, emotional cut-off people wite moderate to high relationship problems had significant difference in comparison with low relationship problem group. However there was no significant difference between these three groups in the subscale of I Position. The other results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between girls and boys regarding seriousness of relationship problems. Discussion & This study showed that differentiation of self emotion reaction, fusion and emotion cut-off had important relation with close relationships.

The aim of this research is studying and assessment of cognitive and affective dimensions and also, the behavioral aspect of national identity as a new dimension and comparison of their developmental trend in the early and late of adolescense and early of youth. In this research, we used of the researcher made questionnaire of national identity, and cognition of symbols and myths. 700 students included 358 boys and 342 girls from third grade of secondry school and highschool of Theran and also public and Islamic Azad universities were selected with random cluster sampling method. Results of this study indicated that national identity has three cognitive, affective and behavioral dimensions. Development of national identity showed decreasing trend from early adolescense to early youth but cognition of symbols and myths showed increasing trend. The mean of behavioral dimension was the most and cognitive dimension was the least.

The purpose of this study was to compare quantity and quality use of internet in relation to mental health and academic achievement of high school students in Tehran. For this purpose 250 students (124 males and 126 female) were selected through cluster random sampling method.The data were collected by general health (G.H.Q.28) and use of internet Almetrof Questionnaires. For analysis of academic achievement the GPA of first academic term was used. The data were analyzed by the correlation coefficient, on way analysis of variance, Scheffe comparison and independent t-Test. The results indicated that there was a meaningful negative correlation between quantity use of internet in relation to mental health and academic achievement. Also we found negative correlation between connection and entertainment use of internet with mental health and academic achievement. There was no difference between two sexes in the quantity (low, medium, and high hours) and quality (instruction, research, relation and entertainment) use of internet.

This study investigated the explicit and implicit memory biases in students of Tehran and Alzahra universities. Research design was based on causal comparative design. 100 students from Alzahra and Tehran universities were studied by clustral sampling. Research Instruments consisted of, MMPI test, interview, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and researcher constructed Tasks Assessing Memory Biases. The explicit memory test was an incidental of free recall with positive and negatively loaded emotional words, and perception of risk words. The implicit memory test was a cued recall task with positive and negatively loaded emotional words, and perception of risk words. The depressed students recalled emotional positive words for implicit memory bias in easy conditions(p<0/05).The anxious students recalled for perception of risk words in explicit and implicit memory bias under both easy and difficult conditions(P<0/001).The depressed students exhibited positive loaded words for implicit memory under difficult conditions. (P<0/05).The mixed depression-anxiety exhibited perception of risk words for implicit memory under difficult conditions. Girls showed more recall words than boys for both explicit and implicit memory under difficult conditions. The results suggested the subjects with combined psychological symptoms had different recall for emotional words explicit and implicit memory under both easy and difficult conditions.

This research was undertaken to investigate the relationship between parent's child rearing approaches and girl's shyness in Noorabad Mamasani city. A use was made of random stage cluster sampling strategy in this survey research to draw a sample of high school students. Using Stanford shyness and parent's conduct instruments data was collected. The reliability of the instruments was established by Cronbach's alpha at α=0.78 and α=0.72 respectively. In order to analyze the data, a use was made of Pearson correlation, t and f tests. The findings of the study indicated that there was a significantly positive relation between parent's rearing approaches, expectations and independence in personal affairs and girl's shyness. There was, also, a significantly negative relation between tender rearing and order of the birth and shyness. The first child and among students of different study orientations (nature science, mathematics and humanities) students of mathematics tended to be shyer. The results of the study carry the implication that, to the extent possible, parents should use more tender rearing approaches and retain independence in their personal affairs

The present study examines the role of media (TV, computers, books, magazines and satellites) in Adolescents’ National Identity growth. In this study 440 adolescents from Tehran’s guidance schools and high schools were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. To measure national identity, identify signs and national symbols, the extent of media consumption, family and personal characteristics, we used a questionnaire. The research findings were processed using t-test, Spearman correlation, exploratory factor analysis, and multivariate regression. The findings show that the extent to which radio, TV and computer are used, predicts national identity, signs and national symbols. Using books magazines as well as social-economic networks also predicts the extent of knowledge on national signs and symbols.

The general objective of the present research is to examinethe effect of training in communicative skills with a cognitive – behaviorist approach on spouses ’marital adjustment and the prevention of men’s addiction from relapsing. This study is a Quasi – experimental research which is carried on with 2 groups of control and experimental subjects by using an experimental variable (training in relation ship skills for 8 sessions), in this study we have also used a pretest and a post test and follow up was used after 2 months. The samples were selected among addicts ‘wives. The addicts were completing their quitting stages and they had been referring to addiction quitting center in Isfahan for four month And the Wives marital adjustment scores were below average (1 Standard deviation below average). The study tool was marital adjustment measure of Spanier (1979) with 4 factors including marital satisfaction. mutual correlation, mutual agreement and love expression. To measure the possibility addicts ‘relapsing to drug, experimental test for fast recognition (Rapid) was utilized. The selection of samples was done through available sampling and for analysis of data repeated measures of variance analysis and χ2 statistical test were used in this study. The result showed that training in communicative skills with a cognitive-behaviorist approach influences positively general adjustment. No positive effect was noticed in marital satisfaction and mutual correlation factors. There is positive effect of training skills on mutual agreement and love expression factors. Furthermore, the prevention of addicts from relapsing in male addicts, the number of relapse in control group is more than experimental group but this different was not significant. In general, communicative skills training with a cognitive – behaviorist approach effects spouses adjustment of male addicts.

The objective of this research is to study the marital adjustment of Al-ZahrāUniversity students in relation to their psychological well-being. Participants of the research were 201 married female students at Al-ZahrāUniversity. They were selected via the method of available samples.For data-gathering, the SpanierMarital Adjustment Questionnaire and psychological Well-Being Questionnairewere utilized. For dataanalysis, one way ANOVA analysis and Pierson correlation and regression methods were used. The results suggest that there is a meaningful interrelation between psychological well-being subscale and marital adjustment subscales; except spirituality subscale of well being, which only had correlation with dyadic coherence subscale of marital adjustment questionnaire. Analysis of regression showed that duration of marriage and marital adjustment with 20.6 percent assurance predict mental well-being.

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationships between parent’s attachment style and children’s Attachment disorder in school-age children. The sample consisted of 324 girls and 281 boys that were selected from Tehr􀆗n public primary schools of three grades (3, 4, and 5) by a random multistage sampling method. To verify the hypotheses, The Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Revised), the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire (RADQ), the Bender Gestalt Test (BG), and one questionnaire for demographic information were used. The findings indicated that parent’s insecure/anxiety attachment can significantly predict attachment disorder of their children. Parents of insecure attachment reported higher levels of marital discord and lower in socioeconomic status than did parents of secure attachment. Also, marital discord, difference of age between parent (more ten years) and low income family was significantly related to the attachment disorder.

This study attempts to investigate the relationship of daughters’ emphatic behaviour toward mothers. These daughters are those who enjoying metacognitive skills (self-regulating learning strategies) and educational achievement. They are high-school girl students residing in Tehr􀆗n, out of whom 196 persons were selected by two questionnaires: the empathy questionnaire and that of Zimmerman, regarding self-regulating learning behaviour. The results were analyzed using correlation, variance analysis, and regression methods. The findings show that there is a significant positive correlation between daughters’ emphatic behaviour and their educational achievements. Also, a significant relation was found to exist between selfregulating strategies of the students and their given Educational District. There was no significant relationship among emphatic behaviour, educational achievement, and the Educational District.