سعید اکبری

The present research investigates the productivity of compound noun maker patterns in Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag (2003). For this purpose, the authors have extracted 1300 compound nouns from a corpus taken from Persian language database (PLDB). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is corpus based. After the study of collected data of research, the authors have concluded that the only quantitative method for measuring the productivity of word formation processes introduced by Plag (2003) is to count the outputs of a word formation process. Also, the most productive compound noun maker pattern among compound noun maker patterns is (noun+noun). Moreover, different methods of measuring the productivity rate of compound noun maker patterns offer different results. Analysis of the extracted data from the research corpus shows that among the compound noun maker patterns in Persian, (noun + noun) pattern has the highest productivity and these patterns ( pronoun + noun / pronoun + stem of present verb / noun + imperative verb / number + number) have the lowest productivity.

This research examines how effective water resources management impacts sustainable rural livelihoods in Poldakhtar city. It addresses the key issue of rural migration driven by decreased water resources and inadequate management, particularly affecting agriculture. The study, applied and descriptive-analytical in nature, focused on 7358 households in Poldakhtar's villages, selecting 365 households as samples using Cochran's formula. Data analysis was performed using sample t-tests and multivariate regression analysis. Results from the sample t-test revealed that the most favorable aspect of water resources management was the use of suitable cultivation patterns, which had the highest average score of 3.376. Conversely, the lowest score of 2.706 was for the Agricultural Bank’s role in providing loans for water needs. Overall, water resources management in Poldakhtar was rated positively, with an average score of 3.118. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the effects of water resources management on various dimensions of sustainable rural livelihoods. The analysis showed that water management significantly influenced social livelihood (beta coefficient of 0.325), economic livelihood (0.276), human livelihood (0.213), and physical livelihood (0.178). These findings underscore the importance of effective water management in enhancing various aspects of rural life and its potential to mitigate migration challenges by improving living conditions.

The quality of services as the main foundation and infrastructure of any organization plays a decisive role in the success or failure of the organization. The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors on the successful implementation of the Arbaeen Hosseini mission in the Border Guard Command of Ilam province.

In terms of its objectives, the current study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature, it is a qualitative, and based on the method of data collection, it is descriptive research in the framework of theme analysis. The statistical population of the research includes 15 commanders and managers of the Border Guard Command of Ilam province, external experts and experts related and familiar with the subject and a number of Arbaeen Hosseini (PBUH) pilgrims who participated in the Arbaeen ceremony at least four times and are experts in the field of the research topic, which was done purposefully and up to the stage of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview with experts. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that 47 indicators in the form of 5 components (human, structural, interactional, systemic, technical and infrastructural) constitute the indicators of the effective factors in the successful implementation of the Arbaeen Hosseini mission in the Border Guard Command of Ilam Province.

Based on the findings of the research, the Ilam Province Border Guard Command has performed well in implementing the Arbaeen Hosseini mission compared to other similar provinces. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, human, structural, interactive, systemic, technical, and infrastructural components have been among the most important factors that played a role in this matter. Therefore, attention to these components has been emphasized in other provinces, and in order to carry out the above mission as best as possible, planning and taking measures to implement these components in other provinces is an essential need of the I.R.I Police Border Guard Command.

