زهرا شریفی

Floods cause significant destruction to the economic and social structures of societies each year, resulting in substantial financial and human losses. One of the contributing factors to flooding is urban development around rivers. Due to climate change, Iran has become increasingly susceptible to floods in recent decades, particularly because of its hot, dry, and semi-arid climate. The aim of this research is to conduct flood zoning of the Godar watershed using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model. To achieve this, we first determined the area’s runoff characteristics using satellite images from 2018, a land use map, and the SCS runoff curve number model. Next, we simulated the flood discharge for the basin with return periods of 25, 50, 100, and 200 years using the HEC-HMS hydrological model. Subsequently, we prepared the flood zoning map for the Godar watershed area, encompassing the cities of Naghadeh and Oshnavieh, based on the desired return periods with the help of the HEC-RAS hydraulic model. The results indicate that as the return periods increase, the area of the flood zone in the Godar watershed expands, with increases of 1,255 hectares for the 25-year return period, 1,316 hectares for the 50-year return period, 1,370 hectares for the 100-year return period, and 1,419.7 hectares for the 200-year return period. The results of this study showed that the longer the return period, the larger the area affected by the flood. Studies also show that the HEC-HMS model is suitable for estimating discharge in basins that lack hydrometric stations. The results of this study may be useful in flood management and help reduce the vulnerability of this river to floods.

Nowadays, most of the contracts concluded in Iran's oil industry are in the form of contracting; This means that the employer (the first party), who is typically a governmental entity, entrusts the contractor (the second party) with the performance of an act or the purchase of goods for a certain amount. Firstly, due to the importance of oil contracts in the economic and also security, and political planning of the countries that own the reservoir, including Iran, and secondly, due to the large number of uses of this type of contract, in 2018, the Vice President of Engineering, Research, and Technology of the Ministry of Petroleum, during the document preparation of the general conditions of such contracts presented the obligations and responsibilities of both sides of the agreement in one place, codified and for exclusive use in the oil industry. Four years later, due to the changes in the conditions governing the domestic and foreign markets and to meet the appropriate needs of this complex industry and benefit from past experiences, we are witnessing changes, reforms, and innovations in the document above. In the following article, the most important differences and innovations of the recent approval document have been discussed and analyzed with a descriptive and analytical approach because it has created a benefit or right for the employer or clarified or strengthened the previous rights. The result of the research shows the consolidation of the position of the employer and the importance of protecting his interests more than before in all stages of the contract from the beginning to the end compared to the previous document.

Cancer, as a chronic physical-psychological condition, challenges the regular and continuous process of life and has numerous behavioral consequences for the child. Based on this, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of mentalization therapy on behavioral problems in children with cancer. In this way, the subjects' baseline was determined. In the next step, mentalization therapy for children was carried out for 12 sessions of 45 minutes individually and in parallel for the child and the mother.

The method of this research was semi-experimental with a single case structure and A-B-A design. The statistical population of the research was all children aged 9 to 12 with cancer in Seyed al-Shohda Hospital in Isfahan city in 1402, from among them, four children were selected by available sampling method. Before the intervention, the performance of the subjects was evaluated for three sessions, using the child behavior list of Achenbach et al. and during this period, no intervention was provided to improve the performance of the subjects. In this way, the subjects' baseline was determined. In the next step, mentalization-based therapy for children was carried out for 12 sessions of 45 minutes individually and in parallel for the child and the mother, and at the end of the sessions, their performance was measured using research tools. After the completion of the intervention sessions, the performance of the subjects was examined again in three separate times. Visual analysis of graphs and trend index, stability index, percentage of non-overlapping data, and percentage of overlapping data were used for data analysis utilizing SPSS and Excel software version 24.

The result of the data analysis indicated the positive effect of this intervention on behavioral problems, including internalized and externalized behavioral problems in children with cancer; So, the scores of behavioral problems of the participants in the intervention phase were reduced compared to the baseline phase. The percentage of non-overlapping data was also reported as 75 to 12.5 percent and the percentage of overlapping data from 87.5 to 25 percent. Also, the effect size for these children varied from 0.09 to 1.43, which is considered a favorable effect size.

