زهرا مومنی

 Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause respiratory infections. Anxiety about COVID-19 is common and it seems that the lack of knowledge and ambiguity in people about the virus exacerbates this anxiety. so, the present study was conducted to investigate the stress management of Alborz Dental School students in the face of coronavirus.

The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study and the statistical population of this study includes all dental students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. For this purpose, a standardized Lecritt stress management questionnaire was used.

The samples included 190 dental students. There was a significant difference between the samples in terms of marital and singleness in stress tolerance (P = 0.064) and stress control (P = 0.45). And between samples in terms of age in stress tolerance (P = 0.043) and stress control (P = 0.26) and between samples in terms of gender in stress tolerance (P = 0.28) and stress control (P = 0.41) did not exist.

Based on the findings of the present study, there was a lot of stress in the entire study population, given that the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemy are undeniable. Among dental students, factors such as marital status, semester, and age did not cause significant differences in stress control and management.

 The oral cavity is one of the first areas affected by smoking, with numerous harmful effects. To enhance dental students' understanding of these impacts, an optional course titled “Smoking and Oral Health” was introduced in the revised national dental curriculum. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of this educational intervention on dental students' knowledge and attitudes regarding the side effects of smoking and smoking cessation.

In this quasi-experimental study, 31 sixth-year dental students from Alborz University of Medical Sciences participated in the online "Smoking and Oral Health" course. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire that addressed demographic information, knowledge, and attitudes about the side effects of smoking (7 and 13 questions, respectively) and smoking cessation (6 and 10 questions, respectively). Participants completed the online questionnaire before and after the course. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-22, with significance set at p<0.05.

Among the 31 participants, 16 (51.6%) were female and 15 (48.4%) were male, with a mean age of 24.7±3.1 years. After the intervention, the knowledge score regarding the side effects of smoking significantly increased (before: 81.54±2.18, after: 93.10±1.14; p=0.002). The attitude score also improved significantly (before: 76.82±8.89, after: 86.15±6.83; P<0.001). Additionally, knowledge regarding smoking cessation showed a substantial increase (before: 23.65±9.15, after: 40.23±5.86; p<0.001), with the increased score after the intervention (65.6±5.36) being significantly higher than before (62.6±2.14; P=0.042).

The “Smoking and Oral Health” course is essential for dental students. The intervention significantly enhanced their knowledge and attitudes toward smoking control and cessation.

Dental complaints are increasing globally, similar to medical complaints. This study assessed clinical negligence claim cases filed in Alborz province to identify common complications and problems.

This cross-sectional study examined all existing files related to dental complaints in the medical system organization of Alborz Province between 2010 and 2017.The data were analyzed using SPSS-16 statistical software and a Chi-square test was used to determine the relationships. A significance level of 0.05 was considered.

Information from 147 cases was examined. The highest number of complaints came from dentists in the 35 to 45 age group. The complaints were higher for male dentists compared to female dentists (p<0.001). Among the cases, 75.5% were against general dentists with the most common complaint related to root canal treatment at 34%. Surgeons had the highest number of complaints at 38.9%, while periodontics specialists had the lowest at 2.8%. The main motivation for complaints was related to the doctor's conduct at 54.2%, followed by financial damage at 44.3%.

Cases leading to a negligence verdict still make up a significant portion of complaints. Dentists who ware knowledgeable about the profession's legal and ethical issues can prevent disputes and complaints. Therefore, reviewing how students are taught about clinical, legal, and moral issues can be effective in preventing complaints.

Tooth decay is a prevalent chronic disease worldwide; preventive care is essential for its management. Despite some side effects, Chlorhexidine mouthwash is the gold standard for controlling plaque and preventing caries. This study evaluates the antibacterial effects of "Trigonella foenum-graceum" L. and "Kellusia odoratissima" Mozaff extracts on "Streptococcus mutans" compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash.

This laboratory study involved preparing herbal extracts of "Trigonella foenum-graceum" L. and "Kellusia odoratissima" Mozaff. The Well Diffusion Agar test measured the inhibition zone diameter at a concentration of 100,000 ppm for the extracts and chlorhexidine mouthwash, with chlorhexidine and distilled water serving as positive and negative controls, respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined for the extracts and mouthwash. Finally, the "Streptococcus mutans" count was assessed after exposure to the extracts and mouthwash. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, applying the Kruskal-Wallis test for group comparisons and the Mann-Whitney U test for pairwise comparisons.

