زینب احمدی

Female circumcision can be associated with unfavorable health outcomes, including physical, psychological, social, and sexual consequences. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of circumcision and its predictor factors on sexual performance, life, and satisfaction of women.

The present study was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study of 320 women referred to the childbirth ward in 2019-2020. It was done using the available sampling method. Information was collected through questionnaires and interviews. The data collection tool was a 4-part questionnaire that included a researcher-made questionnaire, sexual questionnaires, and sexual quality of life. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using ANCOVA, a simple and multiple linear regression.

The mean score of sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and quality of sexual life in two groups (circumcised and uncircumcised women) showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Also, the mean score in all dimensions of sexual function was significant in two groups (desire (P < 0.001), stimulation (P < 0.001), humidity (P < 0.001), orgasm (P = 0.002), satisfaction (P < 0.001), pain (P = 0.049), respectively). The rate of sexual dysfunction in circumcised women was 83.9%, and in uncircumcised women was 71.6%. According to the coefficient effect in covariance analysis, 5, 7, and 13% changes in sexual satisfaction, sexual quality of life, and sexual function in women were related to circumcision, respectively. Also, the age of circumcision has the most outstanding effect and is a significant predictor of sexual satisfaction (β: 1.51; P: 0.018; CI95%: 2.77 to 0.26) and quality of sexual life (P: 0.027; CI95%: 0.12 to 2.06). The degree of circumcision 2 compared to 1 has the most distinguished effect and predictor on the overall sexual function score (β: 2.87; P: 0.018; CI95%: -0.22 to -5.52) and its dimensions.

The findings of the present study showed a decrease in the sexual satisfaction action and quality of life scores in circumcised women, and by emphasizing the negative consequences of circumcised women's sexual health, it tried to inform healthcare providers about counseling to change the views of families to improve women's sexual health.

Effects of cyflumetofen and clofentezine were evaluated on Tetranychus urticae Koch, under laboratory conditions. LC50 values of cyflumetofen and clofentezine against eggs were 0.8 μg a.i./mL and 0.42 μg a.i./mL, respectively. Sublethal effects of these compounds on the life table parameters of T. urticae were evaluated by exposing mites to LC50 and LC25 concentrations. The developmental time of male and female T. urticae were significantly affected by both acaricides. Moreover, exposure to LC25 and LC50 concentrations of cyflumetofen or clofentezine significantly reduced net reproductive rate (R0), finite rate of increase (λ), and intrinsic rate of increase (r). The LC25 and LC50 treatments showed strong effects on both survivorship, fecundity, and intrinsic rate of increase. Our findings indicated that lethal and sublethal exposure to cyflumetofen or clofentezine result in significant alteration of life-history characteristics of T. urticae. Our findings suggest that these acaricides are promising candidates for use in management programs of this major pest.

This study explores the impact of business intelligence on customer behavioral responses through marketing, innovation, and financial performance. The research is developmental-applicative in nature and descriptive-survey regarding the data collection method. Given the examination of relationships among variables, it is correlational-causal. The population of this research consists of employees and managers of active start-ups based in the Kermanshah Science and Technology Park, totaling 231 individuals. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan table, the sample size was estimated at 140. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire, the reliability and validity of which were examined and confirmed. Data analysis was performed in descriptive and inferential phases using SPSS16 and Smart PLS3 software. According to the research findings, the t-values for all seven hypotheses were above the critical value of 1.96, and the significance level was less than 0.05. Thus, all research hypotheses were accepted. The most significant impact was that of innovation on the financial performance of the companies, indicating the effect of new and creative ideas in products and services on company sales. Additionally, business intelligence significantly impacts companies' financial performance and customer behavioral responses. Overall, the research variables were able to explain 33.5% of the variations in customer behavioral response. In conclusion, it is recommended that managers of these companies employ business intelligence to understand market demands and customer needs and produce innovative products accordingly, as this will enhance sales opportunities and improve financial performance.