Today, social protests are as an expected social phenomenon in human societies, even in societies based on democracy, there are social protests because the impact of the decisions of the state and political authorities on the lives of the people of a society is undeniable.The way that the different societies deal with this social phenomenon is subject to the rights and freedoms recognized by the states for the general public. On the other hand, people's actions also determine how the state deals with this phenomenon, so it is not unreasonable to say that the state's reaction  on the one hand, and the people's reaction on the other hand, seriously can change the type and quality of protests.If a macro-level decision is taken by the state, and if this decision affects the lives of most people in a quantitative way, the  protests can be expected in all parts of a country. Now, this protest, which is a sign of the state's decision and not accepted by the people, if it is responded too violently by the state, it can change the nature of a peaceful protesting population and turn it into a violent population, and if the protest is also violent from the beginning, there will be no doubt that no state will leave such actions unanswered with the tools at its disposal.Nevertheless, to a great extent, the type, quality and quantity of tools to deal with social protests are subject to the principles that have been accepted in the field of criminal policymaking. It goes without saying that this criminal policy significantly defines the limits and restrictions of citizens' freedom  and also shows the level of accepted values ​​of the state and the adherence to the principles contained in the  documents beyond laws and regulations. It is clear that the states choose the most severe and harsh reactions when they feel a threat to their integrity, so it is important to identify such behaviors from the punishment perspective. The purpose of this research is to clarify the position of Iranian criminal policy confronting the social protests and the distinction between two types of behavior, i.e. violent protests and the need to punish these behaviors and peaceful protests and the need to recognize these types of protests.This research has been done with analytical-descriptive method through   using numerous library sources. The necessity of the current research, in addition to its impact on the country's legal literature, can also be considered in the legislative and even judicial field because the criminal reaction to Peaceful protests is actually a violation of fundamental rights recognized in constitutional   documents and even human values ​​of the society.The findings of this research show  that, where the protesters only want their lost rights and do not accept the new policy of the state which  has affected  their lives, and considering that these protesters do not have evil or criminal intentions and if these peaceful protests do not lead to the violation of the  rules  of criminal law, the state  should not practice even  the slightest aggression against this group of protesters, and only if the protesters  violate  one of the rules of criminal law, their behavior should be judged with mitigation in punishment.Social protests whether violent or peaceful have common features, such as:Relative continuityPurposefulness and agreement between protestersApplicability of the title of Protester to specific people Opposition to all parts or some part of the prevailing social conditionsWith precision in the words of researchers and experts  in the field of social protests, the topics such as civil disobedience and civil resistance can be considered as examples of peaceful social protests, and the cases such as:  riots, revolutions and coups(military coup) can be included under the title of violent protests. In terms   of Iranian criminal policy regarding social protests  ,peaceful and violent, two sources can be considered including: the constitution as the supreme legislative document of the country and other laws and regulations as normal laws. The principle of the right to peaceful protests is recognized in the 27th article of Iran’s constitution, which deals with gatherings and protests. On the other hand, normal laws, both in the field of violent protests and in the field of peaceful protests, have not a specific and explicit law for supporting   or prohibition of   social protests, and this matter has actually led to a kind of confusion among the judicial authorities.According to what kind of behavior and with what intention the protestors are  protesting , and even to what specific group of the society they belong to, there is a different criminal description and interpretation, and in addition to this, the legislator can refer to the new findings of the criminal studies  for  the legalization of  the reasons for mitigating the punishments or remission of punishment in order to consider this mitigation of the punishments or remission of punishment for  the people who have committed a crime, considering that such behaviors can continue for days and even months and thus drag the situation  of the society towards a crisis. Also, a group of protestors who have been influenced by others, are committing the crimes without a proper understanding of the social situation and begin to protest only under the influence of the psychological atmosphere of the society and the actions of others (without having a high criminal capacity).Such mitigation of the punishments or remission of punishment are not unprecedented in the field of criminal policy of Iran. It seems that in order to draw an ideal criminal policy along with protecting   the rights and freedoms of the people, we need a basic legislation in this field of social behavior.

Due to the occurrence of respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19, the need to use mechanical ventilation to save the lives of patients and improve the clinical conditions of patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit has also become common. In this study, SIMV and PRVC modes of mechanical ventilation have been compared and analyzed on hemodynamics parameters and oxygenation of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit.

In this study, which was conducted using the time series method, there were patients with COVID-19, who were admitted and treated for respiratory failure in the special care department of Al-Zahra Educational-Treatment Centers from January 1, 2019, to the end of June 1400 AH. They were under mechanical ventilation in one of the two groups with one of the modalities of PRVC, SIMV. Patients underwent periodic visits and were followed up for 48 hours after intubation.

The obtained results show that the hemodynamic stability and oxygenation parameters in PRVC mode are higher than in SIMV mode, while the complications of SIMV mechanical breathing mode show higher values compared to PRVC mode.

