زهرا محمودیان

Grapevine decline disease (GDD) complex is a major global viticulture problem associated with a multi-year decrease in plant productivity and an increase in vine mortality, resulting in important economic losses to the viticulture industry. More than 35 fungal genera have been involved in the GDD complex, and the genus Cytospora has also been reported as one of the genera included in the disease-causing complex. This study aimed to identify Cytospora species involved in GDD complex in the vineyards of Miyandoab (West Azarbaijan province) and Malekan (East Azarbaijan province) Counties. So, during the summer and autumn of 2020-2021, sampling was done from the diseased plants showing symptoms of shoot wilting and die-back, bark and wood discoloration, brown to black discoloration of vascular tissues, and wood canker. The fungal isolation was done based on common phytopathological methods, and 78 isolates with the common characteristics of the genus Cytospora were isolated and purified. Based on the results combining morphological characteristics and sequence data obtained from three genomic regions, ITS-rDNA, TUB2, and RPB2, four species viz., C. chrysosperma (15 isolates), C. ershadii (24 isolates), C. salicina (28 isolates), and C. viticola (11 isolates) were identified. Cytospora viticola is a new species for the fungal biota of Iran, and grapevine is reported as a new host (matrix nova) for C. ershadii in Iran and the world. Pathogenicity of the selected fungal isolates from the identified species was confirmed on shoots of the Thompson seedless cultivar based on Koch's postulates.

In the ancient calendar, the year was based on twelve thirty-day months, each of the thirty days of the month was attributed to one of the gods and angels of  Zoroastrian religion.. There have been do’s and don’ts for doing things among Iranians, and every day has been desirable for doing something. In the Pahlavi piece called MAdayAn I Sih-ROzag , thirty days are mentioned, what is suitable and good for which day. The main question of this research is whether the belief in the misfortune of deeds is related to the selfishness of the gods who observe the days of the month and is it influenced or not? In the book of Farziyat-Nameh of Darab Pahlan’s and a piece called “Truth Days” from Azarbad Mehraspandan, the works that should be included in Each of the thirty days of the month did is listed. This research examines the thirty-day requirements of the Iranian month by means of documentary-library study. First, the Pahlavi text of MAdayAn I Sih ROzag is translated into Persian and examined linguistically, and it is matched with the Farziyat-Nameh and advice of Azarbad Mehraspandan. This research shows that the belief that things are unlucky on the days of the month has been common among Iranians and is related to the names and duties of  Gods of  thirty days of the month.

Denil fishway contains a direct rectangular channel in different slope rates associated with special baffles inside the channel. The layout of the baffles provides an energy dissipation process which provides an acceptable operating condition for passing the fish in continues path along the channel. Denil fishway divides the current to two different parts, including the main current located at the middle of the channel and lateral currents along the frame position. The interaction between main and lateral currents provides the main process of mass and acceleration movement and concludes a significant energy reduction based on the turbulent process. In the other words, it can be concluded that the frequent baffles make the channel very rough, which results in a suitable condition for migrating fishes to the upstream (Cea et al., 2007). Rajaratnam and Katapodis (1983) conducted common research on the hydraulic of the fishway structures. They focused on the Denil fishway as one of the most important fishway structures among different types. The result of their study on the Denil fishway is the developed equation for measuring the discharge of the flow in the channel in various geometric scenarios. The physical model of the Denil fishway was constructed in the hydraulic laboratory at Alberta university, and the flow rate and velocity profiles were measured using the electromagnetic flowmeter and miniature velocimeter, respectively. Rajaratnam and Katapodis (1983) introduced six different Denil fishway types. The result of this study has shown that the output data are relatively similar to the Denil type 2. Equations (1), (2) are the main equations of the Denil fishway type 2 based on Rajaratnam and Katapodis (1983) studies.

Today, semiconductor nanoparticles have attracted much attention in nano-medicine branches. In this study, the ability of the ZnS:Mn nanoparticles to produce reactive oxygen species including radical hydroxyl were investigated and also preparation method of these nanoparticles was reported. ZnS:Mn nanoparticles were synthesized using co-precipitation method. Excitation of nanoparticles was done by UV radiation. The formation and structure of nanostructures was investigated by XRD, SEM and PL analysis. The PL emission spectrum of the ZnS:Mn nanoparticles shows two main peaks in wavelength of 444 and 587 nm. The size of ZnS:Mn nanoparticles was obtained at about 24 nm using XRD result which it is in agreement to SEM and TEM images. According to the decrease in absorption intensity of methylene blue detector in irradiation alongside prepared nanoparticles, it can be said that ZnS:Mn nanoparticles are able to create hydroxyl radicals. This suggests that ZnS:Mn nanoparticles can be used to cancer therapy in photodynamic therapy method