The study reported three key findings. The inhibition zone diameters were 19 mm for chlorhexidine mouthwash, 0 mm for "Trigonella foenum-graceum" L., and 13 mm for "Kellusia odoratissima” Mozaff. MIC values were 6250 ppm for chlorhexidine, >100000 ppm for "Trigonella foenum-graceum", and 50000 ppm for "Kellusia odoratissima", with corresponding MBC values of 12500 ppm, >100000 ppm, and 100000 ppm. Significant differences in bacterial reduction percentages were noted after 30 minutes and 6 hours (both: p<0.001), with chlorhexidine showing the highest efficacy at 30 minutes, while "Kellusia odoratissima" Mozaff had the highest efficacy at 6 hours.

This study demonstrated that "Kellusia odoratissima" Mozaff extract has antibacterial effects comparable to chlorhexidine, while "Trigonella foenum-graceum" L. showed limited antibacterial activity against "Streptococcus mutans".

Creating an effective language communication requires mastery of verbal and non-verbal skills. One of these verbal skills is politeness in social interactions. The current research has investigated the ways of observing politeness in classroom conversations based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness. The data of the study were collected during several meetings that were held in some educational institutions in Bushehr including Azad and Payame Noor universities. The results indicate that negative politeness strategies have been used almost twice as much as positive politeness strategies, and in some cases positive politeness strategies have been used along with negative politeness. The highest frequency of negative politeness belonged to the four strategies "be conventionally indirect", "question, hedge", "give deference", and "apologize", and "notice, attend to the interests, wants, and needs of H", "exaggerate", "seeking agreement" and "give reasons" had the highest frequency of positive politeness. Examining the components of politeness in classroom discourse is effective in identifying this discourse as an academic discourse. In addition, these findings can be used in teaching foreign languages, which requires a comparative comparison of cultures and traditions.

Patient’ satisfaction is one of the most important indicators of the quality of dental service. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of patients referring to the dental faculty of Alborz University of Medical Sciences in Karaj, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 258 patients who attended surgery, prosthodontics, periodontics, endodontics, restorative, and radiology departments in 2018. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Independent T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the mean satisfaction scores between sections.

The mean age of patients was 43.1±11.3 years old. Overall, 48.8% of patients were male and 51.2% were female. The satisfaction of patients was 77.7±12.8 in the pain area. The most satisfaction in the pain management area was in the prosthodontics department (90.9±7.9) and the least in the surgical department (69.8±11.5). The most satisfaction in the access area was in the surgical department (80.8±8.0) and the least in the endodontics department (71.4±10.0). Overall satisfaction was 78.5±5.6.

The result of this study showed that the satisfaction rate of patients referring to the dental faculty of Alborz University of Medical Sciences is at the optimum level. However, in some areas of treatment, there is a need for further review and research to improve the quality of health care.

Cooking is one of the manifestations of civilization and culture in every ethnicity and studying the cooking methods, customs and beliefs which are mixed with it, is a step to understand a part of that ethnicity culture. The aim of the current article is to investigate that part of extensive culture of people in Bushehr which is manifested in traditional and indigenous cooking. Moreover, collecting cooking vocabularies and terms in Bushehri dialect in order to save them from oblivion and destruction is another aim of this study. The data in this study has been gathered through library and field methods and the participants were some old illiterate people living in Bushehr. The current study contains the eating habits of people in Bushehr, customs which are tied with cooking, the description of foods, different kinds of bread, sweats, and some local Halva along with a list of common cooking terms and tools in Bushehri dialect. Bushehri cooking culture, like that in other cultures, is under the influence of living and economic conditions and reflects the religious beliefs and national customs and indicates the oldness of this ethnicity. Since this culture is sinking into oblivion these days, any effort to introduce and maintain it, will be worthy and essential.

Considering the importance of investing in the capital markets for the growth and prosperity of the economy and regarding the negative impact of lack of financial transparency and information asymmetry on the level of investment in these markets on the one hand and the effect that competition in the product market can have on reducing information asymmetry be Therefore, in this research, we examined the impact of capital expenditures on the value of the company with emphasis on information asymmetry. It is expected that conducting this research will eliminate the gap and gap in the field of the impact of capital expenditure on company value and information asymmetry and help in the development of literature related to information asymmetry and product market competition and have a scientific contribution. It is also expected that investors, shareholders, managers of legislative institutions and other users will use the results of this research in making informed and useful decisions. In order to achieve the general goal of the research, two hypotheses were formulated. The statistical population of this research includes all companies present in the Tehran Stock Exchange from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2015. The selected sample is 113 companies. The results of the hypotheses test show that capital expenditures have a positive effect on the value of the company. Also, information asymmetry does not affect the relationship between capital expenditure and company value.