Based on the findings of the research, mentallization-based therapy for children was effective in reducing the behavioral problems in children with cancer. Therefore, it is suggested that psychologists and counselors use this new method of psychotherapy as a useful and effective tool to reduce the behavioral problems in children with cancer.

Protecting the privacy of internet customers is crucial in the field of health. In this area, there is sensitive and personal information, and privacy can increase customers’ trust in companies and create a stronger relationship between them.

The target sample was chosen using a criterion-oriented purposeful sampling method. The sampling procedure was continued until the theoretical saturation of data was reached. Accordingly, 12 professors and administrators participated in the study. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Nvivo software was used for theme analysis.

Based on the theme analysis method, two constructive themes of level one and 14 themes of level two were identified. Constructive themes of level one were technological infrastructure and obligations of the seller to the consumer. The themes of technological infrastructure were personalization services, social interaction performance, access control, information technology security, security enforcement measures, safety algorithm and data-based planning, and decision making. The constructive themes of the seller’s obligations to the consumer were awareness, user and seller education, safety, maintenance and support of information, responsibility, framework and principles, and trust.

The proposed model showed that privacy protection was essential. Medical device businesses should implement a robust privacy policy, closely monitoring access, training employees on privacy protection, and upgrading security systems.

Self-medication has various implications for children's health. Given the limited documentation on the prevalence of self-medication in children in Iran, this study aims to investigate the frequency of non-academic treatments in children and the phenomenon of self-medication by parents

A cross-sectional study involving 300 parents of hospitalized children at the emergency department of Akbar Children's Hospital in Mashhad was conducted to examine the prevalence of self-medication before hospitalization. A census sampling method was employed. Data were collected using the "Self-Medication and its Prevalence" questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.

The study included 300 children with an average age of 6.09 ± 3.13 years, consisting of 150 boys and 150 girls. Two hundred and eighty-three participants lived in urban areas, and 280 had insurance coverage. Parental self-prescription of medication occurred in 197 cases, with 208 having a history of previous self-prescribed medication. The most common illnesses leading to self-medication in the last 6 months were cold (94.7%), headache (78.7%), and fever (60.7%). The most commonly used medications were cold remedies (93.7%), analgesics (89%), and antibiotics (52.7%)

The findings of this study indicate that self-medication is reported in over 69% of the participants. Education and implementation of various strategies to reduce this phenomenon are recommended, considering its potential consequences.

The global spread of tuberculosis is due to the AIDS epidemic to the extent that it is considered a serious health threat, especially for people infected with HIV. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the epidemiological factors of simultaneous infection of AIDS and tuberculosis in patients with AIDS referred to Mashhad Center for Infectious Behavioral Diseases.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 103 patients with AIDS who were referred to Mashhad Center for Infectious Behavioral Diseases between 2012 and 2019 were examined. In this research, the required information, including age, gender, occupation, marital status, nationality, prison history, addiction, was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. SPSS software (version 23.0) was used for data analysis. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

from103 patients with AIDS, 14 cases (13.6%) had simultaneous tuberculosis, 9 men (8.7%), 5 women (4.9%). The frequency of tuberculosis was significantly higher in the group of workers, people with prison history and family history of tuberculosis (P < 0.05).

Most of the patients with AIDS and TB in Mashhad are men, young people aged 29 to 49, workers, people with a history of prison and addiction. The results of the present study indicate the need for accessible and effective health and medical services to reduce current infections and prevent new infections in the population.

Oral hygiene is integral part of nursing attention in the intensive care unit.The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of chlorhexidine and chamomile mouthwash on the incidence of oral lesions in patients admitted to ICU of Hasheminejad Hospital in Mashhad.

