زهرا عابدی

A large proportion of human-related air pollution is produced by fossil-fuel-based oil, gas, and petrochemical industries. Hence, conducting knowledge-based studies can provide effective solutions to complex environmental problems, such as air pollution in industrial areas.

 The carbon dioxide equivalent emissions were calculated according to the petroleum ministry’s guidelines for calculating greenhouse gas emissions for Zagros petrochemical complex seasonal data, from 2011 to 2017, and Data Envelopment Analysis Program (DEAP) software was used to estimate efficiencies by applying data envelopment analysis (DEA), during the same period. Environmental efficiency was estimated based on the materials balance principle (MBP), using the carbon emissions data from fuel combustion.

The results indicate, in the first year of study, the mean seasonal scores of the technical, environmental, and environmental allocative efficiencies are about 0.98, 0.90, and 0.92, respectively, while the inefficiencies are about 2%, 10%, and 8%, respectively. In the last year of study, these scores are around 0.99, 0.94, and 0.94, respectively; besides, the inefficiencies have been estimated at about 1%, 6%, and 6%, respectively.

 The mean ratio of outputs to inputs (mean technical efficiency) is 98% in 2011, which specifies that the petrochemical plant could produce its current output with 2% less input. The mean environmental efficiency and the mean environmental allocative efficiency manifest the petrochemical plant’s possible capability in reducing its pollutants by around 10% while producing the same and also the cleaner and allocative amount of output by 8%. In 2017, the reduction of 6% in carbon emissions to produce the cleaner and allocative amount of output by 6% was expected if the petrochemical unit could produce its current output with 1% less input.

Sustainable development and ensuring the safety of fishing agents is a high priority from the stakeholders' point of view. Therefore, financial resource allocation to efficient equipment can prevent damage and reduce costs.

The attention of the stakeholders to the safety of the workers in the marine shrimp fishing sector and sustainable development is desired. In this study, the costs of prevention, detection, and control were investigated along with identifying the beneficiaries, their preference towards safety by the AHP method, and ideal planning of sustainable harvesting. A total of 70 stakeholders were selected from seven different groups, and fishing float costs were estimated.

Paying attention to marine safety is the second priority of the seven goals of the stakeholders of sea fishing, and the fixed costs in the prevention and detection sector related to significant repairs accounted for 1.9% of the total costs.

The marginal cost of the safety sector in fishing activity took a small amount, and the total cost of safety was 4.9%. The marginal cost (changes in costs and damages in the safety department) was introduced as a desirable indicator to express the safety status of this department.

The problems and challenges of the transportation business include environmental pollution, reduced amount and increased cost of energy resources, material and moral harms of increased accidents, surveillance, and management of suburban transportation, increased wasted time, and the quick expansion of transportation needs, particularly during rush hour in the metropolises worldwide today. Progress in public knowledge, better living standards, the increased value of time, and the introduction of novel sciences and technologies regarding this business have led to higher expectations. This phenomenon has become a serious threat from one point of view and a chance for profitable investment from the outlook of marketers and experts. In this respect, the ITS (intelligent transportation system) has been employed to tackle these problems. Hence, this study addressed reducing gasoline consumption using the ITS on Iran's Karaj-Chalous axis. The statistical population of the research includes vehicles moving during the eight busy days of September 2017 from 1 am to 24 pm on the Karaj-Chalous axis. Selective sampling was not performed. The results proved that the ITS decreased the travel time on the Karaj-Chalous axis and, therefore, the gasoline usage.

Sustainable energy development is one of the requirements for the continued growth and sustainable development of societies and humanity. The main purpose of this study is to plan the supply of sustainable electricity by share of each type of the share of different power plants in the country.The methodology of this study is applied based on the purpose and has been done by mixed method (documentary, qualitative and quantitative). This research has been collected and analyzed using the data obtained from the study of documents, using (selected model) MESSAGE software and in the form of three reference scenarios, energy sustainability and high fuel price, the optimal composition of the country's power plant until 2050 has been investigated and proposed.Based on results and the model outputs, the optimal power plant composition in the form of energy sustainability scenario is the priority of combined cycle, nuclear and renewable power plants, respectively. Also, according to the findings, nuclear power plants are in the second place in the reference scenario and the sustainability scenario, and in the third place in the fuel price increase scenario. The results obtained from this study, considering the need for sustainable development of electricity in the country and according to the upstream documents and laws, it is necessary to prioritize the development of power plants, respectively.