Baseless words are destructive in today's organizations. A tactless or tactful but unreal word and speech at any level may have negative or positive effects. It is clear that the negativity or positivity of the rumor can, considering the factor of relativity, any be rebellious in its dimension. Organizational rumors have become very common in both dimensions and this can only affect the employees first and then their job performance. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate organizational rumors on the job performance of Sadra municipality employees. After testing the hypothesis derived from polling 50 employees, the regression correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between rumors in Sadra municipality and the job performance of employees.

 Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the three pathogens that has become a global disease control and treatment problem due to its resistance to common antibiotics. For this reason, it is crucial to study the genes that cause antibiotic resistance in it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic frequency of tetracycline resistance in clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae in Tehran, Iran.

 In this study, 100 isolates of K. pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples (urine) during 2018-2019 were studied. In addition to microbial and biochemical phenotypic tests, genotypic tests were conducted to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes tet (A, B, C, 39).

 Out of 100 isolates of K. pneumoniae, 49 isolates were resistant to tetracyclines. The results of multiplex PCR showed that 31 samples were positive for tetA gene, 8 isolates for tetB gene, 21 samples for tetC and, and 8 isolates for tet39. None of the isolates were positive for all four tetracycline genes.

 The results of this study showed that the isolates were positive for at least one gene and at most 2 tetracycline resistance genes. The tetA gene showed the highest frequency and the lowest frequency was demonstrated by tetB. The highest binary combination of genes was tetA-tetC, and the lowest was tetA-tet39.

Female circumcision is considered as one of the health problems of women in some societies, including Iran, and includes all methods that lead to damage or removal of part or all of the female reproductive system based on cultural goals or other non-medical reasons. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of pregnant women referring to the maternity ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Piranshahr city regarding circumcision in 2020.

In the present descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 320 pregnant women (160 in the circumcised group and 160 in the uncircumcised group) who were referred to the maternity ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Piranshahr city were selected by convenience sampling method. Necessary information was collected through demographic information form, maternal characteristics assessment form (during pregnancy), researcher-made questionnaire of knowledge, and attitude towards circumcision questionnaire. A significance level of 0.05 was coded in SPSS software version 16.

The mean age of circumcised and uncircumcised women was 28.92±6 6.2 and 25.42±4. 4.8 years, respectively. In both groups, most women had a low level of knowledge about circumcision but the knowledge of circumcised women was higher than uncircumcised women and a statistically significant difference existed in terms of knowledge about circumcision (p = 0.006). The results also showed that in both groups, there was a negative attitude towards circumcision but uncircumcised women had a more negative attitude towards circumcision, which is statistically significant (p = 0.001). The linear regression model showed that among the variables, age, education, place of birth, and income were statistically significant in increasing the awareness of pregnant women (p <0.05 for all). Meanwhile, occupation had no effect on predicting knowledge in women (p = 0.483). The linear regression model also showed that among the demographic variables; age, education, and place of birth were effective in predicting attitude in pregnant women under study and this relationship was significant for these variables (p <0.05 for all). Among these, job (p = 0.484) and income (p = 0.537) had no significant effect on women's attitude toward circumcision.

Considering the prevalence of circumcision in Piranshahr city and the low awareness of women and the existence of women whose attitude towards circumcision is still positive; it is expected that in formulating educational and legal strategies at the regional level, significant variables in the present study will be considered by health managers and health policymakers in order to increase and promote women's attitude about circumcision.

Considering the effect of transformational factors on individual and social problems and the need to pay more attention to them, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between impulsivity and attachment styles mediated by large-scale narcissism and vulnerability.

 The present study was descriptive-correlational. Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, 300 students of Tabriz University were selected. Data collection tools were the Adult Attachment Inventory, the narcissistic personality inventory, the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Data were analyzed using structural equation method and AMOS23 software.

