زینب احمدوند

Problem Statement: 

Selmas City situated in West Azerbaijan province at coordinates 38° 12ʹ north and 44° 46ʹ and 40ʺ east experienced a significant earthquake almost a century ago. On Tuesday night or Wednesday morning, May 17, 1930, the city was struck by a powerful earthquake measuring M=7.4 on the Richter scale and 2.7 on the Geophysics Institute scale. This earthquake stood as one of the most devastating seismic events in the history of Azerbaijan and the broader Middle East region up until that time. The year 1930 became synonymous with seismic activity, earning the name "Selmas" in the annals of seismology.

This research aimed to investigate and examine the impact of the May 1309 earthquake on the human geography, as well as the historical and ancient structures of Selmas City and its surrounding region.

This study adopted a fundamental research approach, employing a descriptive and analytical methodology. It relied on primary sources, such as documents, libraries, and field studies encompassing geology and earthquakes.

The findings of this research revealed that the Selmas earthquake had led to the destruction of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 villages within Selmas Plain and its vicinity. The extent of the damage extended from Selmas Plain to Qatur, Khoy, and Upper Zab Regions in Turkey. Alongside the loss of 2,500 to 4,000 lives, this earthquake had caused substantial damage to numerous historical and ancient structures throughout the entire Selmas Region.

Nearly a century ago, on May 16, 1930, the city of Selmas experienced an earthquake measuring M=5.5 at 10:00 in the morning. This initial earthquake resulted in the destruction of several villages and caused damage to the roofs and walls of rural houses. However, the most significant event occurred later that night, marking the main earthquake. At midnight on Tuesday or the morning of Wednesday, May 17, 1930, a powerful earthquake measuring M=7.4 struck Selmas, leading to the catastrophic destruction of the city and the majority of its surrounding villages. This earthquake stood as one of the most devastating seismic events in the Azerbaijan region, resulting in the complete devastation of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 villages within Selmas Plain and its periphery. The human casualties of this earthquake ranged between 2,500 and 4,000 lives lost. The impact was not limited to human life as numerous ancient and historical structures in Selmas fell victim to the disaster. The 4-meter wall of Dilmaqan City, mosques, Christian churches, the medieval minarets of Mirkhatun in the old city, and many old bridges were among the structures destroyed. The earthquake caused significant changes in the natural, human, and historical geography of Selmas Region. 

The methodology employed in this study was based on both descriptive and analytical methods, drawing upon primary sources, such as historical and geographical texts, official reports, accounts from local residents, and field studies encompassing geology and earthquakes. 

The findings presented in this research were derived from a comprehensive review of historical literature and localized investigations. The significant and devastating earthquake that struck Selmas in the year 1309 stood out as one of the most destructive seismic events in Azerbaijan Region. Occurring 15 hours after the initial pre-earthquake tremor, the main earthquake took place at midnight on Tuesday or the morning of Wednesday, May 17. Its impact resulted in the complete destruction of Dilmaqan City and approximately 60 surrounding villages within Selmas Plain and the adjacent areas. The extent of devastation extended from Selmas Plain to the village of Qatur and the Upper Zab Road in Turkey, leading to the tragic loss of 2,500 to 4,000 lives in Selmas. This article delved into the examination of the morphological changes and transformations caused by Selmas Earthquake, as well as the extent of damage inflicted upon ancient monuments in Selmas Region. 

The period following the Safavid era was marked by instability, resulting in a scarcity of significant archaeological monuments in Selmas Area. If any structures existed, they were likely constructed during the Qajar era, but unfortunately, they were largely destroyed in the aftermath of the First World War. Analysis of the ancient remnants in Selmas indicated that the structures situated in mountainous regions, such as ancient castles and Urartoi crypts, or those constructed using stone exhibited relatively good resistance against the powerful Selmas earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2. However, all the structures made of clay and other similar materials vanished.The Selmas earthquake of such magnitude brought about significant changes to the tectonic, seismotectonic, and geomorphological aspects of Selmas Region and the enduring impact of these changes is evident to this day. Notable transformations included the destruction of urban infrastructure, damage to residential areas, formation of earthquake faults and land fissures, hill collapses, landslides within the region, fluctuations in the water level of Lake Urmia accompanied by violent waves, alterations in the water level of wells, and emergence of water springs (Bolaghi Earthquake).Approximately two weeks after the city's devastation, a new city was established one kilometer away from the ruins of the earthquake-stricken city in the present location of Selmas. This new city was meticulously designed with proper urban planning and engineering, following a grid pattern. Today, little remains of the ruins of the earthquake-stricken city as they have been repurposed for agricultural and residential use.

