زهره شیرین بخش

The market and understanding of its various aspects with a historical approach can be considered an important field in the studies of the humanities and social sciences. The emergence of market relations in Iranian urban society in its evolved form is like a community that, through study and research in various aspects, can achieve deep layers and a broad picture of the nature of historical economic and social relations in Iran. One of the important aspects in this field is related to the two-way relationship between the market and the government, including the sphere of security and regulation in the market, which, based on historical experience, shows the government as the main custodian in this field. However, with the arrival of new civilization manifestations, the government's tools for regulation have also changed. This article aims to examine the mechanisms of market regulation (with an emphasis on the Tehran market) and the developments resulting from the entry of new institutions into this field. The approach of the article is qualitative, conducted using the historical research method, and data collection is based on the library method. The results of the research show that part of the internal regulation of the market was always maintained by its internal forces and the other part by traditional positions appointed by the government. However, with the entry of institutions such as the Nazmiyeh into the field of urban management, the powers of the internal authorities of the market and traditional positions gradually declined. Although this change was slow, it gradually led to the collapse of the foundations of traditional powers, and the control of the markets, like other areas, came under the influence and dominance of new institutions.

Cultural history is one of the nascent branches of historical sciences that looks at cultural issues from the perspective of history. In this model, which was established after the collapse of political history authority and the emergence of new historical and philosophical approaches, culture as a social heritage is the main subject of a historiographical approach; Among these, one of the most important and ironically neglected fields of study is art historiography, which has a history of more than two centuries in recording the artistic heritage of the world, including Iran; Accordingly, this article is based on the case study of four works of art historiography (two in world art and two in Islamic art) with the aim of identifying the importance of these works to the categories of cultural history in the writing of art history, and to Determine the extent of these historians' attention to the context and cultural contexts of art in Iran and the neglected cases. The article is organized with a qualitative and descriptive-analytical approach and the findings indicate that these works were not the same in regard to cultural categories in the analysis of Iranian art; In terms of quantity, due to the focus of the two books by Gombrich and Gardner on world history, a small volume is devoted to Iranian art in these two collections.  This finding is especially important because Ernst Gombrich himself is one of the pioneers of writing the cultural history of art, but it seems that his approach has been influenced by the very small and limited amount of his attention to the history of Iranian art. The most manifestations of cultural elements are also evident in the book of Islamic Art (Irwin), which can be analyzed by considering the intellectual trends and observing the cultural and social context of Islamic societies in the writing of art history by this historian.

Knowing the bazaar and its various aspects can be considered as a very important field in the studies of humanities and social sciences, including Iranology. One of the important aspects of studies in this field is the economic organization and trading system of the bazaar, where different professions and jobs were established and operated in the production, distribution, and service networks of the bazaar. Dalalan are among the active groups in this organization that play an important role in the intermediary operation of distributing goods and services. Thise research, considering the history of the long-term presence of Dalalan in the markets of Iran and considering the existence of negative ideas about them at the present time, It is trying to explain and evaluate occupational and social characteristics from a historical point of view and, accordingly, explore the roots of such ideas. Therefore, the main question of the article is aimed at analyzing the presence and economic status of Dalalan in the market distribution system and the social and cultural coordinates of this stratum in the Qajar period. The methodological approach of this research is qualitative, and based on this, the data has been collected using the library-document method. The findings of the article show that despite the fact that Dalalan are far from groups such as traders in terms of status and job base; Among the effective factors in the economic structure of the market, they have been active in various branches of trade. Also, their reputation for bad moral and social traits is not a new phenomenon and has a historical record. In addition, this fame can be considered as a result of their job performance.

