سرالله گالشی

Increasing water and soil salinity and the damage caused by it on plant products make it necessary to investigate the effects of salinity on crop plants. Studying the physiological traits changes under stress conditions is a suitable method for identifying the factors that affect crop tolerance to salinity stress and selecting tolerant cultivars.

A factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of the faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural. Experiment factors included the applying four salinity levels with Hoagland solution (no application of salinity as control, application of 30, 60, and 80 mM NaCl) and different soybean cultivars (Hill, LBK, BP, Hog, Deer, Gorgan 3, Sahr, Hobbit, Williams, JK, and LWK). In this experiment, soybean seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum bacteria and planted in pots containing sand. The irrigation was done by distilled water from the planting until the appearance of the main leaf, and after that, Hoagland's solution (without nitrogen) continued. Seedlings were harvested after 60 days and Na+ and K+ percentage, Na+/K+ ratio, proline, nitrogen percentage, nitrogen yield, and total dry weight were measured. Analysis of variance and comparison of the means (LSD test) was done by the SAS software (version 9).

The results show that with increasing the salinity, sodium percentage, Na+/K+ ratio, and proline amount increased and total dry weight, potassium percentage, and nitrogen yield decreased. Deer cultivar with the highest percentage of nitrogen at the levels of 0, 30, 60, and mM NaCl and the lowest percentage of nitrogen reduction (28%) have the lowest total dry weight reduction (54%) from the control treatment to the 80 mM treatment. Hag cultivar have the lowest increase in sodium percentage and the lowest percentage decrease in potassium absorption and the lowest Na+/K+ ratio compared to other varieties. LWK, LBK, and Sahar cultivars had the lowest tolerance to salinity with the highest amount of sodium accumulation, the highest Na+/K+ ratio, and low production of proline, and dry matter. The results of correlation coefficients showed that there was the most positive and significant correlation between total dry weight and potassium percentage (0.904**) and nitrogen percentage (0.902**).

According to the obtained results, it seems that the tolerant cultivars deal with salinity stress with mechanisms such as more potassium absorption and osmotic potential regulation. Among the investigated cultivars and according to the measured indicators, the Deer cultivar was recognized as a tolerant cultivar and can be used for cultivation in saline lands and the Hag cultivar can be used in breeding programs.

The mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) is one of the most species of legumes. The seeds are an excellent sources of phosphorus. The phosphorus application to legumes have positive effect on nodulation through enhance root proliferation and thus helps in increase nitrogen fixation, So that Phosphorus deficiency is considered as one of the major constraints to successful production of legume. Biofertilizers have high potential for increasing the efficiency of Phosphorus, and ultimately stimulate plant growth. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the biofertilizers in the release of soil insoluble phosphorus and to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic pigmentation and nutrient elements during the period of mungbean growth.

To study the effect of different levels of phosphorus and biofertilizers on photosynthetic parameters and seed yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) a field experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at research field of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gorgoan University in 2016-2017. The treatments of this research consisted of three levels of phosphorus (Control, 150 kg.he-1 and 225 kg.he-1) and eight levels of plant growth promoting bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi (Control, Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and Glomus mosseae, Pseudomonas and Glomus mosseae, and Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae). In this experiment, Rhizobium bacteria (R. leguminosarum) was used in all plots. Grain inoculation was done in shadow and after drying, inoculated grains were immediately cultivated. Mycorrhizal fungi was applied under the grain hole just prior to sowing.Chemical fertilizers were applied at a rate of 50 and 100 kg.ha-1 in N and K respectively. Random samples of ten plants for each experimental unit were taken and Photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, SPAD value, grain protein and nitrogen content in plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield were recorded. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure using the SAS statistical software and for the mean comparison, the least significant difference (LSD) test method was used at 5% probability level.

The results showed that the effect of phosphorus fertilizer and Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids), SPAD value, grain protein, nitrogen content in plant aerial parts at different stages of plant growth, leaf area index and seed yield were significant, but the interaction of phosphorus fertilizer and Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi levels was not significant on any of the studied traits. The results showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, SPAD, grain protein and nitrogen content in plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield were obtained at 225 kg.ha-1 phosphorus fertilizer. Application of Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi led to an increase in the amount of photosynthetic pigments, seed protein and nitrogen content of plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield.

The results of this study indicated that the photosynthetic pigments, seed protein, nitrogen accumulation in the plant and leaf area index were increased by increasing the amount of phosphorus fertilizer. Also, the optimal effect of Plant growth promoting bacteria and Mycorrhiza on photosynthetic pigments and increasing the protein content of seeds and nitrogen in different stages of plant growth Which ultimately led to an increase in seed yield.

All over the world, there are high salinity lands and most of those considered as an arid or useless lands (from agriculture aspect) for lack of knowledge about resistant varieties. Quinoa plant indicate significant resistance to wide range of Abiotic stress such as salinity and cold. Also this plant is protein-rich and can be a good alternative to rice and wheat. It is necessary to study about this kind of plants in the critical condition (saline soil & dry farming) more than ever. In this paper we investigate about the impact of date of planting and density in dry farming and saline soil on quinoa plant yield.

In this study, the experiment, split plot design in completely randomized block base format with three repetition in the crop year 2019 (1397- 98) was performed in one of the farms of Gomishan city, Golestan province. Main factor consists of three planting date (February 4, March 6, April 4) and subsidiary factor has three density (60, 80, 100 and 120 plants per m^2). To determine the length of growth stages and dry weight and doing analysis, Sampling was done once in every two weeks. Final yield is determined by split middle line. during the growth season the important dates of plant phenology such as time for emergence & seedling development, physiological maturity, flowering and grain development divided by different treatment notes were taken. lastly, data obtained were analyzed by statistical software SAS and average data evaluated by LSD test.