Environmental education is one of the major concerns of environmental activists. Education is therefore important because it encourages desirable behaviors and increases the awareness of people in society. In the meantime, environmental education refers to the creation of harmonious and compatible behavior patterns with nature and understanding the relationship between man and his environment. In environmental education, it is necessary to bring children to a level where they can think well, see problems and issues and find solutions for them. In order to reach such a position, it is necessary to consider four important principles: 1) sensitizing children to the issues around them, 2) creating motivation to solve problems, 3) teaching critical thinking, 4) finding solutions in the education process. On the other hand, environmental education is considered a way to create and acquire environmental literacy. Environmental literacy means knowing environmental patterns and processes. In this context, there is a codified environmental education program under the title "Children's Place in the Environment" (ACPE) curriculum, which has six units. This program provides basic elements about the environment for teachers to teach students. The first unit includes respect for living organisms, the second unit is to preserve the soil, the third unit is to protect and renew the ecosystem, the fourth unit is to protect aquatic animals and plants, the fifth unit is to preserve natural resources, and the sixth unit is to achieve a sustainable society. The review of theoretical literature and previous research shows that the studies conducted so far did not analyze the content of the first and second year textbooks on a case-by-case basis, and each from a specific perspective with the aim of promoting biological literacy and paying attention to the environmental patterns of teaching. Examined the general this research, by examining previous studies and analyzing them, tries to examine and analyze the contents of the first and second year primary school textbooks from the perspective of environmental education.

In this research, the books of the first and second year of primary school have been examined based on the approach of environmental education and with the method of content analysis. The first year of primary school has five textbooks; let’s write Farsi, read Farsi, experimental sciences, mathematics and teaching Quran, which is also added in the second year of elementary school. In this research, the analyzed society is the textbooks of the first and second year of elementary school, compiled in 2010, which are all counted. The unit of analysis is images and written text. The reason for choosing textbooks is that textbooks are the most important and widely used educational media used in the education system. This educational medium has a more fundamental role in countries with a more centralized system and facilitates the learning process.

In order to answer the research question, all the books were analyzed and pictures and texts related to the environment were recorded. Surveys showed that topics related to the environment are mainly limited to introducing animals, elements of nature, introducing plants, referring to the beauty of nature, expressing feelings towards nature, referring to natural foods and enjoying nature. be On the other hand, educational sentences are very few and do not stand out significantly. The findings of the research show that in the textbooks of the first year, the names and images of animals are the most frequent, so that 239 cases in the three books "Let's write Persian", "Read Persian" and "Experimental science" were about animals. 95 items were dedicated to the names and images of plants, and the sky and its elements and water, river and sea were also discussed from the aspect of introduction. In the math book, there are 31 pictures of animals for teaching addition or subtraction, 30 pictures of flowers and plants, 18 pictures of fruits and 3 pictures of life in the village. In the books of the second grade of primary school, the situation is somewhat different. Because unlike the books of the first year, which mostly introduce animals, plants or single words, in the books of the second year, the child is faced with coherent texts that intend to convey a message. Names and images of animals, names of fruits, introducing elements of nature, referring to the beauty of nature and giving importance to green spaces are such. The general content of the second Farsi book, read and write, is similar to writing. Enjoying nature, pictures of nature, animal life in the forest, pictures of butterflies, ants or the relationship between flowers and butterflies, learning words related to nature such as mountain, sea and forest, taking care of trees, branches and flowers, helping Animals, description of water and its sound, description of rainbow and presenting an image of happiness of parents in the heart of nature next to a river are the general concepts presented in the book. Key sentences are mainly mentioned in the science book of the second year of primary school. At the beginning of the book, the introduction of animals and their habitats is illustrated, and in one section, the topics of land and soil are mentioned. The contents related to land and soil are somewhat compatible with the objectives of the "Children's Place in the Environment" curriculum. In the second grade book of Heavenly Gifts, nature is mentioned as a heavenly gift that children are happy to have. In this book, there are beautiful pictures of flowers and plants, trees, forests, insects, clouds, and the sky, which give students a good feeling.

In the reviewed books, the creation and strengthening of a supportive attitude towards the environment has been brought up in an emotional way, and the beauty of nature has been mentioned in several cases. While not much attention has been paid to how to deal with the environment, and environmental issues, how to deal with them, creating sensitivity towards the surrounding environment, increasing the skill of recognizing issues and participating in solving environmental issues are at a very low level. are located In general, it can be said that the goals of environmental education, such as creating sensitivity towards the environment, creating participation in the improvement and preservation of the environment, the ability to identify and solve environmental problems, have not been realized in these books, and only superficial content has been presented. Enough of the environment and its issues. However, awareness of the elements of the environment and nature has been addressed to some extent. But it seems that the introduction of elements of nature does not necessarily lead to correct behavior and dealing with nature, and the analyzed books do not have the ability to motivate and think critically among students.

During the Ilkhanate period, the endowment tradition expanded, which drew attention to Sufism from both rulers and ordinary people. As a result, many endowments were established, with different segments of the society contributing to the Safavid religious path. Their contribution played a crucial role in stabilizing and developing the social and economic functions of the Tariqa. The present study focuses on investigating the various dimensions of endowments in the Safavid Tariqa from the Ilkhanate to the rise of the Safavid, based on the manuscript of Sarih al-Molk by Abdi Beyg Shirazi (Deceased 977 AH). By examining the information related to the entrants, endowments, and incomes, it is shown that a coherent and extensive economic network was planned to attract financial aid, along with the expansion of the spiritual influence of the Tariqa. This network was organized to improve the economic power of the Tariqa through the volume of endowment revenues. Additionally, by stabilizing and developing endowments and providing social services, the Safavid elders aimed to strengthen the status of influential people in the political arena and make a double effort to gain power.