In Reza Shah’s period, tax income was one of the key sources for implementing the government’s renovation projects. Therefore, regulating the financial and tax affairs turned into a primary concern for the National Council Assembly. After the demands of guilds and government were raised together, the per-capita taxation on guilds and businesses was abolished and replaced by tax on income. As tax has always been one of the most prominent and challenging issues in the government–guilds relationships, the Council played a significant role in setting the new regulations while also accounting for guild demands as the nation’s legislative institution. This subject is the main focus of this study. This study relies on relevant literature and sources, as well as historical research method combined with an analytical-descriptive approach. It investigates the role of National Council Assembly in compiling and ratifying the most important tax regulations concerning guilds to assess the council’s performance regarding the government’s tax programs for guilds and relevant acts and regulations. This study assumes that the Council acted in tandem with the government to ratify the new regulations. The findings indicate that the Council attempted toward regulating tax and financial affairs including guild taxation as a key government project. Accordingly, the council abolished one of the oldest taxes on guilds and passed new regulations to pave the way for government oversight on taxation quantity and method of tax collection from guilds. However, the Council’s efforts to meet the demands of guilds and direct regulations toward a fair and balanced taxation policy—at least so long it did not conflict with higher government policies—are not negligible.

The relations between Iran and the industrial west in the 12th century AH / 18 AD had various effects and results; In the economic sphere, for example, these results were quite tangible. From the second half of the 13th century AH, the production guilds were most affected by the economic relations between Iran and the West, and in the gradual process of changing the structure of the Iranian economy, did not enjoy the possibility of transformation and modernization in the organization and production technology. Finally, in the first Pahlavi period, the orientation of economic and social relations governing Iranian society caused a significant change or gradual decline of some areas of professional production. In this study, how changes occur in the production of crafts, the actions of craftsmen in adapting or coping with new conditions, and finally the consequences of measures taken in the field of importing goods, are considered. This research has used the method of data collection in the form of libraries, especially archives, and pays attention to the analysis of the relations between professional production and its opposition to industrial production. The results of the present study show that the professionals, in the face of the difficult situation they faced, took solutions in the field of economic policy, countermeasures and cross-cutting actions that were ultimately inefficient and the import of foreign goods remains Remained one of the challenges facing manufacturing industries.

Documents are among the most important and reliable resources in historical studies and, among the mass of documents, petitions, as voices of people, could be explored as a rich source for historical studies, particularly in the field of social and economic history. Through a study of the structure of the petitions sent to the National Consultative Assembly between 1926 and 1932 by various trades and craftsmen, the author examines the demands and expectations of the petition writers. The findings of this study demonstrate that the examined petitions are similar to other documents with respect to their structural elements. Moreover, the study of their content reveals that tax-related problems and challenges with municipality offices were the most important themes of craftsmen’s and trader’s complaints.

After Mashruteh, BaladiehWas one of the goverment’s tool to handle City’affair; Such as Sanitation, Civil Construction, exchange goods; Which associate baladieh and asnafin all affairs. at Pahlavi’s Period baladieh was one of the important center to organize interior offair of aSnaf. Arayez reflect asnaf Concerns about limitations in their actions and consequent challenges.Thisarticle, aims to search relation between asnaf and baladieh and their conflicts.Results Showe interfere and Supervision by baladieh in asnaf affairs such as exchange, tariffs, etc were Making asnaf dissatisfied and asa result of reduce in Power and duties of asnaf, decline their old Situation at civil bazar. This historical research, made by Concentrate on documents of ArayezMajlesComission and Meanwhile attention to history research qualifications, use documentary analysis too.

Guilds and craftsmen are one of the social groups whose lives were transformed during the renewal made by the first Pahlavi era. One of the most important transformations was related to the illegalization of guild taxation in Azar,1305 (Solar Calendar) in reaction to the inability of guilds in paying the taxation. In this article, attempts were made to unveil the most important causes of dissatisfaction with the law and the inability of the guilds in paying the taxation plus the effect of the official annulment of guild taxation on the relationship between the guilds and the government. Descriptive and explanatory methods were applied to examine related documents and resources. The findings of this study display that the change in business condition and the decline of guilds income, imported products, and the executive problems of enacting the law were the causes of this dissatisfaction. In addition, through elimination of the taxation payments of guilds, guilds stood in a similar position as other urban groups holding a distinct legal entity regarding taxation payment.