Hemodynamic parameters in patients with severe respiratory symptoms with COVID-19 who were admitted to the intensive care unit and were under mechanical ventilation with PRVC mode were more stable compared to the SIMV group. The frequency distribution of complications of mechanical ventilation in the SIMV group was significantly higher than in the PRVC group.

The statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution is one of the most important policies and measures of Ayatollah Khamenei in moving forward with the Islamic Revolution, and the education system plays an important and essential role in realizing its horizon. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to identify the desirable indicators of the educational guidance and counseling system in the civilizational horizon of the declaration of the second step of the Islamic Revolution. The current research is a qualitative and descriptive research of an analytical and inferential type with the purpose of development. The method of data collection was documentary studies and the research tool was surveying. The studied example for calculating the indicators was reading the entire text of the second step statement document of the Islamic Revolution. For the calculation of descriptive-interpretive indicators, the point of view of 4 educational guidance and counseling specialists who had a history of working in education was used, and in the field of directional policies, Ayatollah Khamenei's statements were exemplified. The researchers used the content analysis method to analyze the data. In this research, based on the accurate and complete reading of the text of the statement of the second step, the data were counted and coded. In the first stage, the components were counted and in the second stage, the components were classified and the main categories were obtained. In the first stage, 33 components were identified, which were placed in two categories of indicators related to the guidance and counseling system and the requirements and guiding policies of the guidance and counseling system. In the second stage, the guidance and counseling system has six main categories of nurturer, helper, identifier (future-making), spirituality-oriented, preparer and provider of specialized services, and the requirements and policies of the guidance and counseling system in the form of five main categories of provider and They were classified as guaranteeing, deepening and institutionalizing, socializing, promoting and transforming discourse. The results of the present research in the field of developing the required models of education in order to respond to the needs of the country and the civilizational movement of the Islamic Revolution in the field of guidance and counseling, can be used by specialists and trustees of this sector of services.

The present research investigates the productivity of nounmaker derivational suffixes in Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag (2003). For this purpose, the authors have extracted 3907 derivative nouns from a corpus taken from Persian language database (PLDB). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is based on library studies. After the study of collected data of research, the authors have concluded that the quantitative method for measuring the productivity of word formation processes introduced by Plag (2003) is to count the outputs of a word formation process. Also, different methods of measuring the productivity rate of noun maker derivational suffixes offer different results. Analysis of the extracted data from the research corpus shows that among the noun maker derivational suffixes in Persian, (/-i/) has the highest productivity and these suffixes (/-ān/, /-ine/, /-iƷe/, /-un/, /-?orænʤǝn/, /-rænʤǝn/, /-ʃǝn/, /-gāle/) have the lowest productivity.

The current study, carrying a comparative perspective, is an attempt to present the commonalities in Masnavi and Quran with respect to the notion of fiction making. As the analyses provided by this study claim, Quran and Masnavi, despite applying fiction-making strategies, avoid this strategy and, on the basis of this feature, shape the fiction narration and lead the audience to the main point of the narration. Respecting the question that “how is this possible that fiction-making happens while standing off the fiction”, the impact of multiple factors such as the revelation structure, moral idealism, different usage of imagination in storytelling, reality and virtuality of language, and purpose of the story in those pre-mentioned texts can be addressed. Via using descriptive-analytical method and library and attribution studies, it can be concluded that by going beyond the common ways of imaginary contexts (i.e., metaphorical), virtual attribution will lead to reinforcement of fiction narration destruction, which, finally, assists these two texts to stand off the fiction. Furthermore, the difference in Quran and Masnavi`s aim for storytelling leads to creating fiction without telling exact details and without making contexts that are fit with the nature of narration and actions/reactions of fiction characters. So, these features enable these texts to deeply stand off the fiction and be different from readers` normal exceptions in fiction reading.

