سعید حیدری

Humans live according to their beliefs and opinions; therefore, faith and heart beliefs play a fundamental role in human moral life. However, the important point is that not all religious issues and teachings play the same role in the lives and moral upbringing of individuals, and only some religious issues are very influential in this regard. Therefore, it is essential to find the influential points of belief on the moral education of individuals. Monotheism in Actions, as one of the important doctrinal teachings, has many educational implications, which have been stated in its place. Using a descriptive-inferential method, this paper has revealed the prominence and importance of this religious and doctrinal teaching through the typology of the verses of Monotheism in Actions in the Quran, and has explained the secret and mystery of the frequent attribution of matters to God Almighty and the wisdom of paying attention to this religious doctrine.

One of the most important challenges faced by today's organizations is unethical behavior. In the studied organization, one of the managers' concerns is to prevent such behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the factors that prevent unethical behavior in the organization. To achieve this goal, the qualitative research method of thematic analysis with the approach of King and Horrocks was used, which has three stages descriptive coding, interpretive coding, and overarching themes. In order to collect data, semi-structured interviews were used with managers and senior employees of the studied organization (one of the Iranian companies in the petrochemical industry) who were selected by snowball sampling. The result of conducting 14 interviews, was 94 descriptive codes, 14 interpretive codes, and 4 overarching themes. The results of the research showed that the factors preventing unethical behaviors are composed of individual and psychological factors, interpersonal and group factors, contextual-organizational factors, and institutional and environmental factors, and the components of those are personal beliefs and values; ethics-based attitudes and motives; Morality-based personal behaviors; Ethical collective behaviors and interactions; role models and behavioral coaches; In-group positive attitudes and behaviors; Absence of destructive political behavior; effective and capable management; efficient support, punishment, and control system; development of the transparency system; Effective actions and processes of human resource management; ethical organizational culture; family context, socialization and economic-social and cultural motivators.

The current research thoroughly investigates the organizational climate and its constituent elements. Organizational climate, defined as the collective perceptions and experiences of employees in their workplace, encompasses various factors like the organizational structure, the prevailing work environment conditions, interpersonal relationships among employees, the level of support provided by management, and the freedom in decision-making. The study illustrates that a positive organizational climate can significantly enhance productivity, job satisfaction, and employee creativity. Conversely, negative organizational climates can inversely affect employee morale, performance, and create an unhealthy work environment. Furthermore, the research underscores the pivotal role of management in shaping and maintaining a positive climate, which includes promoting a culture based on support, mutual respect, fostering collaboration, and innovation.

 Legumes are the second food source after cereals, which provide almost a quarter of protein for developing countries. Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes due to its favourable characteristics. The lintile production, like to other crops has been influenced by three factors: management, genetics, and environment. Improving crop production can be achieved by optimizing these factors. Thus, paying attention to the above-mentioned factors can reduce the severe climatic effects on crop production. Among the above-mentioned factors, management strategies e.g., optimal sowing date and using the optimal cultivar are considered to improve crop production. Initial soil moisture, which can affect crop germination, establishment and ultimately growth and yield, is another important strategy. Accordingly, the current research was conducted in order to simulate the effects of cultivar, sowing date, and initial soil moisture on lentil grian yield in different locations of Lorestan province.

 The study locations were Aligudarz, Nurabad, KhorramAbad, and Kuhdasht. Simple Simulation Models-iCrop2 (SSM-iCrop2) was used to simulate the lentil growth and development. The data required to run model included climatic, soil, management, and crop data. Daily long-term climatic data including maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, and radiation were collected from Iran Meteorological Organization. The soil data included soil depth, soil water content at wilting point, soil water content at field capacity, and saturation water content, which were obtained from different data collection in the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural, the Natural Resources Research and Education Centers, and soil laboratories at each location and Food and Agriculture Organization and Global yield Gap Atlas.The management data such as palnt density, tillage, rows distance, and sowing depth were obtained by local experts from the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural and the Natural Resources Research and Education Centers at each location. The crop data e.g., the specific genetic coefficients of each cultivar were obtained form Amiri and Deihimfard (2018). The study treatments consisted of four sowing dates (21 January, 12 February, 4 March, and 30 April), two cultivars (early-maturity and late-maturity) and four initial soil moisture (32, 36, 42, and 58 mm). The model was run for 41 years (1980-2020). Initial soil water contents and sowing dates were obtained from a preliminary simulation experiment.