This research is double-blind clinical trial.In this research,70newly hospitalized patients with Intoye were examined in the ICUdepartment of Hasheminejad Hospital in Mashhad in2015.The patients were divided into two groups of35people by lottery.In the first group,chlorhexidine mouthwash and in the second group,chamomile was used mouthwash.Mouth evaluation was done for4days.Data collection was done using demographic information,mouth score evaluation was done with MPS tool.The data was analyzed using SPSS16software.

The results showed that chamomile and chlorhexidine mouthwash is effective on oral lesions. On the first day,there was no significant difference in terms of oral lesions in the two groups(p<0.05),but the second and third days,the difference between the chlorhexidine and chamomile groups in terms of The incidence of oral lesions was significant(p<0.05).On the fourth day,there was no significant difference in the amount of gum and oral mucosa disorders in the two groups(p<0.05).The amount of oral lesions on the fourth day in both groups was It decreased significantly and oral lesions changed from moderate to mild.

Chamomile mouthwash and chlorhexidine are effective in improving and controlling oral lesions and dental plaque.Although chlorhexidine has faster effect on improving oral mucosa and gum disorders,chamomile has same effect as chlorhexidine in long run.Therefore,according to the benefits of herbal mouthwash,its use can be recommended as alternativ.

Ecological quality is an inclusive measurement unit of the elements, configuration, and performance of an ecosystem in the temporal and spatial scales. In addition, assessing ecological quality could provide valuable information for experts and managers in the first step of directed planning and comprehensive watershed management. Therefore, the current research was conducted to calculate the ecological quality index (EQI) in one of the upland watersheds of Yamchi Dam, which is not without the effect of human interference.

Nir Watershed as a study area is located in the southwestern part of Ardabil Province. To carry out the current research, first, the essential variables of ecological quality assessment (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), fractional vegetation coverage (FVC), leaf area index (LAI), net primary production (NPP), moisture index (IM), land surface temperature (LST), soil erosion, ecological integrity index, and runoff retention index) were collected and calculated. The variables were chosen to represent the three functions of ecosystems maintaining, supporting, and regulating. After standardization, weighting of the variables was done using the advanced multi-criteria, i.e., Projection Pursuit Model (PPM). Afterward, the EQI was calculated based on the sum weight of all variables for 11 sub-watersheds of Nir.

The wide range of variability of the variables used in the entire Nir Watershed area was confirmed. In general, sub-watershed 1 had the maximum mean of the first to fourth variables (FVC, NDVI, NPP, and LAI) and the minimum mean LST. While sub-watershed 11 had the opposite situation in terms of these five variables. All five variables reflect the structure and function of vegetation and therefore the ecological quality. The status of other indicators except ecological continuity (EC) was also evaluated in sub-watershed 1 in a medium status. Based on the PPM weighting method, the FVC (0.39) has the highest importance, and moisture and runoff retention indices with an equal weight of 0.01 have been assigned the least priority. In addition, the ecological quality results showed that watersheds 11 (0.10) and 1 (0.90) respectively have the lowest and highest levels of EQI. In general, according to the zoning resultd, it was found that the northeastern and southeastern parts of the watershed have the lowest EQI which covered 29% of the area.

The results can be used as one of the main goals of managing watersheds regarding preserving the ecosystem's health and integrity. Moreover, the priority of rehabilitation budget allocation can be assigned according to the resilience degrees of studied sub-watersheds.

Background and Fever in children is a common concern for parents. The purpose of this study is to investigate the of fever in children referred to Dr. Sheikh Mashhad hospital clinic by the treatment staff and the actions taken by their parents. In this cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted from March 2015 to March 2016, 500 mothers who had referred to the pediatric clinic of Dr. Sheikh Hospital with the assumption that their child had a fever were selected using convenience sampling. After receiving informed consent, the age, gender, education and occupation of the parents were recorded and their opinions about the presence of fever and the measures taken were investigated. Finally, the collected information was analyzed using SPSS 20 software. The studied children were in the age range of 1 to 156 months. The average fever measured in the hospital was 37.31±0.81 . There was no significant relationship between the age of the child and the temperature, as well as the age of the child and giving the medicine. Children whose fever was less than 37.8 received medicine in 17.1 percent of cases. A significant relationship was observed between father's education and mother's education with giving medicine. There was no significant relationship between father's job and giving medicine, but there was a significant relationship between mother's job and giving medicine. Targeted health education interventions are needed for the effective management of fever symptoms in children.