The results of direct paths showed a significant negative relationship between secure attachment and impulsivity (r = -0.19, p <0.01) and also a positive relationship between avoidant and ambivalent attachment, vulnerable and grandiose narcissism with impulsivity (respectively r = 0.18, r = 0.20, r = 0.16, r = 0.21, p> 0.01). In indirect paths, vulnerable narcissism and grandiose narcissism have been significant mediators of the model.

According to the results, grandiose and vulnerable narcissism can explain part of the relationship between attachment styles and impulsivity. These findings indicate the importance of attachment styles and the two types of narcissism mentioned in the prevention of impulsive behaviors.

Currently, one of the main priorities in psychology is to conceptualize the ways in which culture affects psychopathology. The aim of this study was to investigate a suicide in Iranian society and is a systematic review. The results of this study were based on articles published between 2003 and 2016, during a search in databases such as SID, Noormags, Springer, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and using the keywords suicide in Iran, the method and causes of suicide among Iranian subcultures. Finally, 25 articles were analyzed. The findings showed that, contrary to global statistics, suicide attempts are higher among Iranian men. Also, the prevalence, methods, and causes of suicide in Iranian subcultures are different. In general, it can be said that limited studies have been done on culture and psychopathology in our country. Given that understanding the cultural context is essential for effective evaluation, diagnosis, and clinical management of the disorders, it is hoped that this article can highlight the role of culture in psychopathology and provide a basis for comprehensive studies.

Modernization processes and modern urban planning policies have had significant effects and consequences on the spatial transforms of cities in the world and Iran. Among that processes, we can mention the growing gap between social groups and urban spaces based on a number of contexts and mechanisms that, from the late 1960s onwards, have been conceptualized and measured experimentally under what is called the “spatial mismatch hypothesis”. The basic methodology for estimating the state of spatial mismatch in cities or urban regions is based on the logic of “spatial segregation” between social groups and land uses simultaneously; Because based on the spatial mismatch hypothesis, it is not possible to explain the segregation mechanisms between social groups in the city without considering its relation with segregation mechanisms in urban spaces or land uses, and vice versa. Based on such methodological logic, the present paper has assessed the state of spatial (mis)match in Region 4 of Tehran Municipality. The method of data collection was in the form of libraries and data available in the Statistics Center (General Census of Population and Housing in 2016 and at the level of demographic blocks of the region), Road and Urban Development Organization, Municipality of Region 4. Variables used to analyze the spatial mismatch in the region
The level of education, employment in study abroad and inside the country, employment and unemployment status, level of housing infrastructure, type of housing ownership, changes in land use pattern and the amount of daily commutes in the study area.
 Findings obtained based on the defined variables and techniques used in Segragation Analyzer and ArcGIS software show that the state of spatial mismatch in this urban region (like many other cases in cities around the world) is high, but its intensity is higher in terms of job and literacy of social groups in relation to the state of activity and residential land uses. Relying on such findings, some strategies and policies have been proposed to reduce the state of spatial mismatch in Region 4, and to contribute to a more even and equitable distribution of development in this region and hence reduce poverty among the lower classes.

In recent years, children have been the focus of attention due to social and cultural changes. This has led children to become involved in purchasing decisions and to become consumers. Meanwhile, due to the children’s low ability to process information, companies face challenges in introducing their products to this group of consumers. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of packaging colors (chromatic color versus achromatic color) on brand memory in children. Therefore, we are looking for a response to the following questions: What is the effect of chromatic color packaging on children’s memorization of business brands? What is the difference between chromatic and achromatic packages? Finally, this study examines the effect of children's age and educational level on brand memorization and also their effect (age and educational level) on the relationship between packaging color and brand memorization.

This applied research was conducted based on the survey method and the data were collected through an experimental design. The statistical population of this study included the children aged six to twelve years of primary schools in Qazvin province and a sample of 372 children was considered using simple random sampling. In order to evaluate the effect of packaging color on brand memorization, in the first test, two packages of orange juice, a red (chromatic) and a gray (achromatic) package were made by Photoshop software and presented to the children. In the second experiment and in order to measure brand recognition, four brands were designed on four cards (two cards with chromatic colors and two cards with achromatic colors). Only two brands were shown to the children at the beginning of the experiment. The children were then asked to select the letters they had already seen. The data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software as well as chi-square test, cross-puzzle, and logistic regression.