Quality of life is one of the new concepts of health, which encompasses different aspects of life such as oral health. The oral health related quality of life is affected by different factors that assessed in different groups. Due to increasing population growth and the existence of special physical, psychological and social conditions, elderly are one of the important groups. So, the present study aimed to assess the oral health related quality of life among elderly people who lived in nursing centers in Karaj, in 2020.

In this cross-sectional analytic study, oral health related quality of life among elderly people above 60 years in Karaj were evaluated using a questionnaire including demographic information, oral health behaviors and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). Data were analyzed using T-test, one-way ANOVA and linear regression test by SPSS-22 software.

A total of 149 people were participated, which 62.4% (93) were female and 37.6% (56) were male. The mean GOHAI in participants of this study was 46.05±6.52 (from 12-60 point). The regression test showed the relationship between the score of different dimensions of GOHAI with age, gender, income, and subjective assessment of oral health, last dental examinations and the number of teeth (P<0.05).

In this study, the oral health related quality of life among the elderly people who lived in nursing homes in Karaj in 2020 was evaluated moderate and good.

Dental injuries are very common event in childhood and have the negative impacts on their life. Proper emergency management is depended on the knowledge of non-professionals, such as health care teachers’ who are present at the scene. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and self-reported practice of primary school health care teachers on the emergency management of traumatic dental injuries in Karaj in 2020.

In this cross-sectional analytic study, an anonymous online questionnaire containing questions related to demographic information, history of previous exposure to traumatic dental injuries and caregivers' practice in dealing with traumatic dental injuries was placed in health care teachers’ virtual groups. Health care teachers were given one week to complete the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and linear regression were performed to analyze the data via SPSS software version16.

A total of 189 questionnaires were completed (response rate of 80.77%). The mean score of their knowledge out of 10 achievable scores was 5.63 ± 1.98 and their mean score of practice was 4.48 ± 1.86 out of 7 scores. The results of unadjusted linear regression analysis showed that only the previous information of caregivers had an effect on their level of knowledge (p<0.001) and by adjusting the effect of demographic variables, the results of this test showed that the work experience of health care teachers had an effect on their knowledge score (p=0.009). However, the self-reported practice score of health care teachers was not affected by any of the demographic variables.

This study revealed that insufficient knowledge and self-reported practice exists among primary school teachers on emergency management of traumatic dental injuries.

learning style is a method preferred by learners over other styles in learning lessons. Therefore, knowledge of students’ learning styles is crucial for educational programs. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between learning style and academic achievement of dental students at Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional research was performed on all dental students in the second semester of 2019-2020. Data were collected using Kolb’s Learning Style Questionnaire. In addition, students’ GPA was an indicator of their academic achievement. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 24 using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi-square and one-way ANOVA.

In this research, 205 out of 360 dental students completed the questionnaire. Most participants used a converging learning style (32.7%), and the rest of the subjects applied an assimilating (31.7%), diverging (31.7%) and accommodating (9.3%) learning style. There was no significant difference in students’ learning styles based on gender, year of admission, age and place of residence (P>0.05). However, a significant correlation was reported between learning style and academic achievement (P=0.04), in a way that convergers achieved higher GPAs, compared to divergers.

According to the results of the present study, most students applied converging and assimilating learning styles. Therefore, it is recommended that educational methods that match these styles (e.g., visual content presentation, diagrams, teacher’s handouts, lectures and self-study) be applied in this regard. It is notable that students with a converging learning style obtained higher GPAs, compared to those with a diverging learning style.

Regarding the changes in the process of education and conducting e-learning system in the context of the Corona epidemic, there is an essential role of evaluating the education programs in improving its quality and effectiveness. This descriptive study was conducted to investigate the virtual education status from the perspective of students in Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

The statistical population of the study included 364 students studying at Alborz University of Medical Sciences in the second semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. A researcher-made questionnaire having four domains (lesson introduction, educational content, feedback and interaction, assessment and evaluation) was used as the instrument and 20 items were prepared based on a four-point Likert scale. The questionnaire validity was reviewed and confirmed based on the opinion of a 5-member panel with relevant experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using the test-retest method and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was 0.902.