Daily flow data are a prerequisite for water resources management, but it is not possible to measure it in many upstream watersheds. In this study, different optimization algorithms have been used to evaluate the efficiency of the SIMHYD model. Therefore, the discharge data of Kouzetopraghi rive gauge station was selected as the study data (805 km2) located in Ardabil province. The daily data of rainfall, evapotranspiration of the meteorological stations in the study area were used to simulate the daily river flow data. Optimization methods including genetic algorithm, comprehensive competitive evolution, search pattern, multi-start search pattern, uniform random sampling, Rosenbrook, multi-start Rosenbrook optimization were evaluated based on statistical efficiency criteria. The mean value of discharge values by genetic algorithms, multi-year pattern search, uniform random sampling, multi-start Rosenbark, Rosenbork, comprehensive competitive evolution, search pattern were 0.031, 0.023, 0.085, 0.032, 0.024, 0.032, 0.031, respectively. The results showed that the change of optimization algorithms has a significant effect on the calibration accuracy of the model, so that the values of the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency criteria for the employed algorithms were 0.42, 0.31, -8.55, 0.38, 0.56, 0.023, and 0.24, respectively. The Rosenbrook algorithm had higher accuracy in calibrating the SIMHYD hydrological model compared to other algorithms used. A part of the modeling error can be related to the inconsistency of precipitation and runoff data due to the multiplicity of stations.

The necessity of a dynamic education in the field of medicine with the aim of improving the quality of education in order to train more efficient doctors has always led to the provision of new educational methods. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the implementation of the selected educational program of pediatric outpatient drugs on the level of knowledge of interns.

This study is a two-group semi-experimental interventional study of pre-test-post-test type with a control group, which included 70 people (through random assignment, 35 people were considered as the control group and 35 people were considered as the intervention group) from the medical internship students of the year 2016-2018 academic year of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences who were introduced to Imam Reza, Qaim and Dr. Sheikh hospitals of Mashhad were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tool was a structured test titled measuring the level of students' knowledge and awareness of pediatric outpatient drugs, based on the variables studied. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistical methods (mean and frequency of standard deviation) and analysis of covariance test.

The mean and standard deviation of the interns' knowledge in the pre-test was 5.93±0.57 in the control group and 5.93±0.57 in the intervention group, and in the post-test the mean and standard deviation of the interns' knowledge in the control group (13.89±1.28) and intervention group (16.82±1.34). The average scores of the two control and intervention groups in the post-test were significant (p=0.001), which indicates the effect of the complementary educational program of pediatric outpatient medicine in the intervention group. The test statistic was (F=85.407).

The present study confirmed the effect of the selected educational program of pediatric outpatient drugs on the promotion of regular education and as an effective supplementary education. Therefore, it seems that the implementation of this educational program in medical sciences universities across the country should be considered in the coming years.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of defense mechanisms in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychological capital in college students with psychosomatic symptoms in 2021. This study was conducted using a basic purpose, descriptive cross-sectional correlational method. The instruments used in the study were the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ), Childhood Injuries and Trauma (CTQ), Psychological Capital (PCQ), and Mohr Psychosocial Symptoms Questionnaire (MPSNCQ), which were created online and sent to participants via virtual messenger networks. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling using SPSS-22 and Smart PLS-3 software were used for data analysis. The correlation coefficients revealed that there was a negative relationship between childhood trauma and psychological capital (r= -0.556) and developed defense mechanism (r= -0.602) and a positive relationship with underdeveloped defense mechanisms (r = 0.561) and impaired defense (r= 0/757) (P<0.01). There is a positive relationship between developed defense mechanisms and psychological capital (r= 0.775) and a negative relationship between underdeveloped defense mechanisms (r= -0.772) and disturbed defense (r= -0.604) with psychological capital (P<0.01). Path analysis showed that the indirect effect of childhood trauma on psychological capital mediated by an underdeveloped defense mechanism of -0.263, a developed defense mechanism of -0.298 was significant (p<0.05). Consequently, it is important that mental health professionals and parents develop well-developed defense mechanisms against childhood trauma to preserve their children's psychological capital in adulthood.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, irritating skin disease that causes psychiatric disorders. It is necessary to know the effective factors that deteriorate this complication. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the severity of depression in patients with atopic dermatitis.

