زهرا نیک اختر

Considering the knowledge of anatomy helps in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and on the other hand, the study of manuscripts and medical texts of traditional medicine shows that physicians of that time studied the anatomy and physiology of the body in order to accurately identify diseases and find remedies. Knowledge of the anatomy of the body helps to diagnose and treatment of diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare the anatomy of trunk anatomy in traditional medicine with modern medicine.

This was a review study. First, the texts of traditional medicine from the Canon book, anatomy by Tafreshi, Hidayat al-Mutaallimin, Tashrih - Mansuri, Anatomy, and zakhire-e kharazmshahi by Jorjani was investigated. Then, the anatomical subjects in Gary and Snell's Anatomy were studied and recorded. Finally, the contents were compared in the form of tables.

The study of medical texts of traditional medicine shows that physicians at the time considered the anatomy and physiology of the various organs of the body the basis of medical science, and considered it necessary to accurately identify diseases and find ways to cure them. Explaining the anatomical topics illustrates the mastery and precision view of traditional medicine practitioners of the anatomy and physiology of body structure. Although there are many similarities in the anatomy of the trunk, some anatomical descriptions differ between the two traditional medical schools.

Generally, 25% of patients in the emergency department are patients with musculoskeletal injuries. The physician should be familiar with anatomy, as well as limb injuries, so that patients can receive appropriate treatment. Traditional medicine books are known as rich sources in medicine. In this regard, the aim of this study was to review the bones and muscles of the upper limbs from the Iranian medical point of view and compare them with the anatomical findings of modern medicine.

In this descriptive-comparative study, reliable texts, such as Hidayat al-Mutaallimin, Anatomy Abolhassan Khan, Tashrihe-e-Tafreshi, Tashrih-e-Mansuri, Ibn Sina's Canon, and Zakhire-e Kharazmshahi, were used. Gary, Snell's and Moore's anatomy books were reviewed for modern medicine. Then, a comparative analysis was made, and the differences and similarities were examined.

Upper limb bones were found in the texts of traditional medicine with several terms, including akharak (clavicle), samsanieh (scapula), azod (homerus), zand asfal (ulna), zand ala (radius), rasagh (wrist), mosht (wrist bones), and phalanges. The upper limb muscles also include the shoulder-specific muscles (scapular muscles), arm-specific muscles (arm muscles), zara muscles (forearm muscles), and hand muscles.     

The comparative results of anatomical descriptions in traditional and modern medicine texts showed the detailed and delicate views of traditional medicine practitioners. In addition, the findings emphasized the need for more frequent use of information in traditional medicine texts by physicians in the treatment of various diseases.

Research in traditional medicine sources is one of the research priorities. The book of law as the most authoritative comprehensive medical book play an important role in medical education. Ibn Sina explains anatomy in this book. The kidneys and ureter are involved in regulating blood pressure, disposing of the waste material and passing it to the bladder. This article presents the views of this Iranian wise and other traditional medicine sources on renal anatomy and compares findings with the results of the new anatomy. At first, texts of traditional medicine such as law (Ibn Sina), Kharazmhahi and Mansuri's description were studied. The criterion for choosing these books has been the credibility of the wise men to be cited and referable to the writings. Then, during a library study, the foundations of anatomy, surgery, pathology, semiology with the key words "kidney" and "pollen" from Iranian medicine sources and sources of modern medicine have been extracted and analyzed. Communities and differences were reviewed and compared in the traditional and modern medicine. According to studies, it was found that Iranian physicians, despite the considerations that have been described in the use of the human body and used more animal model for teaching and research, knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the kidney and urinary system by Iranian physicians have been carefully considered and is consistent with modern medical findings.