The results showed that the virtual education status in the domains of course introduction, educational content, interaction and feedback, assessment and evaluation is relatively favorable from the studentschr('39') point of view. Comparing the level of satisfaction in different schools, the School of Pharmacy, and among the different levels, master students showed the highest level of satisfaction with the virtual education program among the schools based on the domains under study. There was no significant difference in the level of satisfaction between students from different schools and levels.

Generally, the level of satisfaction in terms of various domains was relatively favorable for students participating in the virtual education classes at Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

Dental caries is considered as the most common chronic disease and a major health problem in developing countries. Excessive consumption of carbohydrates is one of the most important causes of dental caries as well as obesity. The aim of this study was investigating dental caries (based on DMFT index) and its relation with body mass index (BMI) among students of Alborz University in 2018-2019.

In this cross-sectional study, 382 students were choosed by a Quota sampling. Demographic information, dietary, nutrition and hygenic habits were recorded by a questionnaire. Then clinical examination was performed concidering oral health status and DMFT. Also BMI of the participants was calculated by measuring the height and weight of each student. SPSS-19 software was applied for data analysis.

Overal 38.2% of the students were male (20.56 ± 1.9 years old) and 61.8% were female (20.59 ± 2.2 years old). The mean of DMFT and BMI of the participants was 6.6 ± 3. 3 teeth and 22.7 ± 3.2 kg/m2 respectively. In all, 0.3% had severe low weight, 8.4% low weight, 68.6% normal, 20.4% overweight, 2.1% class-I obesity and 0.3% class-II obesity. Relationship between DMFT and BMI was not significant (P=0.299).

In this study no significant relationship was noticed between DMFT and BMI, which indicates that these two indexes are independent of each other

Lack of job motivation is the most important cause of reduced quality of professional performance. Field evidence indicates a dramatic reduction in teacher’s motivation. This study aims to represent the teachers’ perceptions and lived experiences about the causes of teachers’ motivation reduction. By using a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenological method, an effort has been made to reconstruct teachers’ perceptions of the causes of loss of motivation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Having used purposeful sampling and chain sampling, and through 20 interviews with teachers, data saturation was achieved. Deep analysis of the teachers’ lived experiences led to the identification and classification of the five major categories of motivation reduction factors. These five factors are: “educational issues”; “internal organizational issues”; “economic issues”; “social issues”; and “personal and family issues.The Results showed that each teacher faces many different challenges in the field of education and professional activities, and lack of attention to improving their status can lead to a major risk in the educational system and in particular the dynamism and development of the society in the near future.

Operators of construction vehicles are constantly exposed to whole body vibration, which can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of exposure to whole body vibration in operators and its relation to musculoskeletal disorders. This study is a descriptive-analytical study. Using easy sampling, 89 operators from 6 types of heavy vehicles (Bulldozer, Tipper Truck, Heavy Vibrator Roller, Light Vibrator Roller, Pecker and Loader) were included in two construction projects. To evaluate exposure to whole body vibration, different vibration indices (effective acceleration, peak factor and vibrational dose) were measured according to ISO 2631 and SVAN 958 vibrometer. The Body Map Questionnaire was used to assess the musculoskeletal disorders. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression (significance level less than 0.05). The results of this study showed that exposure to whole body vibration in Bulldozer (2.25 m/s2), Tipper Truck (0.98 m/s2), Heavy Vibration Rollers (3.20 m/s2), Light Vibration Rollers (3.45 m/s2) Pecker (4.11 m/s2) and Loader (1.2 m/s2) are more than the daily exposure to OEL. There was a significant and direct relationship between exposure to vibration, underlying factors and musculoskeletal disorders. The present study confirms the potential health hazards for operators of construction vehicles. Therefore, engineering and management controls are recommended, including installation of appropriate vibration insulators on seats, training courses, changing jobs of individuals with a long exposure to vibration, rotating work schedules, using gloves, flooring and vibration damping pads and create monitoring protocols on work.

The combination of natural and unnatural resources exporting has a great importance for the economic improvement of countries,so that if natural resources exporting is replaced by unnatural resources exporting, amount of exporting will be unchanged, but production will reduce in unnatural resource exporting part.on the other hand if natural resources exporting income is spent for importing, some parts of unnatural resources exporting will be damaged. Because of topicʼsimporting, some parts of unnatural resources exporting will be damaged. Because of topicʼs importance, in this article the effects of natural resources exporting on unnatural resources exporting and importing is studied in 18 countries which have fuel, metals and minerals and in 2000-2016. As results show in those countries which their economic has a great dependency on natural resources exporting, the natural resources exporting will reduce unnatural resources exporting and will increase importing, although in countries with low incomes, in undeveloped countries and in countries with powerful government, the natural resources exporting will reduce the unnatural resources exporting,but in countries with powerful government the affect is less and natural resource exporting will reinforce unnatural resources exporting.

