سحر محمدی

Placing the formalities carried out in the stage of enforcing punishment under the supervision and control of the prosecutor is essential to achieve the legitimacy of the proceedings in order to ensure that the punshment is enforced on the convict in a manner regulated by the laws and regulations and achieves the purposes of punishment. The purpose of the punshment is to refine the convict and return him to society for a normal life, and the general rule in the enforcement of punshments and security and educative measures is that it is not enfrced except by virtue of a binding judgement from a competent court, because the stage of enforcing punishment is an important and dangerous one, because if it is carried out based on the correct legal framework and with regard to the intended purposes, it may lead to the reform and rehabilitation of the convict. If the convict is exposed to all kinds of abuse and injustice, the purpose of the punshment will not be achieved. Thus, the findings of this paper indicate that in the penal system of Iraq and some Islamic countries such as Jordan and Egypt, the prosecutor also plays a fundamental role in ensuring it.

Cybercrimes, due to their transnational nature, technical complexity, and rapid occurrence, have become one of the major challenges for criminal justice systems at the international level. The prosecution and extradition of cybercriminals, especially in a context where domestic and international laws often have serious contradictions, face numerous legal, technological, and political issues. This paper examines the concept and characteristics of cybercrimes, analyzes the challenges involved in the prosecution and extradition of such crimes from legal, technological, and international cooperation perspectives, and evaluates the role of international conventions such as the Budapest Convention and organizations like INTERPOL. In the final section, solutions for strengthening judicial jurisdiction through harmonizing international laws, advancing judicial technologies, and enhancing international cooperation are provided. The findings indicate that achieving justice in the realm of cybercrimes requires an integrated international approach that effectively tackles these challenges through the use of advanced technologies and cross-border cooperation.

This study aimed to design an educational equity model based on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) with a blended learning approach. The study employed a sequential mixed-methods research design, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through in-depth interviews with educators, administrators, and policymakers, which were then analyzed using grounded theory to identify key components of the educational equity model. The quantitative phase involved surveys administered to a diverse sample of teachers and students to validate the findings from the qualitative phase. Statistical analysis, including structural equation modeling, was used to confirm the relationships between the identified components. The analysis revealed several critical components necessary for achieving educational equity through ICT and blended learning. These included comprehensive planning for educational opportunities, designing inclusive virtual curricula, establishing clear standards for virtual education, ensuring equitable distribution of resources, and fostering a flexible, participatory learning environment. The study also highlighted the importance of teacher proficiency in ICT, continuous professional development, and strong institutional support. Empirical evidence from the quantitative phase supported these findings, demonstrating significant improvements in student engagement, motivation, and academic performance. The integration of ICT and blended learning in education significantly enhances educational equity by providing flexible and inclusive learning opportunities. The proposed model addresses key challenges and leverages opportunities associated with blended learning, ensuring that all students have access to quality education.

The main subject of this research is the Analysis of environmental inhibitors of Extension worker for activity in production areas of the new system of agricultural extension in the organization of agricultural jihad in Kermanshah province.
Material and

This research was conducted in the form of a qualitative approach, using the Ground Theory method and in the year 2020-2021. The studied population consisted of 16 managers of Dehistan Agricultural Jihad Centers and 32 experts of the production areas of Kermanshah Agricultural Jihad Organization, who were selected using the method of successive targeted sampling of the snowball type. Data collection was done using semi-structured individual interview technique, focused group, field observation and note-taking, and in order to validate the research findings, data collection in the study community was also done from the diversity methods. variety, maximum diversity was used in the selection of samples and control by members.

The results showed factors such as the weaknesses of human resources working in the agricultural extension sector, lack of infrastructure and lack of environmental educational facilities, executive, structural and administrative problems and limitations, lack of evaluation of environmental educational programs, cultural and communication factors, and problems and limitations related to the environmental research sector, has caused the Extension worker to not have the necessary skills, and to improve the skill conditions of the Extension worker and the development of the region, strategies such as strengthening communication and Extension skills, Extension planning, monitoring and evaluation, management, empowerment and knowledge enhancement have been presented.
Discussion and

Since environmental problems have been created by humans, the most effective solution to solve these challenges is to improve the knowledge and awareness of agricultural sector users, to promote public culture and to establish appropriate laws, and to achieve this goal., it requires the development of the training of executives and experts responsible for production areas and improving their role, skills and increasing their general environmental knowledge.