The results of the study showed that chromatic color is more desirable for children and are more successful in brand memorization. In addition, the younger children are more likely to be influenced by chromatic colors in brand memorization.

If the children and teenagers are regarded as the target population for a company, choosing the color of the packaging is considered as a strategic decision for that company because it allows the children to recognize the brand. Color as a powerful tool and an important visual stimulus can influence children’s shopping behavior. According to the research results, chromatic packaging color can play an important role in brand memorization in children and this issue is different in children of different ages. Therefore, the companies whose target market includes children can use this issue in their differentiation strategies

The aim of this study was to determine the structural relationships between attachment styles and depression, regarding to meditating role of Theory of Mind in students. This study was a descriptive-correlational study and participants were 300 undergraduate students of Tabriz university in 2017-18 that selected by cluster multistage sampling and they completed Beck Depression Inventory, Adults Attachment Inventory, Strange Stories Task and Faux Pas Recognition Test. Data analysis using structural equation modeling method showed that the measured model has a relatively favorable fit with the theoretical model (RMSEA=0.07,CFI=0.87,IFI=0.87), so that insecure attachment styles, in addition to their direct role, were able to significantly predict the symptoms of depression through theory of mind. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the quality of relation with caregivers affects the ability of child to understand the mental and emotional states of others. In addition, the deficits of theory of mind affect the cognitive capacity and the individual has a negative perception of others and their mental states and as a result, his ability to become depressed increases. According to the results, we can say that adopting appropriate methods for identifying risk factors and preventing or modifying these factors through clinical interventions seem beneficial.

The aim of this study was to investigation of the relationship between social support and resilience with posttraumatic growth with mediator of stress coping styles among women exposed to trauma in Isfahan. The research design was descriptive correlational. The statistical population consisted women with cancer and bereavement, in which 300 people were selected by purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study included questionnaires of Tedeschi and Calhoun posttraumatic growth, Philips social support, Conner and Davidson resilience and Billings and Moos stress coping styles. The evaluation of the proposed model was analyzed using the path analysis method and Boot strop. The results showed that direct effect of social support, resilience, problem focused coping and emotion focused coping on PTG was significant. Also, boot stop results suggested that role of the mediator of stress coping styles in the relationship between resilience and social support on PTG is significant. These results showed that encourage social support, Resilience and education of problem focused coping can have effective role in PTG and enabling of women exposed to trauma.

This study aimed to determine the structural relationships between attachment styles and internet addiction, regarding meditating the role of self-esteem. This study was descriptive-correlational. Participants were 300 undergraduate students of Tabriz University in 2018-19, selected by multistage cluster sampling. The instruments were the internet Addiction Questionnaire (Yang, 1998), Adults Attachment Inventory (Hazan and Shaver, 1987) and Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1979). Data were analyzed by using the structural equation modeling method and the results showed that the measured model has a relatively favorable fit with the theoretical model (RMSEA=0.04, CFI=0.91, GFI=0.92). Attachment styles, in addition to their direct role, could significantly explain the symptoms of internet addiction through self-esteem. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that deficits in parental functions and insecure relations with caregivers affect individuals' self-esteem, and fluctuating self-esteem is associated with problematic behaviors like extreme tendency to the internet. It is suggested to consider the role of attachment styles and self-esteem in prevention and treatment interventions of internet addiction.

In recent years, many organizations have improved the range of performance risks through the use of the ERM framework for management, as corporate risk management (ERM) is considered to be the most significant action in this period. Therefore, the present study examines the impact of ERM on corporate performance with the role of intellectual capital moderator and the relationship between ERM and corporate performance. For example, companies with higher intellectual capital can be more likely to resist the effects of unexpected changes in economies and markets. The findings indicate that developed countries have eliminated their risk issues through complex risk management systems, but developing countries like Pakistan are still facing this problem. Developed countries have adopted ERM strategies in their capital markets, but developing countries like Nepal, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan still use developed countries to adopt ERM practices.