Averaged across all treatments, the highest grain yield was obtained at KhorramAbad (388 kg ha-1) due to higher rainfall during the growing season. In addition, the grain yield difference among the sowing dates ranged from kg ha-1 on 30 April to 364 kg ha-1 on 21 January. The reason for the higher grain yield on 21 January sowing date was the higher cumulative rainfall season (149.3 mm vs. 99.2 mm) and the lower mean temperature (22.9 °C vs. 23.9 °C) during the growing season compared to other sowing dates. Across locations, sowing dates, and cultivars, the highest grain yield (263 kg ha-1) was simulated under initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Also, on average across sowing dates, initial soil moisture contents, and locations, the early-maturity cultivar simulated more grain yield than late-maturity cultivar (405 kg ha-1 vs. 63 kg ha-1) due to the avoidance of drought stress at the end of the growing season. Considering different interactions, on average across locations, the highest grain yield was simulated by 704 kg ha-1 in the combination of early-maturity cultivar, early sowing date (21 January), and initial soil moisture of 58 mm.

 In general, the results indicated that the lentil grain yield varied among the various study treatments (sowing date, cultivar, and initial soil moisture) as well as different locations of Lorestan province. Lentil growers can increase the lentil production in Lorestan province and study locations by using the interaction of early planting date (21 January) ´ early-maturity cultivar (Kimia) ´ higher initial soil moisture (58 mm). It should be noted that the current research was conducted under water-limited condition and it is suggested that researchers focus on other limitimg and reducing factors in the future studies.

The primary goal of this research is to identify and examine the increasing challenges faced by human resource managers in modern work environments. This study, with an emphasis on the importance of human resources as a vital element in organizational growth and development, extensively explores various changes and challenges that have occurred in this field. The abstract of this research indicates that human resource management in the current era goes beyond a simple process of hiring and retaining employees. Instead, it involves discussions such as the impact of globalization, advancements in information technology and digitalization, ethical challenges, work-life balance, and generational differences in the workplace, which significantly affect the performance and strategies of human resource management. Additionally, this research examines solutions for addressing these challenges and effectively utilizing human resources to achieve organizational goals. Ultimately, the current study shows that human resource management in the present era requires a comprehensive and multidimensional approach that encompasses both technology and the human element, continually adapting in response to the rapid and complex changes in the work environment.

This study was carried out to assess and compare to energy, management of resources, especially water and increase the efficiency of irrigated wheat and potato.With the increase in population and the limitations of production resources in the future, it will be difficult to access energy sources in sufficient quantity. Efficient use of agricultural energy is one of the important factors in achieving sustainable agriculture. Sustainability is one of the main components of agricultural production that leads to food security and utilization of production resources for present and future generations. The efficiency and stability of crop systems vary according to the type of input energy management.The study was conducted to evaluate and compares the course of energy, the productivity of resources, especially water, and increases in the efficiency of irrigated wheat and potato agroecosystems.                                                  

At present, in most conventionally managed crop ecosystems, the share of indirect, non-renewable and commercial energy was higher than direct, renewable and non-commercial energy...This research was conducted in the crop years of 2017 in Borujerd city, Lorestan province, in the geographical location of 34° 1′ N latitude and 48° 4′ E longitude. The data used in this study are collected by questionnaire. The number of samples was determined by Cochran formula. Accordingly, 130 irrigated wheat farms and 60 potato farms were selecte by stratified random sampling method. In order to calculate the energy equivalent of inputs and outputs in the two canvases of irrigated wheat and potato crop system, first the most important inputs and outputs and their energy equivalent in the two canvases of the system were determined. Then, the equivalent of each input energy as well as output was calculated by multiplying its raw value by the corresponding energy conversion factor, the input energy input and the water flow rate in the two potato and irrigated wheat cropping systems.

The total amount of input energy were in potato (92645.73 MJ ha-1) and in irrigated wheat (45215.33 MJ ha-1). In terms of electricity, fossil fuel, chemical fertilizers and irrigation water, the potato agroecosystem had the highest amount of energy consumption. The consumption of non-renewable and indirect energy from the total input energy was high in both agroecosystems, especially potato cultivation showed more dependence on these input energies. This can indicated the instability of the potato agoecosystem compared to irrigated wheat. The amount of net energy index in the potato cropping system is higher than that of irrigated wheat, and indicates lower energy loss in potato cultivation. But because of the higher energy consumption efficiency in irrigated wheat compared to potato cultivation, this indicates the greater than of efficiency of the irrigated wheat farming system in converting input energy into available energy for yield.