Although Iranian criminal law, similar to other jurisprudential-legal schools, considers minors to lack criminal responsibility, it has explicitly addressed in various legal articles, including Article 88 of the Islamic Penal Code (IPC), the commission of crimes by this age group, and has specified discretionary punishments, Hudud, retribution (Qisas), and blood money (Diyat). However, due to the offender's age and lack of maturity, they are deemed deserving of protective and educational measures rather than punitive sanctions. The aim of this article is to examine the aspects of maturity and its impact on the criminal responsibility of individuals, followed by the type of judicial response within the framework of Iran's modern criminal policy. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and gathering sources and documents through library-based studies, concludes that although the IPC refers to the criminal responsibility of minors in several articles, according to the explicit wording of Article 146 of the IPC, with reference to Article 2 of the IPC, which defines criminal behavior as one that entails a specific punishment, not protective and educational measures, the behavior committed by a minor cannot be considered a crime. Consequently, a minor never bears criminal responsibility, and protective and educational measures are solely for the purpose of discipline, correction, and preventing recidivism in the future.

Social networking refers to a collection of websites and platforms that allow users to create, share, and interact with each other. These platforms somehow help to connect people and groups in different formats. Some famous examples of social networks include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, TikTok, and Pinterest. The current research has examined the interactions between social networks and suicides related to online assaults.

This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and was done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Interactions between social networks and suicides related to online attacks is a complex and sensitive issue that includes various psychological, social and technological factors, and social networks can act as platforms for harassment and providing grounds for suicide.Education and awareness, social and psychological support, reporting to competent authorities and blocking are known as strategies to prevent online suicide.

The purpose of the research was to formulate a model for teaching management skills to the Agricultural Extension Workers of production areas of Kermanshah province according to experts. In terms of practical purpose, this research was a documentary and field data collection method, which was conducted using a qualitative method, and the grounded theory based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin was used. The statistical population was managers and researchers of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Kermanshah Province, who were selected purposefully and by snowball sampling method for qualitative interviews on the subject of the research, and 15 interviews were conducted with 15 people and up to the threshold of usefulness. To calculate the reliability of the interview, the within-subject agreement method of two coders was used, and the reliability between the two coders for the interviews examined in this research was 87.83%, which, considering that the reliability rate is more than 60%, the reliability of the codings was Confirmation. CVR (Content Validity Ratio) and CVI (Content Validity Index) were used to determining the degree of agreement and validity of each index from the experts’ point of view and the calculated values for them were 0.75 and 0.81, respectively. MAXQDA was used for data processing. The findings showed that the categories in the form of 14 categories in the form of six dimensions including causal factors (internal and external factors), main phenomenon, strategy (development of training programs, skill development) communication and practical training),

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemical modification with adipic acid/acetic anhydride mixture (1:30) on the physicochemical and functional properties of amaranth starch and also to determine the optimal conditions for amaranth starch chemical modification with the mentioned mixture. Amaranth starch was isolated and then modified under nine different treatments designed by the Taguchi method using three main chemical modification factors, including the mixture of adipic acid /acetic anhydride concentration (4%, 6%, and 8%), reaction time (60, 90 and 120 min) and suspension pH (8, 8.5 and 9). Swelling power, solubility, color, paste clarity, thermal properties, freeze-thaw stability, and apparent viscosity of starch samples were investigated. Modification optimal conditions were determined using Taguchi analysis and the related percentage deviation (RPD) method. The result obtained from this study showed that the chemical modification significantly changed the physicochemical and functional properties of amaranth starch. Adipic acid/ acetic anhydride mixture improved the swelling power, solubility, viscosity, and paste clarity of modified starch than native. Modified starch powders showed more lightness, less yellowness, and redness in color. Chemical modification reduced gelatinization temperatures, gelatinization enthalpy, and freeze-thaw stability. However, since other food components such as sugars, salt, hydrocolloids, etc., influence the freeze-thaw stability of starch, the possibility of modified amaranth starch utilization as a stabilizer, thickener, or fat replacer in food products with the mentioned mixture needs additional research is required to be conducted. The optimum modification conditions were a concentration of 6%, a reaction time of 120 minutes, and a pH of 9.