Self-motivation is an acquired power that drives you to do things or avoid doing anything, Without affecting the opinions of othcters or living conditions. Since the Quran and Nahj al-Balaghah are necessary to achieve such a powerful and influential force in order to achieve human prosperity and the true perfection which God has placed upon him, they have stated some practical ways in which each one is the cause of self-inductance in humans. The first factor is belief in God''''''''''''''''s sake of God toward man as his creator, which manifests many manifestations in human life, and each one helps mankind in achieving self-motivation. The second factor is purposefulness in life; the goal is to act as a stimulant in human life, which, depending on its type and its choice, is effective in creating and sustaining self-motivation. The third is self-esteem because it is not possible to master human self-motivation when it comes to controlling the self-fulfilling needs. The fourth factor, linked to the type of human attitude, is the perception of man''''''''''''''''s knowledge and knowledge of the smallest details of the periphery of the world. The last factor is human modeling, so that by choosing the right pattern and according to its purpose and following it, one can go faster and faster with the path to self-motivation. In this research, after explaining the concept of self-motivation, we have identified and analyzed the factors influencing it, based on its teachings and Nahj al-Balaghah.

Contraceptive Pills Are Accepted Around the World. Since the Introduction of the Pillstheir Use Increases the Risk of Venous and Arterial Complications, but There Are Doubtson Whether Low-Dose (LD) Estrogen Pills Could be a Risk factor. This Study Aimed to Examine the Lipid Profile in Women Exposed to (LD) Oral Contraceptives Compared to Unexposed Women.
In This Mix Cohort, 100 Women Aged 20-35 Years Old Referring to Health Care Centers in Yazd, Iran Were Conducted Through Face to Face Interviews by the Researcher Who Asked for Demographic and Anthropometric Characteristics and Also Took Blood Samples for Measurement of Lipid Profile. The Data Were Analyzed using SPSS Version 21 and Chi-Square Test as Well as T-test.
In the Exposed Group Total Cholesterol (180/7 ± 38/28 mg dl-1), Triglycerides (129/82 ± 47/92 mg dl-1), LDL (101/42 ± 30/66 mg dl-1) Were Significantly Higher than the Unexposed Group (Total Cholesterol 159 ± 30/26 mg dl-1, Triglycerides 93/60 ± 44/01 mg dl-1 and LDL 84/84±24/70 mg dl-1). However, HDLof the Exposed Group (56/46 ± 8/42 mg dl-1) Did not Showa Significant Differencein Comparison to the Unexposed Group (56/18 ± 8/91 mg dl-1 ).
Conclusion : LD Pills Increase Levels of Cholesterol, Triglycerides and LDL, so Taking these Pills may Cause Dyslipidemia.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among all cancers worldwide and also one of the helth priorities in Yazd. Continuing deaths from this disease among the Iranian females is mainly because of the low use of screening behaviors and late diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the women’s knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviorse of breast cancer in Yazd, Iran in 2015.
This study was a cross-sectional study. The participants were 384 women referring to health centers of the city of Yazd selected in 2016selected by the cluster sampling method. Data were collected by a quesstionarre and designed by SPSS (version 16) (t-test, ANOVA and Chi-Square).
The mean age of the participants was 30.31±7.97 years. The mean score of the knowledge and attitude of the subjects was 52.53 out of 78 and 36.29 out of 50, respectively. And, the mean score of preventive behaviors of the cancer was 12.03 (out of 24). According to the Pearson's correlation test, a significant positive correlation was detected between the practice of breast diagnostic examination and the knowledge (P = 0.001, r = 0.177) and attitude score (p = 0.0001, r = 0.257).
Since the mean score of the women’s behavior is lower than the average level, an education intervention plan should be designed and implemented to motivate women to use the screening methods.