The results indicate significant impact of planting date on plant height, number of seeds per panicle, dry weight of the plant and weight of one thousand seeds significance 1 percent level and weight of panicle, number of seeds of branch were at significance 5 percent level. Maximum values of this functional traits was obtained in planting date february 4. and planting date March 6 has the lowest values of these traits. plant height, number of seeds per panicle, wet and dry weight of the plant significantly affected by density factor. all interactions of both factor had huge impact on measured traits. most yields in 60 and 80 density plants per m^2 were significantly more than this trait's value in other planting density. results of this study indicate that february 4 was the best quinoa planting date (in comparison to other reviewed planting dates) for Gomishan and its condition, also 80 density plants per m^2 (high density without any decreased yield) is the most suitable for there.

Due to the quinoa high resistance to drought and salt stress as well as appropriate performance, as a strategic product could be recommended to farmers. by the results of this paper we can conclude that february 4 is the best planting date for saline soil and dry farming. delay to cultivation has a significant decrease in reviewed traits. moreover, because 80 density plants per m^2 increased the plant yield in most traits, then it could be considered as a most appropriate density to this study condition. however to confirm this findings it is necessary to check this experiment another year.

To investigate the effects of plant density on yield and yield components of two cultivars of grain sorghum, an experiment was conducted in 2009 in the northwest of Karaj. In this experiment, two cultivars (‘Payam’ and ‘Kimia’) and four density levels (100, 150, 200, and 250 thousand plants per hectare) were evaluated in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results of the mean comparison showed that the highest biological yield, grain and protein yield per unit area, protein percentage, grain yield per plant, and a number of grains per panicle were observed in the Kimia cultivar and the highest grain weight has belonged to the Payam cultivar. Increased density led to increased grain yield, protein yield, biological yield, and a number of panicles per square meter; Thus, the highest grain and protein yields were obtained with an average of 7924.01 and 913.17 kg/ha at a planting density of 250,000 plants per hectare, respectively. Increasing the density reduced the number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight, but did not affect protein percentage. Based on the results of our experiment, to achieve maximum grain yield and grain protein, Kimia and Payam cultivars with a density of 250,000 plants per hectare are recommended.

Flooding stress is one of the most important stresses related to autumn plants especially in the northern parts of the country. The most cost-effective and reliable way to reduce the effects of environmental stresses on crops is to choose a resistant cultivar. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate Flooding stress tolerance in wheat genotypes using some morphological and physiological characteristics and its relationship with grain yield. This experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications and two factors: 1) Flooding stress (non-flooding and 15 days flooding) and 2) cultivar (20 cultivars) at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2016-17. Done. Based on the results of this experiment, the highest grain yield was observed in N-80-19, N-87-20 and N-91-14 under non-stress conditions, which were 1.95 and 1.88 g pl-1, respectively. Under flooding conditions, the highest grain yield was obtained in N-80-19 (1.02 g pl-1) and Kohdasht (0.96 g pl-1) cultivars. The results showed that leaf area, leaf dry weight, chlorophyll a and b, root volume and dry weight, carotenoid and SPAD were affected by the destructive effects of Flooding stress and were significantly reduced under non-stress conditions. Leaf area had the highest correlation (0.89) with grain yield, after leaf area, chlorophyll a and SPAD had the highest correlation with grain yield. Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, SPAD number and root volume in wheat genotypes were highly correlated under water stress conditions with wheat grain yield, Therefore, genotypes with more photosynthetic leaf area at vegetative stage can be identified as resistant genotypes to Flooding stress. Carotenoid and SPAD were affected by the destructive effects of Flooding stress and were significantly reduced under non-stress conditions. Leaf area had the highest correlation (0.89) with grain yield, after leaf area, chlorophyll a and SPAD had the highest correlation with grain yield. Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, SPAD number and root volume in wheat genotypes were highly correlated under water stress conditions with wheat grain yield, Therefore, genotypes with more photosynthetic leaf area at vegetative stage can be identified as resistant genotypes to flooding stress.

Environmental stresses are always one of the most important factors in reducing the crops yield and production. When plants encountered with flooding stress, the concentration of active oxygen species increases. Increasing these compounds can damage to several cellular metabolic responses, such as Membrane integrity, photosynthesis and photosystem II efficacy. Following these events, early leaf aging and leaf area reduction may result in the loss of carbon fixation in the plant. Plants, in order to Confront with activated oxygen species, produce antioxidants, which reduces the effects of stress. Accordingly, this research was carried out to investigate the effects of flooding stress during tillering and stem elongation in two Koohdasht and Morvarid wheat cultivars on the content of antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments and their relationship with grain yield.

To conduct this research, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in two years, 1394 and 1395. The experimental treatments consisted of the length of the stress period at five levels (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) as the first factor, the time of flooding based on the development stage of wheat (tillering and stem elongation) as the second factor and cultivar (Koohdasht and Morvarid) were considered as the third factor. In order to apply flood stress, the pots for each treatment were somehow placed in a water-filled pond that plants stem at a height of 2 cm was below the water. After applying stress treatments, traits such as content of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, cartenoied and grain yield were measured. Also, linear models were used to describe the relationships between measured traits and flooding duration.