The purpose of this study is to identify challenges and propose solutions to improve the e-learning system of our Azad University in the evaluation department based on the experiences and views of professors active in this learning system. The research approach is qualitative and the phenomenological design strategy has been used. The research population includes all faculty members of Iran Azad University, and 12 of them have been selected by purposive sampling method until the theoretical saturation of the data. The required data were collected using a semi-structured interview, with Confirmed validity and reliability, and analyzed using the Corbin and Strauss method and the Max Qudai 16 software. The results of the study led to the identification of 28 appropriate strategies in 8 evaluation dimensions in the e-learning system of Azad University. Future research can lead to the quality of this e-learning system by designing plugins related to these solutions in a practical way. Also, the results of this research can be used by other researchers as new topics for the development of the e-learning system of our country's Azad University.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of education through augmented reality system on students' academic performance and academic self-efficacy. The statistical population of this study was all male students in the third grade of Qasr Shirin city. Sampling method was available by sampling and among the third grade students of the two classes in the literary primary school of Qasr Shirin, 30 people were divided into two groups of 15 controls and experiments. Then the Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (CASES) and Pham and Taylor (1999) Academic Performance Questionnaire were distributed to the groups. Training sessions through augmented reality system were also held for the experimental group. Univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS software version 24 were used to analyze the data. The results showed that education through augmented reality system has an effect on academic self-efficacy. Education through augmented reality system also affects academic performance.

The current research aimed to test the proposed model of prosocial behaviors based on basic needs with the mediating role of online game addiction. The research method was correlation and path analysis type. The statistical population included the students of Bu Ali-Sina University in Hamadan in the academic year of 2021-2022, and a sample of 388 people was selected using the cluster random method. The research tools included the basic psychological needs of LaGuardia et al. (2000), the prosocial behaviors of Caprara et al. (2005), and addiction to online game addiction of Khazal et al. (2007) scales. To analyze the data, the path analysis method was used using SPSS version 22 and LISREL version 8.8 software. The results showed that the proposed research model had a good fit with the data. The results showed that the direct effect of basic psychological needs on game addiction was negative and significant and on prosocial behaviors was positive and significant (p<0.01). The effect of game addiction on prosocial behaviors was negative and significant (p<0.01). Also, the results showed that game addiction had a significant mediating role in the relationship between basic psychological needs and prosocial behavior (p<0.01). According to the results of the research, basic needs can play a role in reducing addiction to online games, and reducing the amount of reliance on games is effective in improving prosocial behaviors.

Today, information technology as a science, affects almost all components of societies, so that it is used by organizations to improve organizational processes and gain a competitive advantage due to the complexity and competitiveness of the business environment. Due to the importance of this issue in this study, the components of information and communication technology in evaluating of the performance of human resource management in service companies have been studied. For this purpose, a questionnaire including six dimensions of communication and information technology was designed and distributed among a statistical sample of 50 managers of service companies. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using Lavache validity method and based on the opinion of experts, and finally the research hypotheses were analyzed using SPSS software. According to the normality test, it was shown that the views of the statistical sample were not normal and the non-parametric Spearman coefficient test method examined the correlation of ICT components. Finally, the results showed that correlation exists between web services, cloud information processing, artificial intelligence, mobile communication technology, smart business information, and ICT of human resource management of service organizations, so the development of mobile and web applications, which has recently been introduced, offers a new model of intelligence to the organization and there is potential for business improvement in bringing a great benefit to the organization.

Prosocial behaviors include behaviors such as empathy, altruism, cooperation with the aim of benefiting others, which improve the level of this behavior to facilitate interactions and the well-being of the community. so the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between affiliation motivation and prosocial behavior was mediated by empathy and self-efficacy.

The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included students of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan. The sample size was 380 students who were selected using cluster random sampling method. Research instruments included Cuadrado et al.'s (2016) affiliation motivation, the Caprara et al. (2005) prosocial behavior, the Albiro et al. (2009) empathy, and Scherer et al. (1982) self-efficacy scales. Structural equation analysis method was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the direct effect of affiliation motivation on empathy (p <0.01, β = 0.32) and self-efficacy (p <0.01, β = 0.27) was significant. The direct effect of self-efficacy (p <0.01, β = 0.30) and empathy (p <0.01, β = 0.37) on prosocial behaviors is also significant. The results showed that the indirect effects of affiliation motivation through empathy (p <0.01, Z = 7.92) and self-efficacy (p <0.01, Z = 5.27) on prosocial behavior were significant. 