This descriptive-correlational study was performed in 2019 on 76 patients with atopic dermatitis using the convenience sampling method. The research tools were a demographic questionnaire and the Hamilton depression questionnaire. The Chi-square and the Fisher tests were used for statistical analysis.

The findings of this study showed that 22.4% of patients with atopic dermatitis had mild depression, 13.2% had moderate depression, and 2.6% had severe depression. Additionally, depression was significantly associated with age, gender, and higher education. 

Considering mild, moderate, or severe depression in patients with atopic dermatitis along with the effective factors in exacerbating their condition, patients with atopic dermatitis at higher risks should be properly screened and psychological counseling, appropriate training, and standard treatment should be provided to them.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic and irritating skin disease that causes psychiatric disorders, so it is necessary to know the factors affecting the incidence of this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and severity of anxiety in patients with atopic dermatitis. This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on 76 patients with atopic dermatitis referred to dermatology clinic of 12 Bahman Hospital in 2020. After recording demographic data and clinical notes, the anxiety scale was recorded using Hamilton questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software and Chi-square and Fisher tests. The results showed that 38.2% of patients with atopic dermatitis had anxiety. Also, there was a significant relationship between age and anxiety (P<0.05).Due to the high prevalence of anxiety in patients with atopic dermatitis and the determinants of the risk of further anxiety, patients with higher risk atopic dermatitis should be properly screened and appropriate counseling and educational measures should be taken alongside standard treatment.

Procrastination is one of the important issues in the field of planning, education, and academic achievement. Another issue is emotional cognitive regulation, which plays a key role in normal and abnormal educational processes. Psychotherapy techniques can be effective in reducing these disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on academic procrastination and students' emotional cognitive regulation.It was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a control group. The statistical population included 40 first-grade high school students in Mashhad who were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, compassion-focused treatment was performed in 10 sessions of 90 minutes. The Garnefsky Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire and the Procrastination-Student Assessment Scale (PASS) were used. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS 21 software.There was a significant difference between the mean scores of procrastination and emotional regulation variables in the experimental and control groups (p <0.05). The effect of this treatment on reducing procrastination was 82% and the increasing emotional regulation score was 51%.Compassion-focused therapy can reduce procrastination and increase students' cognitive regulation. Therefore, it is suggested that this intervention be used in educational planning.

The development of medical education is one of the categories that has been considered in recent years with the expansion and increasing influence on the teaching and learning processes. In recent decades, various universities around the world have purposefully used summer schools to develop and strengthen the capabilities of students. The aim was to investigate the effect of summer school training medical education by team-based learning and gamification on knowledge, satisfaction of medical students in the country.  The target group was medical students across the country who were surveyed by census method. In this quasi-experimental one-group method, pre-test-post-test was used. delivering a blended learning course with an enriched model with a combination of theoretical education, reviewing content with Kahoot software, providing individual and group seminars, and solving daily problems on social networks and through the Skyroom platform. The comparison of pre-test and post-test showed that the training course had a positive effect on increasing students' knowledge and the satisfaction score of the training course was more than expected. The results of the present study showed that the summer school of medical education could have a positive effect on improving students' knowledge and satisfaction compared to before the course. Therefore, selective and short-term purposeful courses using new teaching methods such as game-base and team-based learning, is a good way to strengthen the abilities and meta-abilities of students, which can also be used in formal education.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammation of the skin-immune system characterized by arterial erythematous plaques. Carotid artery intima measurement can be a tool for early detection of atherosclerosis in the pre-occlusion stage and has clinical signs.Material&