The results of this study showed that the damages of flooding stress in wheat depend on the time of plant placement under stress, the developing stage that stress associated with it, and the type of cultivar. In general, in this study, with increasing flooding duration, traits such as content of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes as well as ascorbic acid content increased significantly (linearly), but the amount of photosynthetic pigments (linearly) decreased significantly. On the other hand, the rate of increase of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in Koohdasht was more than Morvarid. Also, the reduction of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in Morvarid was higher than in Koohdasht, but the reduction of cartenoied in Koohdasht was higher than in Morvarid cultivars. Finally, with increasing the duration of flooding period, the grain yield of Koohdasht and Morvarid cultivars decreased by 3.67 and 3.20 percent per day, respectively. In both cultivars, flood stress during stem elongation stage decreased seed yield significantly more than the tillering stage.

Flooding stress has a very important role in reducing wheat grain yield. In this regard, the duration of the stress period was the most important factor affecting the yield, and then the developmental stage where the stress occurred during it and the cultivar were ranked second and third, respectively. Increased content of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes was associated with reducing the grain yield, as the production of these enzymes occured in response to increased active oxygen species (oxidative stress) during the flooding. Reduce the content of photosynthetic pigments also means a reduction in plant photosynthetic capacity during flooding stress. The total of these changes led to a linear decrease in grain yield in both cultivars and both developmental stages. The more severe reduction in grain yield, when flooding occurred at the stem elongation stage, indicates the greater sensitivity of this developmental stage to stress.

In scale universal after drought, nitrogen is the most important factor limiting. After nitrogen, phosphorus is the most nutritious element for plant. Between nitrogen and phosphorus is a positive reaction and absorption nitrogen increases absorption phosphorus by plant. The Studies very few is performed in order to study fluorescence chlorophyll plant in nutritious shortage stress conditions. Reduction access to nitrogen decreases quantum yield in transfer electron (photo system II) and its maximum efficiency. Also shortage of nitrogen destroys photo system II and decreases fluorescence variable (Fv). Quantum yield increases consequently interaction effects nitrogen and phosphorus. In view of the fact that measurement concentration nitrogen with methods like measuring Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) is very costly, take up time and need to expensive equipment, so measurement chlorophyll index by hand chlorophyll meter and transportable is very comfortable. Also consumption of nitrogen is improved pigments, as rate of chlorophyll (a, b) increases by using nitrogen. this research in order to study relations between concentration nitrogen, chlorophyll (a, b), chlorophyll index and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and study parameters fluorescence chlorophyll and rate of chlorophyll (a and b) under effect of different treatment fertilizer of nitrogen and phosphorus in wheat was performed. Afield experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement using randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Aliabadkatool city of Golestan province in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons. The experimental factors were three net nitrogen fertilizer (N, 0, 163 and 326 kg ha-1 and five net phosphorus fertilizer (P, 0, 98, 196, 294 and392 kg ha-1.) In this experiment some traits such as chlorophyll index, nitrogen nutrition index, fluorescence chlorophyll parameters, rate of chlorophyll (a, b), nitrogen concentration, grain protein and grain yield were measured. The study of scattering diagram of data be showed, traits of chlorophyll index, nitrogen nutrition index, quantum yield, chlorophyll concentration (a, b), nitrogen concentration in plan and yield protein follow from simple linear regression model, as in each level nitrogen, with increase rate of fertilizer phosphorus, traits under study were prospered from increasing trend.Concentration of nitrogen and nitrogen nutrition index was under effect interaction year and nitrogen. Fluorescence chlorophyll parameters including minimum fluorescence, maximum fluorescence (Fo, Fm) against other traits were showed decreasing trend, That connected to increase quantum yield consequently increase in consumed fertilizer. Correlation of significant and positive between chlorophyll index, nitrogen nutrition index, nitrogen concentration, chlorophyll was observed. The maximum yield achieved at combination of fertilizer N326P392 and N326P294that point of view statically was in one of surface significantly. The results this experiment showed that very strong relation is between chlorophyll index, chlorophyll concentration, Nitrogen nutrition index and nitrogen available to plant, as with increase available nitrogen and phosphorus rate, quantum yield and grain yield increased grain yield, so can be used from chlorophyll meter set for assessment fertilizer in plant replacing methods of expensive and take up tim like nitrogen nutrition index. In management fertilizer in addition on nitrogen, phosphorus must be considered too.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is an important legume crop. It is a great source of proteins, vitamins and minerals. The seed contains 24% protein content, 1.30% fat and 60.4% carbohydrates; calcium is 118 and phosphorus is 340 mg per 100 g of seed. Its capacity to restore soil fertility through nitrogen fixation makes it a valuable crop. Phosphorus is considered to be the most limiting element after nitrogen for the plant. However, a large amount of phosphorus in chemical fertilizers occurs after entering the insoluble soil. Converting soil insoluble phosphates to a form available for plants is a necessary goal to achieve sustainable agricultural production. Biofertilizers, are considered as a new technology to increasing nutrients in the soil and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers keep the soil environment rich in all kinds of micro and macro nutrients, via nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilisation or mineralization, release of plant growth regulating substances, production of antibiotics and biodegradation of organic matter in the soil. The main objective of this study was to evaluate biofertilizers inoculation.

To study the effect of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi and different levels of fertilizer phosphorus on the yield and yield components mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) a field experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at research field of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gorgoan University in 2016 and 2017. The treatments of this research consisted of three levels of phosphorus (Control, 150 Kg.h-1 and 225 Kg.h-1) and eight levels of Growth Promoting Bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi (Control, Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and Glomus mosseae, Pseudomonas and Glomus mosseae, and Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae). In this experiment, Rhizobium bacteria (R. leguminosarum) was used in all plots. Grain inoculation was done in shadow and after drying, inoculated grains were immediately cultivated. Mycorrhizal fungi was applied under the grain hole just prior to sowing. Chemical fertilizers were applied at a rate of 50 and 100 Kg.h-1 in N and K respectively. At harvest, random samples of 10 plants for each experimental unit were taken and plant height, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, 1000- seed weight, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index were recorded. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure using the SAS statistical software and for comparing the mean effects of interactions with Slicing method, in order to compare the mean of simple effects, the least significant difference test method (LSD) was used at 5% probability level.