Based on the results, concluded that affiliation motivation, empathy and self-efficacy have a significant effect on student prosocial behaviors, so to increase these behaviors, trainings to increase self-efficacy, affiliation motivation and empathy in the educational environment can be considered.

Prosocial behavior is one of the structures that has been seriously considered in social psychology and can be influenced by various factors. Hence, the purpose of this study was develop a structural model to explain prosocial behaviors based on affiliation motivation and sensitivity to rejection mediated by social trust. The research method was correlational and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study was all students of Bu Ali Sina University in the academic year 1399-1400, that 387 people was selected by random cluster sampling. The instruments used in this study was include scales of Caprara et al. (2005) prosocial behavior, Saffarinia & Sharif (2010) social trust, affiliation motivation of Cuadrado et al. (2016) and Danny and Foldman (1996) rejection sensitivity. The results showed that the conceptual model developed had a good fit with the data. The results of structural relationships of the model showed that affiliation motivation and rejection sensitivity have a direct and significant effect on social trust (p <0.01) and prosocial behavior (p <0.01). Also, social trust had a direct and significant effect on prosocial behavior (p <0.01). The results of indirect relationships showed that affiliation motivation and rejection sensitivity mediated by social trust have a significant effect on prosocial behavior (p <0.01). Based on the results, the affiliation motivation and the sensitivity to rejection affect social trust and prosocial behaviors. Therefore, by developing programs to educate and increase affiliation motivation and reduce sensitivity to rejection in individuals, we can expect improvement in their prosocial behaviors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social Undermining and job involvement of employees with the role of spirituality in work, organizational agility and ethical climate.The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational using structural equation modeling methods.Among 292 employees of the general department of education of Lorestan Province, 169 were selected by relative stratified random sampling. data were collected from 5 questionnaires: Duffy et al (2002), Edwards & Kilpatrick (1984), Sharifi & Zhang (1999), Millman et al (2003), and Victor & Cullen's ethical climate (1988) and partial least squares method and Smart PLS software were used for data analysis.The results showed: Social undermining has a significant negative relationship with job involvement and has no relationship with ethical climate, organizational agility and spirituality at work. Organizational agility and spirituality at work have a significant positive relationship with job involvement, but ethical climate has no significant positive relationship with job involvement. Organizational agility and spirituality at work as positive mediators of social undermining and job involvement have a positive role, but the ethical climate has no effect.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of digital storytelling on emotion regulation of children with autism. Research design was a quasi-experimental that included a pretest and posttest that was conducted on both the experimental group, and control group. The statistical population of the study included all children with autism spectrum in the Child-parent at a university clinic. For this purpose, 20 children with autism were selected and were assigned into two experimental and control groups randomly (each group 10 children). The experimental group received storytelling program for 12 sessions of 45 minutes and control group waited in the waiting list. All subjects completed Emotion Relation Checklist (Sheilds & Cicchetti, 1998) before and after the training. The obtained data were analyzed using Analysis of the Covariance. The findings showed significant differences between the experimental and the control group in emotion regulation. At the end, using digital storytelling program for improving emotion management was recommended.

The chronic blood disorders could have negative effects on various fields of patient’s quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the quality of life and oral health in major thalassemia and hemophilia patients.

This cross- sectional study was performed in 1398 on 56 hemophilia patients and 35 thalassemia major patients over 15 years of age. All the subjects were examined clinically to determine DMFT and CPITN, then the subjects completed OHIP-14, xerostomia, SF36 questionnaire. Data was analyzed with T-Test, ANOVA and Chi-square using Stata14.

The mean age of hemophilia and beta-thalassemia patients was 32.3 and 26.2, the mean DMFT index was 8.75 and 7.6, and CPITN index was 2.02 and 2.26, respectively. Analysis of the components of the DMFT index showed a predominance of number of decayed teeth over filled teeth in both groups. According to the CPITN index, 19.6% and 20% of hemophilia and thalassemia patients had gingival healthy, respectively. The mean quality of life total scores in patients with hemophilia and thalassemia was 62.11 and 58.07, respectively. The mean DMFT had a significant negative relationship with the quality of life total scores in both groups. There was a significant relationship between different domains of quality of life and CPITN and OHIP-14 in thalassemia patients. Also patients with dry mouth had lower quality of life.

