زهرا پیربالایی

One of the challenges in front of the Muslim thinkers, is the existence of hadiths that reproach (degrade, or disgrace) the women. Researching these hadiths for a second time can play an effective role in explaining the status of women in the Islamic thought. The tradition that introduces woman as evil is among these cases. This hadith was first mentioned in Nahj al-Balagha among hadith-oriented and historical sources, and was mentioned with a similar concept in books compiled later than Nahi al-Balagha. Regardless of the isnad-oriented discussions, the ambiguity in the denotation of this tradition has formed different viewpoints for facing tradition. Some have deemed it fabricated; some others, however, have accepted it absolutely. The notion of being an actuality proposition (qaḍiyya khārijiyya), and the concept of evil being accidental (‘araḍī) have also been mentioned to solve the ambiguity of the tradition. It seems that weakness in isnad, as well as incompatibility of this hadith with the teachings of the Qur’an and other traditions, along with its contradiction with the practical life and conduct (al-sīra al-‘amaliyya) prevent the attribution of this hadith to Imam ‘Alī (‘a.s.).

In medical knowledge, temperament refers to the moderate quality resulting from the action and reaction of contrasting elements. Every individual and ethnic group is diverse in terms of temperament. While temperament affects factors, it is also affected by them. Factors that affect human temperament are divided into two categories: acquired and non-acquired. Therefore, identifying and modifying the acquired factors plays an important role in controlling and managing human health.Therefore, the present study aimed to comprehensively extract the acquired factors affecting temperament from the perspective of religious texts and analyze them using the achievements of traditional Muslim and non-Muslim medicine.This study is descriptive and analytical which has been done by referring to religious texts and classical and modern medical scientific sources. The obtained information has been classified, analyzed, and processed.The findings of this study indicated that issues such as nutrition, geographical environment, seasons, age, and mood are among the acquired factors affecting human temperament.

Every human has a special temperament and human temperament is different. Human temperament is affected by factors and affects some factors. One of the things that is affected by human temperament is human ethics and behaviors. In this article, how this affect is examined and analyzed from the perspective of religion (verses, traditions), philosophy, ethics and medicine.

The method of this study is descriptive and analytical which is done by referring to religious and scientific texts and the obtained information is classified and analyzed.

Some factors affect ethics in an acquired way and some in a non-acquired way. Temperament is one of the acquired and non-acquired factors that affect ethics, because temperament is divided into natural and acquired types. The way temperaments affect ethics is sometimes in the form of positive effects and sometimes in the form of negative effects

Introduction & Objective:
Ethics, as affected by factors, affects some affairs also. One of those affected by it, is human temperament as a physical subject. How to influence ethics on temperament is a positive and sometimes negative effect. In the paper, it is tried to study the way in which it affected the human temperament as mentioned in the Quranic verses and traditions as well as the views given by philosophers, scholars of ethics and medical sciences. In addition, the effect of some ethical states on the types of temperament will also be examined. Given that specialist research has not been done so far, people often do not consider the cause and the way of treating many physical illnesses and disorders that are caused by ethical issues and problems. This highlights the need to study the issue. The method of study in this research is descriptive and analytical based on library approach. The obtained information has been categorized and analyzed. This research will show that moral excellence leads to positive effects, ie, the creation of moderation in temperament, and in the face of misunderstandings and ethical problems, also causes negative effects.