Skin cancer is a public health problem this study aims to examine the economic and social situation of people with skin cancer in Yazd province was targeted prevention measures, so that in this way we can.
This study was a descriptive epidemiological study and study population, patients with skin cancer (of it) is in Yazd province in 1391. In order to obtain the information from the data collection forms in patients with cancer and then enter the information for further analysis software to evaluate R.3.2.1 and chi-square test was used.
Based on the findings of this study, patients with skin cancer in Yazd province in 2012 the number was 146, of these, 88 men and 58 women. contact Sun in both sexes as men 25% and women 14% of the highest levels of contact with risk factors investigated in this study (P Based on findings recommended to lower levels of economic and social as target groups are the prevention of skin cancer and prevention measures focused on such groups.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the public health priorities. Consumption of oral contraceptives increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and it still remains a concern. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exposure on pill contraceptive low-dose levels on homocysteine and nitric oxide.
In this cohort ( retrospective prospective) study, 100 women with normal menstrual cycle aged betwen 20-35 years old refered to health care centers of Yazd, Iran in 2015. This study was conducted through face to face interviews by the researcher who asked for demographic and anthropometric characteristics. Anthropometic indices was measured and the levels of homosysteine and nitric oxide was determined. The data were analyzed using t-test, chi- square test and ANOVA by SPSS 21.
The mean and standard deviation of homocysteine levels in the exposed group acompared to non-exposed group were (3/848±2/357 μmol/L) and (3/284±1/616 μmol/L) as well as the mean and standard deviation of nitric oxide in the exposed group were (p-value=0/41) and (181/360±90/44μM) and in the non-exposed group were (162/654±90/913 μM) and (p-value=0/29) , respectively.According to these results, there was not found any statistical significant difference among these results.
Taking low dose oral contraceptives in healthy women did not change any differences in homocysteine and nitric oxide levels as a modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Accidents are one of public health challenges and the most important causes of children mortality in the world and Iran. Considering the vulnerability of children, cognition of accident patterns can provide appropriate strategies to prevent accidents. The present study aimed to epidemiologically investigate accidents in children under six years of age.
This descriptive-analytical study was of cross-sectional studies. The information of 300 children under six years of age was collected by the Quota sampling from mothers reoffering to the health centers of Azadshahr in fall 2011 with a check list through interviews. The data were analyzed with the Chi-square test (SPSS version 21) after encoding.
The mean age of the studied children and mothers were 5.30 and 26 years, respectively. The results showed that 78.4% of the children have had an accident. Physical injury (50.7%), burn (15.3%), fall (12%), poisoning (11%), traffic accident (10.3%) and drowning (0.7%) were the reasons for children accidents. The children of employed fathers and parents, who had higher education, had fewer accident and this difference was statistically significant (P The rate of accidents in Azadshahr is a higher figure in comparison with that of relevant studies. Therefore, it is suggested that preventive measures like parent training can be applied to reduce accident rates in children.

Published data on the effects of essential oils (EO) on in vivo nutrient digestibility in sheep are contradictory. In 2 experiments, the effect of thymol and carvacrol on nutrient digestibility was studied in sheep fed with high (70%) or low (52%) concentrate diets, using incomplete Latin Square designs. The essential oils were mixed with the concentrate portion of the diet at the rate of 0.0, 0.3, or 0.6 g per kg dry matter (DM) diet. Supplementation of thymol had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The main effect of thymol on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether extract (EE) digestibility and on nitrogen balance (NB) was significant (P<0.05), but within each level of dietary concentrate no significant differences were observed for these measurements. Overall, ruminal ammonia concentration was higher (P<0.05) in both HCD and LCD lambs receiving 0.3 mg thymol per kg diet. Supplementation of carvacrol had no significant effect on nutrient digestibility. The main effect of carvacrol on ruminal ammonia levels and NB was significant, but within each level of dietary concentrate no significant differences were observed in ammonia levels and NB. Inclusion of 0.3 g/kg diet DM of carvacrol or thyme was more effective than 0.6 g/kg diet DM in terms of NB but neither dose affected nutrient digestibility. Future research should determine the long-term effects of essential oils on digestibility and performance in sheep, before recommendation can be made for their use under practical husbandry conditions.

Abstract
Investment is an important component accessory to production in the economy of every country. Hence, investment is one of the fundamental necessity for improving economically in every country. Because in developing country governmental investment is generally numerate as political implement, there is a belief between diplomats and economists of these countries that governmental investment is  an effective stimulant for the investment of private sector and as a result it is a powerful implement for growth political and economic consistence, but it should be considered that governmental investment reduces from private sector’s resources for investment, moreover ,it also leads to decreasing of private sector’s investment in case that it is used for production of goods that compete with private sector’s production. In the other word crowding in happens. This article has been done in order to survey the relation between governmental investment and private investment and the VECM method in econometrics has been used.