The results of experiment revealed that the effect of year, phosphorus fertilizer and biological fertilizer showed a significant effect on yield and yield components, plant height, pod length and protein content. The results also showed that the interaction of biofertilizer and phosphorus on plant height, biological yield and harvest index were significant. The results of the comparison of the mean of data in the first year showed that the highest grain yield (226 g.m-2) was obtained in inoculum treatment with Azospirilum and Mycorrhiza fungi at a consumption level of 225 Kg.h-1 phosphorus fertilizer, Which increased by 29.6% compared to the control. In the second year of experiment, the highest grain yield (216 g.m-2) was obtained with 38.7% increase in comparison with control in inoculation with Azospirilum, Pseudomonas and Mycorrhiza fungi at 225 Kg.h-1 phosphorus fertilizer level. The results of the comparison of the mean of the data in the first year showed that the highest number of pods per plant, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and seed protein were related to Azospirillum and Glomus mosseae inoculation, and in the second year they were treated with Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae. Also The results of the comparison of the mean of the data showed that the highest 1000-seed weight (52.9 g), number of seeds per pod (8.5 Number in pods) in 225 Kg.h-1 treatment of phosphorus fertilizer.

Biofertilizer are beneficial bacteria and fungus that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms. The use of biofertilizer is steadily increasing in agriculture and offers a new way to replace chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and supplements. According to these results, it can be concluded that the best treatment for mung bean cultivation and reducing the use of phosphorus fertilizer is the use of Azospirilum and Mycorrhizal fungus. Application Azospirilum and Mycorrhizal fungus in this study caused to increase the seed yield and protein content of seed.

Limited irrigation leads to a wide spectrum of physiological and biochemical responses in plants, and one of the efficient plant mechanisms against water deficit for maintenance of cell turgidity is osmotic regulation. Nowadays, leaf spraying as complement to soil methods is effective against environmental stress. Since Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris extract contain anti-oxidant compounds, it seems that these compounds may prove useful for reduction of stress intensity. Therefore, this research was carried out to investigate the effect of spraying of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris extract on some of growth and physiological traits of Sesamum indicum L. (Naz cultivar) under different irrigation levels.

This experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in two years (at 2015 and 2016) as a randomized complete block design with three replications at Gorgan University of Agriculture. In this study, treatments included two different irrigation regimes include normal condition (every 15 days) and drought stress (every 25 days), three levels of Origanum vulgare extract include 0, 40 and 60 % and three levels of Thymus vulgaris extract include 0, 10 and 20 %. Irrigation regime levels were considered as the main factor and the levels of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris extract were assigned to sub plots. The first spraying application took place one month after planting and second and third placement at 12 days intervals.

Results indicated that limited irrigation significantly reduced the measured indices of leaf area index, length plant, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, stem dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b. The results also showed that limited irrigation increased content of flavonoid, carotenoid, Ca and K. The results of this study showed that using Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris extract significantly improved the measured indices. Results indicated that the highest leaf area index (3.76 and 2.93), leaf dry weight (57.88 gr/m2), length plant (159 cm), chlorophyll a (21.7 mg g-1Fw) and chlorophyll b (20.61 mg g-1Fw) were attending in control conditions were associated with 60% Origanum vulgare and 20% Thymus vulgaris L. extract. The highest carotenoid (18.58 mg g-1Fw), flavonoid (0.003 mg g-1Fw), Ca (0.57 mg g-1Fw) and K (2.97 mg g-1Fw) were attending in limited irrigation conditions were associated with 60% Origanum vulgare and 20% Thymus vulgaris L. extract. It was found that the most measured indices in both control and also limited irrigation conditions were associated with 60 % Origanum vulgare and 20 % Thymus vulgaris essence. Application of plant extract (Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris essence) was effective in both irrigation conditions (normal conditions and limited irrigation), but its effect was more pronounced under stress condition (every 25 days).

Therefore, it can be stated that under dry conditions, the use of Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris extract can induce tolerance in the plant in response to water deficit conditions. Since less cost is needed compared to other methods, therefore, in areas with low water conditions, it is recommended to use the Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris extract.