Hemophilia and thalassemia patients indicated undesirable oral health. It is necessary to improve multidimensional strategies in various fields of health care in patients.

In this study, the contingency theory was used to investigate the role of management accounting information in the effectiveness of management control system in large manufacturing companies in order to better utilize effective management control systems in a developing country. The related literature on the mediating effect of the usefulness of management accounting information on the effect of five contingent variables on the management control system. The findings of this research are based on the distribution of questionnaires among the activists working in accounting in large manufacturing companies from different industrial sectors in Iran. The role of management accounting information in the effectiveness of management control systems in these companies is identified in terms of four domains: timeliness, aggregation and integration and has been analyzed using partial least squares method. There is a gap between the importance and availability of management accounting information as well as management accounting information playing a mediating role in the relationship between competition strategy, production complexity and environmental uncertainty with the effectiveness of the management control system, but regarding formalization and centralization of this No items.

Job involvement is one of the most important methods to increase employee effectiveness, which can be explored through the components of the moral atmosphere and workplace spirituality. On the other hand, job involvement helps employees to be more committed to their work. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ethical climate and spirituality on job involvement of employees of Lorestan Education Department.

The research method according to purpose is practical and the type of descriptive - correlation and stepwise regression. Among 292 employees of the general department of education of Lorestan Province, 169 people were selected by relative stratified random sampling. In order to collect data, three questionnaires of ethical climate, spirituality in the work and job involvement was used. To analyze data, descriptive statistical methods and pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression, with SPSS 16 software was used.

The results showed that ethical climate and spirituality in the workplace have a positive and significant relationship with job involvement. 21/3 percent of employees job involvement variance is affected by 3 aspects "independence", "instrumentality" and "procedures" from ethical climate aspects. Also 31/1 percent of it, is affected by 2 aspects "meaningful work" and "feeling of soilidarity" from spirituality aspects in the workplace.

Honesty, integrity and authenticity of the texts are observed in this article.

Based on research results, ethical climate and spirituality in the workplace have an impact on job involvement and are considered as important variables associated with it.

By intensifying competition in business and rapid technological change, as well as increasingthe power and choice of customers, success will be those companies that will be able to better understand and identify the expectations and values of customers and respond to them in a desirable way. One of the most valuable assets of any company is thebrand equity. Companies that have a high position in the minds of consumers in terms of brand equity can easily be considered more profitable among other companies in their own industry.. The brand equity of any organization is a reflection of their commitment to social responsibility. In this study, the relationship between disclosure of social responsibility and net profit margin in Tehran Stock Exchange has been investigated. In this study, we used the net profit margin to measure the brand. The results of this study show that there is a significant relationship between disclosure of corporate social responsibility and net profit margin.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one the most common methods of treatment in many kinds of psychiatric disorders. Because of increased muscle contractions and subsequent increase in oxygen consumption and heart rate during ECT, preoxygenation and respiratory support are of the utmost importance. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effects of various methods of preoxygenation on hemodynamic changes in such patients. This was a clinical-trial study conducted on 64 patients under 25 years of age, undergoing ECT, randomly divided into three equal groups. The patients were preoxygented for 5 (first group) or 3 minutes (second group) through a basic facemask, or four deep breaths (third group) prior to the induction of anesthesia. Blood pressure, heart rate, and blood oxygen saturation (SPO2) were measured and recorded, and the mean values compared in each group, before preoxygenation, one minute after induction, and at 1, 5, and 10 minutes after seizure remission. Findings: The mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 1 minute after induction, and 1 and 5 minutes after seizure had the highest amounts in the third group and lowest in the first group, with statistically significant difference (P < 0.050). The heart rate 1 minute after induction, and 1 and 5 minutes after seizure had the highest amounts in the third group and the lowest in the first group, with statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The mean seizure duration had the shortest period in the first group and longest period in the third group (P < 0.001). Preoxygenation, 5 minutes before ECT, caused a significant decrease in changes in blood pressure and heart rate. On the other hand, the arterial oxygen saturation in this group showed less decline than the other groups.