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease and involving colon and rectum. Since patients with ulcerative colitis have high levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of starter bacteria of yogurt and lactobacillus boulagaricus on the activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with ulcerative colitis. This experimental-laboratory study was performed on 10 ulcerative colitis patients in Dezful, Andimeshk and Shoosh in two experimental groups and a control group. Experimental groups included co-culture of PBMC and intended bacteria in dilutions of 0.1 and 0.01 and at 48 and 72 hours, and control group including PBMC of the patient at 48 and 72 hours. Variables IL-10 and IL-1β) were measured by ELISA. There was a significant increase in the secretion of IL1β at dilution of 0.1 and 48 hours by PBMC stimulated with bulgaricus 940.4±249.61 in comparison with the starter 669.12±181.11 (p=0.004) and in 72 hours by bulgaricus 796.3±213.34 in comparison with the starter 464.25±128.41 (p=0.000), In dilution of 0.01 and 48 hours by bulgaricus 747.5±198.54 in comparison with starter 529.25±163.82 (p=0.005) and in 72 hours by bulgaricus 617.4±192.5 in comparison with starter 408.62±134.78 (P=0.004). Also, there was a significant increase in the secretion of cytokines in both dilution and both times between of the experimental groups and control. The results of the study showed that Lactobacillus bulgaricus causes inflammation in comparison with the starter by IL1β secretion. Starter bacteria has a better role in reducing inflammation.

The diversity and abundance of soil fauna in the forest have an important role in nutrient cycle, and destructive factors (e.g., fire) would cause a disturbance in the balance of soil communities. In the current study, the effect of fire on biodiversity, richness, abundance, fresh biomass and trophic levels of soil-dwelling invertebrates in Galandroud forest were investigated and discussed. Material and methods: This research was conducted in districts 20 and 21 of series 11 from watershed 48 of Natural Resources and Watershed Management Department of Nowshahr. Ten 30×30 cm quadrates with 30 cm depth were randomly placed in both fired and control forests (20 quadrates in total) across two distinct using hand-sorting methods. The soils were collected into a pan, and transferred to the laboratory for identification and measuring the fresh biomass after separating the fauna into plastic bags. Then, the fresh biomass of soil animals was separately measured using a digital balance (with an accuracy of 0.0001 g) and then identified at family and order levels. The PAST software was used to calculate the dominance, biodiversity and richness indices of the soil fauna. Statistical comparisons were done with independent sample t-test using SPSS software. Moreover, the trophic levels of the soil fauna were determined and the abundance and biomass of each five main trophic groups were investigated within two fired and control forests. Among the identified macrofauna, the earthworms were the most abundant. The abundance of almost all species was more in the control forests rather than the fire-burned ones, except for coleopteran beetles and the ants. The total biomass of trophic levels did not show any significant difference between the two forests, while it’s amount in the burned and control forests was 2.35 and 1.70 g.m-2, respectively. Among detritivore biomass, the biomass of earthworms and coleopteran beetles increased, while it decreased for millipedes, slaters, and Diplura in the burned forests compared to the control. According to the similar studies that have been done so far, most faunal assemblages have shown a negative response to the fire in the short term, and then their populations revived or even increased compared to the control area. The results revealed that almost all indices did not show a significant difference between fired and control forests after 5 years, with an exception for evenness and dominance. These findings reflect the restoration of the forest and soil fauna communities and return to the conditions before the fire. However, comparison of the faunal population at trophic levels showed that detritivores in the burned forests experienced the most reduction among all groups and damaged the most from the fire.