saline water in ground, agronomists have to use of this salt water. Foliar application of nutrients such as potassium can have quick access to the nutrients in the plant and reduce the effects of salinity assist. In order to better agronomic management for achieve to higher yield, identify of varieties with high yield potential in these conditions can assist researchers to achieve high yield. Using mutant varieties as tolerant plants to salinity can be one of the solutions. Hence this study was performed to evaluate the effect of salinity of irrigated water and foliar application of potassium sulfate on some physiological characteristics, yield of two mutant cottons. The experiment was laid out using of split factorial arrangement based on complete block design with four replications in Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Center, Rudasht, Isfahan, Iran during 2014-2015. In this study, experimental treatments were three irrigation water [4 (as control), 8 and 12 dS m-1] at main plots and three cotton genotypes (LM1673, LM1303 and Shayan) with four levels of K2SO4 such as 0 (as control), 2, 4 and 6 kg in 1000l/ha in sub plots. In this experiment studied traits were fiber percent, lint yield, and physiological traits such as RWC, RWL, membrane stability index and chlorophyll content. Lint yield significantly affected by irrigation with saline water, foliar application of potassium sulfate and genotype, but the interaction between experimental factors on lint yield was not statistically significant. The results showed no significant decrease in yield with increasing of salinity levels of irrigation water from 4 to 8 dS.m-1, while when using 12 dS.m-1 saline water for irrigation, lint cotton yield reduced as 48.5% compared to control (4 dS.m-1) and fell from 4174 to 2149 kg per ha. Foliar application of potassium sulfate treatment at rate of 4 kg per hectare had the highest yield was 4425 kg per hectare compared to the control (2462 kg) was 55% increasing of yield, but had not significant differences with 2 and 6 kg per hectare sulfate potassium treatments. Between genotypes, LM-1303 genotype had the highest lint yield in rate of 3721 kg per hectares that had significant differences with Shayan genotype (3165 kg per hectares). Highest RWC in first sampling at all foliar application of potassium sulfate treatments was obtained in 8 dS.m-1 treatment at rate of 80% and in this saline treatment were not significant differences between foliar treatments. Chlorophyll content was 59 in control treatment and increasing of salinity treatment decreased it and was 54 in 12 dS.m-1 treatments. The results of the present study showed that in saline water treatments, LM-1303 mutant had the highest fiber percent and lint yield that in results can proposed this genotype for achieve to high yield in saline condition. Also, for achieve to higher yield and reducing of salinity effects can apply 4 kg per hectares potassium sulfate by spraying.

The effect of drought and salinity stress in view of water deficiency are similar to each other, but under long term-salinity stress, in addition to drought stress the plant experiences increased osmotic and high ion stress. There are different levels of salinity (more than 38% of Golestan’s total land area is salt-affected) and various farming conditions (rain-fed and irrigation) in Golestan Province, Iran. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth, water use efficiency and sodium and potassium concentrations of plant in irrigated and rain-fed wheat genotypes (selected from the first year of the experiment). The experiment was under greenhouse conditions and was conducted to physiologically compare genotypes selected in the first year in a factorial arrangement with two irrigation regimes (5 and 75 % water lost from soil available water), four levels of soil salinity (0, 4.5, 6.5, and 8 ds/m) and two tolerant genotypes (selected from the first year) in a completely randomized design with three replications. The greenhouse is located in Gorgan city of Iran. Two genotypes selected from the first year of the experiment at moderate salinity (9 ds/m) and under rain-fed condition i.e. N- 87- 20 and Karim were the experimental material, respectively. In this experiment leaf area, number of stomata, sodium and potassium concentrations for leaf and stem, total water use from sowing to maturity, water use efficiency (WUE) for grain and biomass and yield were measured. The results showed that genotype n- 87- 20 had higher leaf area but lower stomata density than those of Karim. Genotype n- 87- 20 in 25% soil available water, i.e. drier condition had similar yield (1.20 vs. 1.16 gr/plant) to Karim. In the wetter condition the yield of N- 87- 20 was higher than Karim (2.00 vs. 1.64 gr/plant). In drier condition, Karim had higher WUE than in wet condition but for N- 87- 20 genotype, it was reverse and it had higher WUE in dry than in wet condition. The sodium concentration in stem was twice as bigger than that of leaf (0.58 and 0.32%, respectively) and with increase in unit salinity of soil to 8 ds/m sodium concentration in leaf and stem increased 0.068 and 0.025 %, respectively. There was not any difference between two genotypes for Na+/ k+ in leaf and stem but with an increase in soil salinity the Na+/ k+ for leaf and stem decreased. N- 87- 20 was better genotype in irrigated conditions with no or moderate salinity stress and Karim was better genotype under rain-fed condition. Up to 8 ds/m of soil salinity Na+/k+ ratio could indicate the difference between genotypes.

Salinity stress is a major constraint inhibiting yield of crops throughout the world. Salinity tolerance in crops responded to salinity stress by three main mechanism including osmotic tolerance, ion exclusion and tissue tolerance.
In order to study of salinity response of introduced salinity tolerant wheat cultivars and comparison of them with introduced wheat cultivars for non-saline condition, this experiment arranged in three steps of germination, greenhouse(one year) and farm( two years) during 2012-2014. In farm experiment, treatment includes salinity tolerant cultivars of Akbari, Sistan, Arg, Ofogh and Roshan and introduced cultivars for non-saline condition namely Morvarid, KohDasht and Falat. This cultivars cultured in two stations of Salinity research farm(Agh-Ghala) and Gorgan station(as non-saline condition) in randomized complete block design with four replications. In greenhouse experiment, all of the cultivars planted in pots with sandy medium and Hoagland solution. Salinity treatments were control condition and 15dS.m-1. Relative growth rate measured daily for seven days after salt exposure and then measured with two days interval for two weeks. The sodium content of leaves, the leaf area and total dry matter in all of the pots, measured three weeks after salt exposure. Additional pots for cultivars of Falat, KohDasht and Ofogh prepared and treated with salinities of 2, 7.5 and 15dS.m-1 in three replications. These pots continued until end of the season in order to determination of salinity threshold based on the grain yield. Also the germination of the cultivars measured at salinities of 0 until 30dS.m-1 with 5 unit intervals in three replications to calculate salinity threshold in germination stage.
Based on the results, salinity caused two phase growth reduction of osmotic and ionic, so that the osmotic effect influenced more than ionic effect. In the first week after salt exposure, the same dry matter reduction observed in cultivars, but reducing in leaf area starts immediately after salt exposure. The Sistan cultivar considered as osmotic tolerant and Falat as sensitive cultivar based on the reduction of relative growth rate in the first week after salt exposure. In the next two weeks of experiment more reduction occurred in growth rate in saline condition. This reduction attributed to accumulation of sodium ions and ionic effect phase of salinity stress. Based on the two linear model of response of crops to salinity, the cultivars of Falat, KohDasht and Ofogh had the threshold of 6.06, 5.27 and 4.00 dS.m-1 respectively. Based on the sigmoidal model these cultivars produced 50 percent relative yield in salinities of 11.86, 11.56 and 13.38dS.m-1 respectively.
At all pluralization of results showed that, the salt tolerance cultivars produced higher yields only in native climate condition. When they cultured in different climatic condition with salinity stress, they can’t produce higher yields and not shown salinity tolerance qualifications by effectiveness.