This case-control study was performed on 30 patients with psoriasis and 30 control people aged 20 to 60 years who referred to the dermatology clinic at 22 Bahman Hospital in Mashhad during 2018-2019 , sampling was performed by available method. After explaining the research process and obtaining patients informed concept, data was recorded in the checklist.Radiologist colleague of this study using ultrasound for a Carotid-Intima Media Thickness (CIMT) measurement. In this study of SPSS16 and statistical tests of Anova, Man Whitney, and Pearson were used to analyze the data.

CIMT was found in patients and the control group at 0.059 ± 0.51 and 0.047 ± 0.47 mm, respectively ( p value= 0.010). Pearson correlation coefficient did not report a significant relationship between mean CIMT in patients with age, sex and BMI.

Since CIMT has been reported to be significantly higher in patients with psoriasis, stricter control of other risk factors for atherosclerosis than others and stricter control of inflammation in these individuals are necessary.

The general goal is to investigate the entrepreneurial skills required by technical and vocational education students to work in the workshop at the Qain Technical and Vocational Training Center during the years 1401-1385. The type of research is descriptive and applied, and the data collection tool was a questionnaire, which after designing, its face validity (based on the opinion of experts) and its reliability (using Cronbach's alpha coefficient 71%) were measured. The statistical population of the research included 67 entrepreneurs who participated in the training courses of Qain Vocational Technical Center, and the statistical sample was determined by convenience sampling. A structured questionnaire including 21 items for entrepreneurial skills was prepared, completed and analyzed. Based on the results, it can be said that the entrepreneurial skills needed by the technical and vocational education students to work in the workshop in the economy under recession in Qain center are at a favorable level.

In this paper, we assume that the core of the neutron star consists of nucleons, leptons, and hyperons. We investigate the equation of state of neutron star matter using the LOCV method with AV18 potential,, TNI and also excluded volume effect (VE). We obtain the mass-radius relation of twin neutron stars in the presence of hyperons. The obtained results demonstrate that the threshold density of sigma hyperon lies in the range of (0.243-0.552) fm^-3 and that of lambda hyperon exists in the range of (0.353-0.940) fm^-3 . It is obvious that the appearance of hyperons softens the equation of state of neutron star matter, which is largely compensated by considering the radius for nucleons. The comparison of the results obtained for the mass-radius relation of neutron stars shows that the presence of hyperons using potential reduces the maximum mass of neutron stars from 2.11 to 1.12 M_sun . However, this parameter reaches the value of 1.5 M_sun by including the VE which indicates stiffening of the equation of state. In addition, excluded volume effect leads to instability after the appearance of hyperons, which implies the existence of a twin neutron star, two stars of the same mass but different radii.

Many‌ people prefer ‌village eggs because of their good taste, ‌bold yolk, and golden skin than commercial eggs, and some people are more interested in commercial eggs because of their production and expiration date codes, and the question always arises which one has a more desirable quality, so this research is aimed at comparing qualitative, microbial and oxidative parameters in the village and commercial eggs in Semnan. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 75 village and 75 commercial egg samples were collected by random sampling method from retail stores of Semnan and transferred to food hygiene laboratory under cold and sterile conditions to determine qualitative parameters (Haugh unit, egg weight, yolk index, pH, yolk color) and also microbial and oxidative parameters. Village eggs in qualitative parameters except for weight had higher rates compared to commercial eggs (P< 0.05) and in a* and L* color index there was no significant difference in the village and commercial samples. In terms of microbial and oxidative parameters, the comparison of averages showed that village eggs were significantly higher in the overall shell-level and internal egg mesophilic bacterial counts, as well as the village eggs, showed a higher amount of lipid peroxidation compared to commercial ones (P< 0.05). The findings of this study showed that village eggs accounted for more in terms of bacterial counts and the rate of oxidative breakdown, but due to yellow color index and viscosity, they are more marketable than commercial eggs.