In recent years, organizational citizenship behavior and deviant behavior that is considered as voluntary and conscious behavior of employees has attracted the attention of many researchers. One of the factors affecting this type of behavior is leadership. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behavior and deviant behavior. The research method is descriptive and correlational. The population of this study is the agricultural jihad in Esfahan province by the number of 361 people. Sample size was determined by sample size 98 determination’s formula. Tools for data collection were three ethical leadership standard questionnaires which are from brown and colleagues (2005) and Li and Allen’s organization citizenship behavior (2002) and Robinson and Bent’s deviant behaviors do (2000). Information obtained by using Smart-PLS software was analyzed. Research results showed that ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behavior has a direct and positive effect and its amount is equal to 0.650. And also has a direct and reverse effect on deviant behavior in the workplace and the amount is equal to -0.520.

The purpose of the present study was to predict academic procrastination of the undergraduate students at Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan based on perfectionism. Research method was descriptive and correlational study. Out of the undergraduate students 250 individuals (115 female and 135 male) were selected as sample using stratified random sampling method. Subjects completed Solomon and Ruth Bloom's Academic Procrastination Scale (1984), Perfectionism Questionnaire (1991).Data analysis performed using statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, regression, simultaneous, stepwise regression. The results indicated that the self-oriented perfectionism predicts positively and significantly academic procrastination and other-oriented perfectionism is negatively and significantly predict academic procrastination. Given these findings, rising perfectionism among the undergraduate students will lead into increasing the amount of academic procrastination.

In order to study the Psylloidea fauna of Kurdistan province, Iran, the specimens were collected from different regions of the province during 2012 and 2013. Totally 19 species of 7 genera and 4 subfamilies were identified belonging to Aphalaridae (1 species), Liviidae (6 species), Psyllidae (7 species) and Triozidae (5 species) families. Of these, one species, Camarotoscena trjapitzini Loginova, 1968, is a new record for Iranian fauna and 17 species are new for the province. By considering the results of this research, the number of identified Psyllid species from Iran increases to 96 from 27 genera and 5 families.

Farmer field school (FFS) is an effective education and extension approach for increasing farmers’ potential to use modern technology which is expected to help food security. This approach has been implemented in the Boushehr province since 2008. Accordingly, determining the effectiveness of these schools can help to improve the performance of them. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the FFS approach that was implemented for tomato farmers of Kaki district in Boushehr province. For this purpose, a survey methodology was employed in to a sample of 80 FFS members. The Kirkpatrick model was used to evaluate the program. Questionnaires based on the model were administered face to face to all the 80 FFS members. Face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by panel of experts, and the questionnaire was subjected to reliability testing by using data collection in the pilot study with Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.72 to 0.86. The research found out that the FFS course offered was effective in the areas assessed, learning, behavior, reaction and result. It also found out that the most significant variables in terms of learning dimension involves cultivation, the arable land and production. The regression model explained 38% of the variance of the dependent variable (learning). This is despite the fact that these variables for skill dimension include level of education, experience and production. The regression model explained 31% of variance of the skill dimension. Finally, according to research findings presented proposals to improve the effectiveness of FFS approach

Use of chemical inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers have increased agricultural production and productivity. However, negative externalities from such use e.g. damage to agricultural land, safety and quality of food, human health and environmental health etc. have increased too. Encouraging farmers to reduce the use of these inputs as a sustainability index requires investigating the current situation of farmers and related factors with their behavior. The purpose of this descriptive- correlation study was to investigate farmer's attitude towards sustainable agriculture and its relation with their using rate of chemical inputs use in Asadabad Township. Statistical population consisted of all farmers in Asadabad Township in 2011 of which a sample of 294 were randomly selected and it was randomized stratified sampling method based on Cochran's formula. The research is done by a researcher-constructed questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by a panel of experts in related field. To check its reliability, a Chronbach's Alpha coefficient was computed which was 0.85. Results indicated that 78.2 % of respondents had positive attitude toward sustainable agriculture. In addition, there was negative and significant correlation between farmer's using rate of chemical inputs with their attitude toward sustainable agriculture. Correlation between their use of available related knowledge and sustainable agriculture was positively meaningful.