The present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of black pepper (Piper nigrum) aqueous-alcoholic extract and focus on its possible anti-biofilm activity against the two bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in simulated conditions of the food model. Chemical analysis was used to identify the chemical composition of black pepper extract by mass spectrometry gas chromatography (GC - MS). The anti-biofilm activity of black pepper was measured using an automatic ELISA reader at 570 nm wavelength. The GC - MS analysis results indicated that the major compounds in black pepper extract include -3-Carene (20.69%), Limonene (18%), Caryophyllene (17.90%) and -Pinene (10.52%). According to the results in this study, black pepper aqueous- alcoholic extract with a 50% concentration had the highest effect in preventing the biofilm formation of both bacteria In addition, there was no significant difference between black pepper extract (50%) and peracetic acid 0/5% in the antibiofilm activity. There was also no significant difference in the type of bacterial growth media (TSB culture and fish extract) on bacterial biofilm formation in the presence of black pepper extract.

Menopause is a clinically significant period of time characterized by changes in ovarian hormone, vasomotor symptoms, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). One of the main causes of heart attacks is changes and imbalance of the homeostasis system. Sedentary lifestyle and aging also have adverse effects on the homeostasis system. One of the treatment methods that has been used for many years in the treatment of many diseases is Iranian-Islamic medicine. Therefore, in this study, the effect of cupping and aerobic exercise on LDL, HDL and fibrinogen was investigated

A total of 30 inactive postmenopausal women with an age range of 50 to 65 participated in this quasi-experimental study. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: aerobic exercise, cupping therapy, and control group. Aerobic exercises with an intensity of 50 to 75% of heart rate reserve were performed three times a week for 6 weeks and the cupping group was cupped in the third week. Blood samples were taken to measure fibrinogen, LDL, and HDL before the start of the training period and 48 hours after the end of the last training session. Then, an analysis of covariance was used for intergroup comparisons. Also, the pre- and post-test were analyzed using paired t-test at a significance level of <0.05.

Aerobic exercise and cupping showed a significant decrease in fibrinogen (P = 0.04) and LDL (P = 0.001) and an increase in LDH (P = 0.003). Paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in fibrinogen, LDL and HDL post-test compared to pre-intervention post-test.

Cupping therapy and aerobic physical activity are effective factors in reducing the levels of fibrinogen and LDL and increasing HDL in postmenopausal women. According to the results, exercise may have better effects on decreasing fibrinogen and blood lipids, as the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis, compared to cupping therapy.

The present research aims to investigate the place of noun in Persian language based on cognitive approach under framework of Lanckager’s cognitive grammar (2008). To achieve this goal, authors have selected 150 Persian simple nouns from Sokhan Dictionary (1382) accidentally. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is based on library studies.  After the study of collected data of research, authors concluded that in Persian language, the discussion on being countable or non-countable of noun doesn’t make much sense and unlike cognitive approach mass nouns are the same as countable nouns, which receive plural –s morpheme and together with proper nouns, they constitute a different class of nouns. Also in Persian language as well as cognitive approach, pronouns can replace nouns.

Ageism and ageist behaviors can significantly affect health care. Medical professionals should offer health care to all patients equally and patients should not be discriminated under any positions based on sex, nationality, sexual identity, or age.This study aimed to investigate the development and psychometric properties of self-directed and other-directed ageism scale in care settings.

This research is an exploratory sequential mixed method study.This study was carried out from 2018 to 2020. The qualitative phase of the research was conducted using directed content analysis based on Sao Jose's theory. 20 hospital caregivers were recruited using purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using Hesie and Shannon content analysis method. The quantitative stage of the study was conducted for instrument psychometric. Psychometric properties of the scale also investigated using face validity and content validity, construct validity and reliability by internal consistency and consistency.

95 items were obtained from the analysis of qualitative section .  After calculating the item impact index, 23 items were removed.  In the assessing of content validity ratio and content validity index 27 and in the initial analysis by loop method two items were removed.The result of exploratory factor analysis was two factors: "self-directed ageism" and "other-directed ageism". Which all togheter could explaian 41.373 of the variance. The final scale after the psychometric measures had a content validity ratio of 0.62, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.90 and intra-class correlation of 0.98.

 The analysis of research data showed that the designed scale has acceptable validity and reliability. Therefore this scale can be used to measure ageism in care settings and lead to the development of knowledge in relation to this phenomenon.