This study aimed to estimate the environmental effects of reducing CO2 emissions by using ITS in Iran (Case study of Karaj-Chalous axis). The present research is applied in terms of purpose-based classification. The idea of applied research is to develop applied knowledge in a particular field. Furthermore, this research is descriptive-correlational in terms of method and nature. The statistical population of this study is the vehicles traveling during the eight busy days of September from 1 am to 00:00 in the Karaj-Chalous axis in 1398 during the study time. No other specific sampling was performed. All calculations and analyzes were performed using Excel and 10Eviews software. The results revealed that the application of the intelligent transportation system had decreased travel time on the Karaj-Chalous axis and, therefore, reduced the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The outcomes indicated that the use of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) during the eight days of the research had decreased 10129069 kg of carbon dioxide emissions in the Karaj-Chalous axis.

Improving health and the environment is one of the components of development, social welfare, and economic growth. Another influential factor in increasing health costs and reducing social welfare is work-related accidents and diseases, which impose high costs on individuals, industries, and the national economies of countries. Therefore, using multi-criteria decision-making methods, the present study provided a conceptual model to identify and rank work-related diseases’ environmental and health costs.

The present study was conducted in 2023. A classification model for the economic evaluation of environmental and health costs of occupational diseases was developed to achieve the study’s aim. In the current research, the Delphi method was used to identify health and environmental criteria, and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) was used to weight the sub-criteria. Finally, the cost of health and the environment was estimated based on the available information. Naft Tehran Hospital (NSHT) was also selected as a case study site.

The results showed that the drug and medical equipment cost factor, with a weight of 0.312 in the treatment sector, and the particular and infectious waste cost factor, with a weight of 0.085, were the most critical factors in the economic evaluation. Also, the parametric model results showed that 99.84% of the total costs are related to health costs, and 0.16% are related to environmental costs. In general, the results of this research showed that 61.3% of the costs of the health sector are related to the two sectors of medicine and medical equipment and the cost of service personnel, and 91.7% of the costs of the environmental sector are related to wastewater treatment and the cost of electricity consumption.

This study presented a semi-quantitative model to estimate health and environmental costs caused by occupational diseases. The results can create a novel scientific insight into implementing control measures using the optimal point of cost-benefit parameters. Implementing this integrated model can be a practical and effective step in allocating resources and prioritizing interventions.

Nowadays, with the introduction of electronic industry in human life, the discussion of electronic waste has become one of the most important concerns of urban management. These wastes have a high environmental risk. Therefore, controlling the risks of electronic waste today is one of the requirements of urban management. Risk assessment can help the city management in which area to invest more. The purpose of this research is to develop a model for environmental assessment of risks caused by electronic waste.

In this research, 3D-Melborn method was used for the basic model and DEMATEL was used for risk modeling. In this research, the opinion of experts was obtained in fuzzy form and its calculations were done based on fuzzy.

The results showed that in the risk assessment, three parameters of probability, intensity and contact were determined as the main evaluation parameters, and reversibility and neutralization were determined as corrective parameters.

The results showed that the most important environmental risk is soil pollution caused by heavy metals in electronic waste.

In this article, a new framework has been developed based on the modeling of the energy system and related greenhouse gas emissions, which aims to predict and provide a perspective of energy and environment correlation for economic sub-sectors under possible scenarios. Nexus modeling has been done by the bottom-up method using the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) software from 2016 to 2040. Demographic and economic data of Urmia watershed, which is one of the drivers of energy demand, was collected and used as a case study. The results based on the analysis of energy and greenhouse gas emissions under different scenarios have shown that the greatest potential for saving energy and reducing emissions is 27.76 million barrels of crude oil equivalent and 11.3 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents respectively under the scenario of integrated policies. Analysis of the sensitivity of the total energy demand to social and economic changes shows an average increase of 3 and 2 percent per unit of increase in population and GDP. A cost-benefit analysis for productive measures under the mentioned scenario results in the maximum net present value if the interest rate remains below 8%.