This experiment was laid out in order to study on effect of irrigation saline water on biochemical characteristics of mutant cotton lines in Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Center, Iran at 2014-2015, by using of split plot arrangement based on complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were three irrigation water [4 (as control), 8 and 12 dS m-1] at main plots and three cotton genotypes (LM1673, LM1303 and Shayan) in sub plots. Results showed that the effect of irrigation using saline water on all traits was significant except reducing and non-reducing sugars. Effect of cultivar was significant on starch content and interaction between irrigation using saline water and cultivars was significant on soluble and non-reducing sugars, starch content and carotenoids. Irrigation by 12 dS m-1 saline water, soluble protein and soluble sugars increased as 50% and prolin content increased as 45% rather than control treatment. Proxidase (POX) enzyme activity in irrigation by 8 dS m-1 saline water treatment increased as 50% rather than irrigation by 12 dS m-1 saline water treatment. By increasing of irrigation water salinity, decreased chlorophyll content (40% rather than 8 dS m-1 saline water) and increased relief pigments such as carotenoids (50%) and anthocyanin (23%). In many traits, because of non-significant different amomg genotypes and with regards to high tolerance characteristics of Shayan genotype to salinity can be concluded that LM-1303 and LM-1673 had high tolerance to salinity same to Shayan genotype. With regard to higher soluble sugar, non-reducing sugar and carotenoids in LM-1303 genotype, can be concluded that this genotype had better physiological status under salinity compare to Shayan genotype.

The aim of this research was to investigate vertical distribution of wild mustard and volunteer canola seeds. In order to, soil samples were collected from three farms in to times (after canola harvesting and before planting in autumn). Six different depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25 and 25-30) were sampled from each farm. Results indicated that about 3000 canola seeds were distributed on soil surface after canola harvesting, that this value contained about 70% of canola seed bank. Seeds wasted for different reasons until autumn, but the most remained seeds were distributed from 5 to 10 cm soil layer at this time (about 39%). There was no significantly difference among 4 upper soil layers (i.e. 0-20 cm) in wild mustard seeds numbers at the first time of sampling, and most seeds (about 85 %) were distributed in these layers. There were most seeds of wild mustard (about 31 %) in 5-10 cm soil layer at the second sampling and there was not any differences between this and soil layer of 10-15 cm. These information can apply in ecological weed management and the models of weeds emergence prediction.

Seed deterioration and waterlogging stress are factors that lead to lower growth. On the other hand, seed deterioration may affect plant growth that plant growth can be used to quantitatively describe the components of growth analysis.
In order to investigate the mechanisms that lead to the reduction of growth and interaction of these two factors, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (3 treatments seed quality for 0, 72 and 144 hours of accelerated aging and 4 treatment involves waterlogging 0, 5, 10 and 15 days of flooding) in 4 replicates. In this research, wheat seeds (Daria), first in the laboratory for seed quality treatments, were worn by accelerated aging.
The results of laboratory studies showed that seed deterioration slowing, germination and seedling growth reduction is achieved. In the greenhouse, the plants during the tillering stage control (to waterlogging stress) and heading stage control (after waterlogging stress) were collected. The tiller control, by increasing the number of plants decreased seed longevity found. The heading control between different levels of seed aging, the number of tillers per plant and seed deterioration were treated with seed deterioration increases, the number of plants was reduced, but increased the number of tillers. Tillering stage control (to waterlogging stress) that cover the whole plant is not land, leaf area and dry weight depends on the density and the deterioration of seed density decreased, but only the leaves of waterlogging stress reduced pot. At tillering control seed decay with increasing relative growth rate significantly decreased but increased in stages to control the seed deterioration relative growth rate significantly increased. One of the reasons for the increase RGR in plants from the seeds of the decline could be due to offset slow canopy closure due to low density of plants in this plant. After waterlogging stress relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio to treatment were significant seed deterioration, but to waterlogging stress and interactions were non-significant decline of seed and waterlogging stress.
Seed deterioration treatments, Waterlogging stress and their interaction were effective on the growth response mentioned in wheat