The confluence of the deep artistic language of the Holy Quran, mind creativity, and the Sufism language in the 172nd verse of A’araf lead to the Alast era. Also, interpretive and verbal challenges of interpreters need an analytical viewpoint to enlighten the role of Sufism mind and language in relation with the aforementioned verse, the factors caused such an interpretation, and investigating  whether the interpretation in the Sufism language is in line with the truth or is just related to mind/language creativity and activity in reading the Holy Quran. In this regard, the purpose of the present study was to investigate how the Sufism language, with its poetic capability and hermeneutic ability, can turn Quranic facts into metonymies, how it can be active in encountering such a source, and why the opposite is true in the interpretive domain. The study was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method based on library/document studies. The findings showed that the interpretation of the Alast verse in the Sufism language is the result of the Sufi’s active mind and resourceful language and has nothing to do with the real meaning of that verse. Indeed, it is even in contrast with the real meaning in which the active mind of the Sufi has resulted in its own desirable meanings from the words ‘Zorrayatahom’ and ‘Alast’, and made the ‘Zor world’ and ‘Alast era’ metaphorically. Therefore, these metaphoric expressions prepared the ground for interpretations and led this verse beyond the symbolic allegory level. In the interpretation domain, interpreters were forced to confirm a stream named ‘Zor world’ and ‘Alast era’ or at least accepted it as a kind of allegory, without considering the conceptual relations in the verse 172 with its previous and next verses and neglecting the precedence of narrativity to the Holy Quran referral and their internal relations.

The current research aims to identify the housing attributes and the components of each one of these attributes based on the stated preferences of the housing in the meaning structure and means-end methods. Since the attributes are the basis of most of the analytical methods and techniques of the housing preferences, therefore, it will not be possible to achieve the latent meanings and values in the preferences of the residents without recognizing them to provide high-quality housing. To achieve this purpose, first, a list of the studies conducted on the housing preferences, the research method of which had been the meaning structure, and the means-end chain was provided using the systematic review and purposive sampling method. The qualitative information was analyzed using the descriptive method, and then, using the content analysis method, the inferential analysis was explained, providing the purpose-content tables. The presented theoretical approach in the current study provided this opportunity to consider three constituent levels of the conceptual models of the meaning structure (attribute, manifest function- latent function), and means-end chain (attribute-consequence-value) as the attributes of housing in various people. The results showed that the main constituent housing attributes could be divided into seven main groups, including meanings and values, behavior settings system, constituent components and elements of space, physical attributes, function, quality, and affordance. Based on the implemented analysis, the physical characteristics (23.2%), constituent components and elements of space (16.2%), behavior settings system (16.2%), meanings and values (14.1%), quality (12.1%), affordance (10.1%), and function (8.1%), had the maximum and minimum frequencies among the housing attributes, respectively, indicating the relative attraction and importance of most of these attributes for the residents, based on their stated preferences (respondents in the selected studies).

The spread of modernity has led to the widespread use of cars around the world. So that in urban environments that were human-dominated before the Industrial Revolution, spaces became a priority for car traffic, but planning scholars began to pay attention to the priority of human traffic over cars in urban spaces  As a solution to reduce air pollution and create lively human environments. The present study, with this approach, has evaluated the quality of urban spaces (with emphasis on urban landscape) in Ramian city, Golestan province. In this regard, descriptive-analytic method and factor analysis model have been used. Citizenship questionnaire and statistical sample number of 380 cases were identified. The validity of the tool was confirmed by the teachers of urban planning and design and the reliability of the research was confirmed by the KMO test. Finally, eight factors related to the quality of public spaces and urban landscape have been identified using factor analysis. The results indicate that visual qualities play an undeniable role in promoting pedestrian orientation in public spaces (given that the first factor identified is physical-visual, social, and environmental factors, including aesthetic dimensions). And functionality is: the status of urban furniture, green space and park, the status of specific cultural monuments such as exhibitions, the status of tourism spaces. Using these factors can be considered as a major strategy for creating pedestrian urban spaces.
Extended Abstract:

         Urban public areas (street, sidewalk, square, park, etc.) are the most important part of cities and urban environments. In such areas, most contact, communication and interaction occur between humans. These spaces encompass all parts of the urban context that people have physical and visual access to. The literature on urban development has focused on the relationship between human-built environments and citizens' traffic behavior, But considering the dimensions of the urban landscape and answering the question of whether the urban landscape (and its elements and factors can influence the quantity and quality of the urban landscape) has not received much attention; Therefore, the answer to this question has been the focus of this study. Ramian city with a population of 86210 is located in the south of Golestan province. The city has two subdivisions (Central and Fndarsk), four cities (Ramyan - Deland - Khan Bain and Upper Tatars) and four districts (Miran Castle, Deland, North Fndersk and South Fndersk).The area of the city consists primarily of agricultural lands, then grassland and finally forest. The average city height is 291 meters and the average rainfall is about 700 mm per year. The city of Ramian (case study) The center of the city of Ramian has a population of 13,000 and an area of 5 square kilometers.The city's natural welfare and natural-climate capabilities have led to a population growth rate of 1.6 percent over the last two censuses (Iran Statistics Center Web site, 2016).A survey of demographic trends for small towns (including the city of Ramian) shows that although such cities comprise the majority of the country's cities, they do not account for a significant proportion of the urban population. The situation can be explained by the phenomenon of migration (village-town and small town-metropolis).The root cause of the migration of environmental hazards (drought, floods, earthquakes), the elimination of biological-biological needs, access to livelihoods and facilities, along with the acquisition of new jobs and higher incomes, the elimination of poverty and unemployment economically and economically Socio-cultural needs such as education, raising the level of culture, and a desire to live in specific areas are the most important motivations for migration; So part of the needs that lead to migration to metropolises (congestion, pollution and social problems, etc.),It comes from cultural-social needs. Research suggests that promoting physical and urban qualities (as part of socio-cultural needs) can be a factor in promoting urban quality, Increasing physical and visual attractiveness and its direct and indirect effects are of great importance in terms of population sustainability in small towns in the country and can increase population survival and attract rural immigrants to these cities, ultimately The preservation of the productive foundations of the country has resulted in the prosperity of the regional economy.
 

      The descriptive-analytical method and the factor analysis model are used. Citizenship questionnaire was used to collect data and 380 statistical samples were identified. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by the teachers of urban planning and design and the reliability of the research was confirmed by the KMO test. Finally, eight factors related to the quality of public spaces and urban landscape have been identified using factor analysis.
 

      After performing various stages of the factor analysis process, eight factors should be identified in terms of grooves. In fact, the more components that are present in the primitive factors, the more important and influential the end result is.
In order to name the extracted factors, the extracted components and characteristics must be specified. Earlier factors are more important in this process. The eight extracted factors are presented and presented in the following table and are proportional to the number of duplicate indices named for the selected factors. In the following, in order to identify the dimensions related to the dimensions and factors related to pedestrian (also related to landscape and street qualities) using the results of factor analysis test is presented and presented. In fact, identified factors can lead to improved overall street quality.
 

      The evaluation showed that 8 key factors play a key role in the creation of public spaces (in Ramyan Street Imam Street). The most important identified factor is named as physical, social and environmental factor. The interpretation of this factor indicates that the improvement and improvement of the quality and quantity of pedestrian traffic depends on the improvement of visual-physical quality (aesthetic and functional status such as urban furniture, status of specific cultural monuments such as exhibitions, status of tourism spaces) and socio-biological Is the environment (park and green space suitable for all age groups and ... and spaces and furniture at certain intervals for people to rest), so the research hypothesis is based on the relationship between urban landscape quality and pedestrian quality. Confirmed. Other identified factors that are significant but less important than the primary factor are identified and ranked as follows: Factor 2: Security, Traffic and Environment, Factor 3: Environmental, Factor 4: Socio-cultural and Security, Fifth Factor: Visual-Physical, Fifth Factor: Public Safety and Traffic Safety, Fifth Factor: Traffic and Access, and finally Factor eight: Socio-Cultural and Leisure.