The arrival of modernity and the new European culture in Iranian society had an impact on political, social and cultural structures and caused these structures to undergo certain changes. A large part of these changes affected the social and cultural sphere, especially the lifestyle and etiquette of Iranian society. One of the customs that went through change was the greeting, especially the tradition of shaking hands. This article aims to investigate the arrival, acceptance and significance of the new handshake as a sign of the modern and Western (so-called Farangi) style of greeting and human interaction using the descriptive-analytical method. The results show that following cultural interactions with Europeans and the spread of Western culture and customs, the Western-style handshake became popular in Iran from the Naserid period onward and the nature of the manner of handshake and its conceptual and semantic implications changed significantly. In this new way, the handshake became a common practice and it transformed from an etiquette reserved for special occasions and individuals into a wide-ranging social practice.

There is extensive research in the field of women's medicine in the works of Muslim scholars and scholars, which is the result of their extensive experience in this field. During the third to ninth centuries, the timeframe of the study in question, Muslim monks devoted detailed sections of their medical books to the subject of obstetrics and gynecology and sometimes wrote independent treatises on this subject. Accordingly, the present study aims at exploring the effects of Muslim physicians during the third to ninth centuries on their progress in the field of women's menstrual diseases.

: In this review and library study, the views and opinions of some Muslim doctors and practitioners during the third and ninth centuries AH using their books and medical records on the causes and methods of treatment of women's menstrual diseases from a diagnostic point of view And therapeutic, were evaluated. To analyze and compare information available with other researchers, Women's Uterine Diseases, Menstrual Diseases, Gynecological Diseases, Islamic Medicine, Muslim Doctrine, Databases, Magiran, Irandoc, IranMedex, UpToDate, Google Scholar Search and Scientific Documentation Summarized.

This study shows that Muslim physicians have presented diverse and applicable theories and views on the symptoms and treatment of women's menstrual diseases  And recounts the surgical and medication procedures performed depending on the type of menstrual period women have And so, by introducing the important achievements of ancient Islamic medicine, some of the great history of this knowledge will be introduced to Muslim practitioners who are hereditary in order to provide grounds for restoring scientific and epistemic self-belief.

Innovation and creativity of Muslim physicians' treatment methods to cure women's uterine diseases in the period under discussion, and especially the causes and treatment of women's menstrual diseases, show that Muslim physicians, by thoroughly explaining and examining women's diseases, are appropriate and useful ways to remedy this. Diseases have been reported, and have been prescribed by arbitration, nutrition and suppository methods.

The Armenian region with an area of about 30,000 square kilometers is located in the northwest of the Iranian plateau in the South Caucasus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and on the border between Asia and Europe. Today, this land has certain geographical boundaries and parts, but it has been introduced differently in earlier geographical and historical texts.The present territory of Armenia includes the regions of Georgia in the north, the Khanate of Yerevan in the center, the Khanate of Nakhchivan in the south, and the Khanate of Karabakh in the southeast of Armenia. All regions are mentioned in some works of Muslim historians and geographers. They have mentioned a special name for each region.

The purpose of this study is to study the historical geography of the Armenian region from the perspective of Muslim historians and geographers from the first century to the ninth century AH (i.e. the period in which most historical and geographical books and writings have been recorded and written). The method and approach of this research are fundamental and methodologically descriptive and analytical based on the method of studying the primary library resources.

The findings of this study show that the historical geography of Armenia, its name, and geographical boundaries of this land based on the earlier historical and geographical texts are sometimes presented in a different way from the current situation of this land. In the present study, for the first time, the historical geography of the Armenian region as a significant and strategically important region has been studied in detail. The region has been geographically and religiously disputed by neighboring powers and governments during its thousands of years of history.

In this research, the views and initiatives of Muslim physicians during the 3rd-9th centuries of Hurghada have been investigated on surgical methods and treatment of uterine diseases in women. In order to overview the history of surgical role in the development of medical knowledge Muslims will be aware of some of the common uterine diseases of women and infertility and ways to treat them from the Islamic perspective.

The method of this research was based on library study and review of old medical manuscripts and books, To conduct a descriptive review study of the views and opinions of Islamic physicians and surgical methods of uterine diseases of women from their perspective. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trust in reporting and publishing were respected.

This study shows that Muslim doctors, in addition to prescribing medicines for the treatment of uterine diseases of women and other diseases, also use surgical and surgical techniques such as: Czutting, fissuring, veining, cupping and burning to cure diseases. The womb was used by women.

The innovation and creativity of Muslim doctors for the treatment of women's uterine diseases in the course of the discussion, and in particular the role of surgery in their treatment, shows that Muslim doctors, with a detailed description of the diseases of women, provide appropriate and useful therapies for the treatment of these diseases and used surgical procedures as needed to minimize the outcome for the patient.