The region of the experiment is located in Golestan Province, Iran, with agriculture subject to various farming conditions (rain-fed and irrigation) and different levels of salinity (more than 38% of Golestan’s total land area is salt-affected). The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the stress indices in the selection of tolerant wheat genotypes, not only for rain-fed conditions but also for different levels of salinity in the region in question.
The experiments were conducted in 2011-2012 with nine genotypes of wheat in three environments of no salinity, severe salinity (19 ds/m) and moderate salinity (9 ds/m) and with eight genotypes of wheat in two environments (irrigated and rain-fed) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. For all the experiments, sowing was done from 18 to 20 December and the seedling density was 300 seeds/m2. The plots consisted of six metre-long rows spaced 20 cm apart. The grain yields were measured by harvesting 4 m2 of the central part of each plot at crop maturity. After harvest, yield were measured and selection indices, including stress susceptible index (SSI), tolerance (Tol) index, mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerant index (STI) were calculated. In order to better evaluate the genotypes’ relationships, principal component analysis was done and a biplot based on PC1 vs. PC2 (principal components one and two, respectively) was provided.
The results showed that the correlation between yield of genotypes under non stressed condition with severe salinity (stress index= 0.76) was not significant, but in two other conditions, i.e., non salinity vs. moderate salinity (stress index= 0.51) and rain-fed vs. Irrigated (stress index= 0.12), the correlation was positive and significant. In severe salinity, PC1 separated high-yielding genotypes under non-stressed conditions whereas PC2 differentiated them under stressed conditions. For both moderate salinity and rain-fed conditions, PC1 separated high-yielding genotypes under stressed and non-stressed conditions, and PC2 differentiated genotypes with high sensitivity to drought conditions. Among the indices studied, STI and GMP with Yp and Ys and SSI with Yp had positive and significant correlation. SSI was also negatively correlated with Ys. MP had higher correlation with Yp and was closer to Yp than STI, GMP and SSI.
In severe salinity based on SSI, Bam had the least SSI and it was a better genotype while biplot showed that Bam only had the highest value of PC2 and it was a good genotype under stressed condition. Under severe salinity, there was not any better genotype for both stressed and non stressed conditions. Some of cultivars that were tolerant in other regions of Iran, i.e. Bam and Arg in severe salinity had the highest yield and the lowest SSI suggesting that they are tolerant to high salinity. In moderate salinity and rainfed condition n-87-20 and Karim were the best genotypes, respectively. The biplot clearly simultaneously revealed the relationships needed for selecting genotypes under stressed and non stressed conditions.

Water logging stress has high destroyer effect on quality and quantity of crop production. This experiment was carried out to investigate alcohol dehydrogenize (ADH) and fructose- 1,6- bisphosphate aldolase (FBPaldolase) activities in wheat leaf (N8019) in vegetative growth stage (4-5 leaved) under water logging duration effects in different temperature in the form of combined analysis design with CRD arrangement in 4 levels of water logging period (0, 24, 48 and 96 hour) and 3 levels of temperature (5, 10 and 20 ˚C) in tetraplicates. The results indicated that the effects temperature and water logging duration and their interaction were significant on ADH and FBPaldolase activities at 1 % level. With increasing water logging period, ADH and FBPaldolase activities increased in 5 and 10ºC. Under 20ºC, both enzyme activities increased until 48h of water logging but both enzyme activities increased significantly when water logging duration increased up to 96 h.

To study the effect of waterlogging stress on dry matter accumulation, leaf area, number and nodule diameter nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar DPX. Experiment was done at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Gorgan. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in factorial with two factors. Factors included nutritional levels at three levels: (1 - inoculated with bacteria Japonicum bradyrhizobium 2 - non-inoculated plus nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg/ha urea) 3 - non-inoculated without nitrogen fertilizer) . The second factor was flooding stress periods (0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Flooding of soybean plants was in the reproductive growth stage (R2). The results showed duration flooding leaf surface and leaf dry weight were reduced by an average of 55% compared to control and root dry weight and root volume were increased by an average of 10 percent.Inoculation with bacteria form nodules were observed without fertilizer. With increasing duration of flooding stress nodes per plant, nodule diameter and nodule dry weight decreased. The nutritional levels of nitrogen fertilizer plus the non-inoculated into minimal impact from the flooding stress was . and nutritional parameters measured at the surface of the drop was less than control flooding stress have the greatest impact on nutritional levels had non-inoculated without fertilizerThe results indicate that it is desirable if soybean be fed by nitrogen fertilizer losses from the flooding will see fewer And the results showed a significant reduction of saturated nitrogen fixing nodules on soybean is .

The Oilseeds after cereal, the world's second largest food supply make up. Environmental stress has always been one of the most important factors reducing crop yield and production are gone and Counter or reduce the effects of stress as a useful strategy to increase the quality and quantity of the products has been considered. Flooding conditions are said to be part of the stem plant below the water. Flooding stress is limiting growth and yield of cropsespecially in humid regions. Cause changes to be in yield components, pod capacity, biological yield and seed yield in oil plants. Given that soybean one of the main plants oil is the countrys, Identifying the factors that to be cause flooded stress and thus reduce soybean yield, It is necessary. In order to investigate the effects of flooding period and type of nitrogen nutrition on quantitative and qualitative traits of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr), an experiment was conducted at Gorgan University in 2012. The experiment with factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted for pot (For each treatment, 3 pots, each pot there was considered a repeat). Treatments include dietary treatments at three levels of nitrogen (1. Do not inoculated plus nitrogen2. Inoculated with bacteria (Bradyrhizobium japonicum)3. Non-inoculated without fertilizer), severely flooded in four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 days) and the stress flooding reproductive stage (R2), respectively. In this experiment, yield, yield components, oil content and seed protein were measured. Seed yield and oil content in nutrient levels, during flooding was decline, but the protein was increased. There was a significant difference (α=0.05) between dietary levels of yield, oil content and seed protein. The highest seed yield (3.32 gram per plant) and seed oil content (26.3 percent) was in the treatment of non-inoculated with bacteria and feed fertilizer in the absence of flooding. The lowest seed yield (1.2 g per plant) and seed oil content (11 percent) in the treatment of non-inoculated with bacteria and no fertilizer was achieved in 15 days of flooding. Highest protein content (37.39 percent) was treated with fertilizer and without inoculation with bacteria at 15 days of flooding and the lowest (93.16 percent) was observed in the treatment of non-inoculated and fertilizer and flooding. The results showed that by reducing the amount of available nitrogen for plants and increasing the flooding, seed yield and oil content reduced and seed protein content increased with increasing the stress time. The results also showed that the use of urea fertilizer, significantly increase seed yield in compared to when soybean plants inoculated just by bacteria.