 One of the hallmarks of a desirable higher education system is to meet students' needs and expectations. Studying as the most important part of the educational system provides valuable information for planners to improve the quality of educational services in higher education. The aim of this study was to determine the gap between the reality and expectations of educational and research services of educational students of public universities in Tehran. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection method, it is a descriptive-survey.

 The statistical population of all Masters and Ph.D. students of public universities in Tehran was Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran University, Tarbiat Modares University, Allameh Tabatabaie University, Alzahra University, Shahid Rajaee University and Kharazmi University in academic year 96-97. According to the latest statistics from the country's survey organization, 597 people were identified. The sample size of 204 people was determined based on the Cochran formula, which was selected based on the relative stratified sampling method from each university. The data were collected using a questionnaire based on the SERVQUAL model of education and research services, which measured five physical dimensions, reliability, accountability, assurance and empathy, and then the gap between the existing and the desired status was studied. The validity of the Educational Services Quality Questionnaire (reality and expectations) and Research Service Quality Questionnaire (reality and expectations) were confirmed by experts and informants of the field. The Cronbach's alphas of the questionnaires are 0.96, 0.95, 0.96 and 0.96, respectively. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS (21).

  The results of the research showed that there is a significant gap in all five dimensions of educational and research services quality. Empathy dimension (1.28) showed the highest mean of gaps in the quality of educational services and the physical dimension (-0.61). The highest mean gap was in the dimensions of the quality of research services related to the physical dimension (372.1) 1) and the lowest average reliability gap (1.206). Results showed significant differences between the realities and expectations in all aspects of the quality of educational and research services. Therefore, considering the importance of students as the main focus of universities, as well as the impact of the quality of educational and research services on them, the need to improve the quality of educational and research services of state universities in Tehran is significantly felt. Therefore, considering the importance of students as the main focus of universities and the impact of the quality of educational and research services on them, there is a great need to improve the quality of educational and research services of public universities in Tehran. According to the research findings, it is suggested that the empathy dimension of educational service quality and physical dimension of research service quality should be prioritized by university managers for planning and targeting. Managers should look at indices and sub-components of these two dimensions; moreover, develop and meet the needs of students. University administrators are encouraged to consider the results of the quality assessment of educational and research services as one of their annual planning documents and indices; Moreover, to improve the quality of the annual services, the survey should be carried out constantly.

Adolescents are at risk for behavioral and emotional problems. Most of the disorders that firstly are diagnosed in adulthood have roots in late adolescence. The aim of the current study was to develop a preliminary version of Mental Health Problems Scale- Teacher Report for Iranian in late adolescent age (15-18 years). For this purpose, 207 teachers from Fars, Sistan and Baloghestan, Kermanshah, Khorasan razavi, East Azarbaijan, and Alborz Provinces were selected by convenience sampling method and asked him to complete the Mental Health Problem Scale and Achenbach’s Behavior Problems Scale- Teacher Report Form. Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis showed that the 7-component model has the best fit with the theoretical framework of the study. Also, correlation coefficients of the subscales of mental health problem scale and the subscales of the Achenbach Scale indicated the appropriate criterion validity of this instrument. Generally, the findings indicate that the Adolescents Mental Health Problem Scale- Teacher Report has the psychometric adequacy to screen the behavioral problems of students in late adolescent age (second high school)

Due to the great importance of mental health students screening and lack of an appropriate native tool that was prepared based on prevalent psychopathological problems in students, making appropriate tool seems necessary. the aim of the present paper was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of electronic mental health assessment device for high school students-first high school students form and second high school students form. On the other hand, due to the advantages of self-report form in adolescence, such as that adolescents emphasize on self-knowledge, the acceleration in reports and the lack of observation of certain symptoms by teachers and parents, the self-report version was used in this study. The sample includes 1592first high school students and 919 second high school students of high school students of Alborz, Kermanshah, Eastern Azerbaijan, Sistan & Baluchistan, Fars, and Khorasan- Razavi that were selected by random sampling. First high school self-report form and second high school self-report form consists of 144 and 122 items respectively. Exploratory factor analysis for both versions of the scale showed a 6-component structure as the best model fitting to the theoretical basis of the research. Also the internal consistency coefficients of the subscales showed the reliability of the scale. In general, psychometric properties of both two scales indicated that they are suitable for screening and research.