er to investigated the effect of flooding, different nutrition levels an anti-oxidant characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence, amount of chlorophyll (a, b) and Carotenoids leaves Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr), cultivar DPX research at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, in a completely randomized design to factorial arrangement with three replications was done in 2012. The experiment consists of three levels of nitrogen nutrition treatments factor (1 – non inoculation plus nitrogen fertilizer 2 - inoculated with bacteria (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) 3 - non inoculation without fertilizer) and flooding stress in four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Maximum enzyme activity of Ascorbate peroxidase was in first treatment (non inoculation plus nitrogen fertilizer) in flooded on day zero. Peroxidase and Catalase enzyme activity at all levels of the nutrition flooded up to 5 days at 10 and 15 days showed an increasing trend, but the flooding had reduced the activity of two enzymes. Flooding during the production of Ascorbic acid (from 0 to 15 days) was increased at all three levels of nitrogen nutrition. The amount of chlorophyll fluorescence, amount of chlorophyll (a, b) and Carotenoids showed a decreasing trend during flooding. Reduce the amount of chlorophyll a, was much more chlorophyll b. overall to intensity increases flooding increased activity of free radical resistance mechanism fall continues, the more damage will be flooded with increasing time.

Soil nutrients balance is an indicator to determine nutrient use efficiency in farming systems. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to assess nutrient use efficiency in different wheat farms in Gorgan. Collected data were included fertilization management such as type and amount of applied fertilizer in different farms. In respect to type of fertilizers applied in farm, amount of net NPK was calculated. Also, amount of supply of NPK was estimated by QUEFTS model which were 61, 34 and 136 kg/ha, respectively. In the end of the growth season, the concentration of these nutrients in plant was measured by tissue analysis and amount of exited nutrients (kg/ha) in each farm was estimated. The nutrients balance was calculated as the difference between entered (fertilizer and soil supply) and exited nutrients. The results showed that almost half of farms had deficiency of N application (negative balance). The amount of deficiency for N ranged from 2.5 to 124.4 kg/ha; while in others there was 1.3 to 128.3 kg/ha extra N (positive balance). The extra P and K were observed in nearly all farms that they were 10.9-79.3 and 11.5-115 kg/ha, respectively (positive balance).

In order to evaluation of the process of genetic improvement rate and duration of grain filling among wheat cultivars, the field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Golestan province in the growing seasons of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. The 16 cultivars were sown in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The results showed that wheat cultivars had not changed during breeding activities in order to improve yield in grain weight and duration of grain filling while rate of grain filling was increased. Also rate of grain filling was improved %26.19, in 38 years of the release, was observed %0.7 and it improvement. This increase was due to increasing grain number per unit area. In order to positive and significant correlation between grain filling rate and grain yield it seems that selection for high yield and grain filling rate is possible without the need to increase of grain filling duration.

Physiological and biochemical changes during sunflower seed deterioration were studied during incubation for 2، 4، 6 and 8 days at 43 °C and a relative humidity of 100%. Parameters such as germination percentage، germination rate، seedling length، seedling vigor and protein decreased whereas electrical conductivity، fatty acids and lipid hydroperoxides increased during seed deterioration. Increased levels of fatty acids and lipid hydroperoxides during seed deterioration indicated damage to cellular membranes witnessed by increased electrical conductivity. These changes implied increase in reactive oxygen species and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity. Reactive oxygen species alter protein structure and as a result the de-natured proteins will degrade during seed aging. Finally it can be concluded that seed germination percentage and seed vigor decrease during seed deterioration. Thorough increase in Lipid peroxidation can be one of the physiological mechanisms in deterioration of sunflower seeds.

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutritious element limiting yield crop. In order to study the effects of rate and time of nitrogen application management on leaf area index at anthesis, biological yield, harvest index, and grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with four replications was done on the research field of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during growing seasons 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. Experimental treatments in first year included four net nitrogen fertilizer rates of 0, 100, 175 and 250 kg N ha-1 and 0, 60, 120, 180 kg N ha-1 in second year; which were split in four stages of planting, tillering, stem elongation and booting. The result showed that rate and time of nitrogen application management had significant effect on leaf area index at an thesis, biological yield, and grain yield of wheat. In this study, the maximum yield was 5529.9 kg ha-1 that achieved at 78 kg net N ha-1. Thus, 78 kg net N ha-1 (170 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer) should be used in splitting manner for gaining the optimum yield of wheat so that 12.5% in planting stage, 37.5 % in tillering stage, 37.5 % in stem elongation stage and 12.5 % in booting stage should be applied and it seems better to apply nitrogen fertilizer earlier in stem elongation stage.

In order to study the variation of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and associated traits with it, the field experiments were conducted at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences Research Farm, Gorgan, Iran in the growing seasons of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. The 16 cultivars which are released between 1968 and 2006 were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that during breeding activities to improve wheat yield, NUE and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) increased 0.28% and 0.31% per year, respectively; while nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) was not changed. Since NUE divided into two components: NUtE and NUpE, most of the breeding effects on NUE were associated with change in nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE). Also grain protein concentration (GPC) have been decreased 0.05 %. It appear that in studied cultivars, grain harvest index increased more rapidly than nitrogen harvest index. This problem can explain the decline of grain protein.