What distinguishes laws based on religion from other laws is their adaptation to the comprehensive program that religion has provided for human well-being. In other words, the laws issued by the wise lawgiver are only for paving the way for human perfection. The Islamic Penal Code while focusing on deterrence and applying punishment is not excluded from this rule. Hence, if the Islamic penal code go beyond the principles, goals, and conditions considered by the lawgiver for those purposes, then this aim not only will not be realized but even the possibility of the opposite result will not be ruled out. In the present study, the factors to be considered when issuing a sentence are examined and analyzed. Obviously applying these factors can make the sentence mitigated or aggravated. Factors that mitigate punishment can be divided into two types: personal and typical. Personal factors include repentance, confession, and even physical conditions. Bad economic conditions and constraint are among the most important typical factors. The above mentioned division can also be applied to aggravation of punishment. Disbelief and the state of being married are considered as personal factors, and commission of the crime at certain times and places, as well as in war situations, are considered as instances of typical aggravating factors. Applying these factors will enable the legislator to achieve goals such as deterrence, refinement, and discipline for offenders, and provide ideal conditions for persons and society to achieve beatitude. For this reason, the present study in order to recognize these elements based on valid jurisprudential sources and using a descriptive-analytical method  attempts to count the above mentioned elements and introduce and describe them after separation.

In the present study, the possibility of probiotic yoghurt production using Artemisia sieberi hydro- alcoholic extract and also the effects of different concentrations of this medicinal herb on the survival of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis, in probiotic yoghurt were investigated.
In different treatments, the amounts of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 gr/lit of Artemisia sieberi extract together with conventional yoghurt starter, Bif. lactis and lact. acidophilus were added to 1 liter of boiled milk. The samples were incubated at 37˚centigrade, and then, the acidity and pH changes every two hours during the incubation period were examined up to approximately 80˚ of the survival of probiotic bacteria was tested during the storage of the samples in the refrigerator. On the tenth day, after yoghurt production, all the samples were examined for sensory evaluation using a panel test and the obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software (V:19).
There was no significant difference in the acidity and pH changes during the production process of probiotic yoghurt in different treatments. The probiotic yoghurt containing 0.4 gr/lit of Artemisia hydro-alcoholic extract had the best quality in terms of organoleptic properties and shelf life of the product. During 21 days storage in the refrigerator none of the treatments showed the number of probiotic bacteria less than 106 bacteria in gram.
It was found that appropriate concentrations of Artemisia sieberi extract can be used for the production of probiotic yoghurt, as a new functional food containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifodobacterium lactis.

Realism is one of the schools and fundamental concepts in creating novels and short stories. The Al-gomarag Val-maakous short story of Jalal Al-e-Ahmad that is the subject of this paper, is one of those realistic short stories, which has been made using techniques of realism school by the author. In this paper we’ve tried to mention the realistic features and hidden tricks in this short story by using the descriptive-analytical approach and library studies to better understand that how the reality in story reach to its perfection, which seems to be a simple and elementary issue, that is concealed out of our sight by using some teqniques, and the writer has used them by awareness and delicacy in his work.

One of the main literature branches that fundamentally consider ethics is allegorical literature. Generally speaking, in the field of ethics and literature we often see that the direct stating of ethical contents has been reviewed by critics. Most of these criticisms have considered allegorical literature which always includes explicit expression of ethical implications. In other words, in these critical discussions, we face various ideas concerning concepts such as: secret, symbol, fable, which they have close relationship with allegorical literature and stating the ethical implication. Therefore, it needs a decent conclusion to reach a more deep understanding of them and better understand the role of ethical content statement related to them. This research claims that the relation of explicit ethical contents should be seek in the allegorical anecdote structure. Some of the determinant factors of this research are: recognition of the fictional context of allegory and the border of imagination in allegorical anecdotes. In this research, by using library studies and descriptive-analytical method, we’ve studied those factors in detail and explained the structural and conceptual relation of allegorical anecdotes.