Production systems should not be used for more than of their capacity in order to generate high revenue. As energy input increases, energy efficiency decreases Proper and efficient use of available resources increases the sustainability of production Therefore, conventional potato production is not sustainable in terms of energy consumption, because a very high percentage of consumption inputs in the potato production are non-renewable energies.. The consumption of non-renewable and indirect energy from the total input energy was high in both agroecosystems. The amount of net energy index in the potato cropping system is higher than that of irrigated wheat, and indicates lower energy loss in potato cultivation. This can indicated the instability of the potato Therefore it is suggested the cultivation of irrigated wheat, which was more stable, to the farmers of the region.Therefore, autumn irrigated wheat cultivation is more practical than spring and summer potato cultivation, which has a high water requirement and higher cost.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is an herbaceous and perennial plant, which is at least 3500 years old and is known as a golden seasoning and red gold due to its many medicinal uses. About 90% of the world's saffron is grown in Iran. India, Afghanistan, Greece are in the next ranks. Despite the high value of this plant, a decrease in its yield has been reported in many countries. The average yield of saffron per unit area in Iran is far lower than many countries; therefore, with proper nutrition, the yield per unit area can be increased. Micronutrients have a special role in agricultural products despite their low need. Iron and zinc are considered important elements in plant nutrition, and they are available in abundance in the soil, but due to some reasons, their absorption is very low and limited. Nutrition management in saffron cultivation is one of the important issues in the production of this valuable product. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of foliar application of iron and zinc on the quantitative and qualitative traits of saffron in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.

The experiment was carried out in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University at Khorramabad, Iran in the crop year of 2021-2022 on 6-year old saffron plant as a complete randomized block design in three replications. In order to analyze the soil and determine the concentration of elements, a composite sample of the farm soil (0-30 cm depth) was prepared and the physicochemical properties of the soil were tested. The experimental treatments included distilled water as control, 5% iron foliar, 5% zinc foliar, 5% iron + 5% zinc foliar. Spraying of iron and zinc solutions were done in two stages (mid-March and mid-April) at 8-10 am. One irrigation was done in early October. Weed control was done by manual weeding in several stages. The flower picking operations were carried out in the middle of November 2022 and the characteristics of fresh weight of flowers, number of flowers per unit area, fresh weight of stigma, dry weight of stigma, percent of safranal, picrocrocin and crocin of stigma were measured. The flower was harvested at the beginning of the day. Then the petals were separated from the stigma.

The results indicated that the effect of foliar treatment was significant so the number of flowers (by 57.81%), fresh and dry weight of flowers (by 20.62% and 80.97%), fresh and dry weights of stigma (by 44.22% and 65.27%), crocin (by 6.88%), picrocrocin (by 11.39%)and safranal (by 9.66%) were increased because of zinc foliar application. The low effect of combined treatment of iron + zinc compared to the control can be related to the interaction of iron and zinc on the saffron plant, or that mixing these two types of elements may have negative effects considering the other ingredients included in their formulation on the absorption of the two mentioned elements or metabolic processes of plants. The availability of elements needed by the plant increases the number of flowers. Foliar spraying with zinc element showed a higher average compared to iron foliar spraying and zinc + iron foliar spraying. Crocin had a positive and significant correlation with traits such as picrocrocin and stigma dry weight, but safranal did not show a significant correlation with any of the studied traits.

Foliar application of micronutrient elements improved the quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron plant. The results of current experiment showed that foliar application of 5% iron and 5% zinc increased the quantitative and qualitative traits of saffron plants. Foliar spraying with zinc element showed a higher average compared to iron foliar spraying and zinc + iron foliar spraying. Considering the lack of zinc element and the low absorption of iron element in Iranian soils, it is recommended to apply micronutrient element foliar application in order to achieve high performance.

One of the most important tasks of educational governance is the timely review of educational systems and processes, especially in the field of higher education. It seems that the opportunity and experiences gained during the Covid-19 pandemic have intensified this process. Based on this, designing and implementing educational activities in the most desirable ways is a serious tool for an effective and efficient educational system in the country. For this purpose, the purpose of this study is to examine the lived experience of Tehran University management students from virtual education during the corona virus epidemic and to provide solutions to improve the way of education. The method used in this qualitative research is phenomenological analysis. Using phenomenological analysis, it is possible to understand how the target society understands the world around them and what the specific experiences mean for them. The statistical population in this research includes those management students of Tehran University who had a history of participating in offline and virtual classes at the same time as the spread of the corona virus in the university. The researchers of this research have reached theoretical saturation by conducting 29 interviews. The findings of Haaz's research show that offline and virtual classes have both advantages and disadvantages, which are discussed separately. Finally, the results of this research, by analyzing the content of research data, provide a mixed model for virtual and face-to-face training.

Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) has been used to evaluate medical students. The OSCE is one of the evaluation methods in which students' clinical skills are physically evaluated in simulated stations. Although the implementation of the exam was complicated and time-consuming at first, with the modification of the structures and the use of agendas, the evaluation became more efficient. Today, this evaluation is widely being conducted in higher education around the world. However, the method of performing this exam has undergone many changes over the years. More recently, the use of new methods and technologies in applying this exam has been considered. Besides, the COVID-19 pandemic period made the use of educational technologies more obvious. In effect, the need for innovation in teaching and evaluation methods is a big challenge for higher education authorities. Although application of new methods and the use of technologies could solve many of the mentioned problems by this exam, most of the universities in Iran, during the COVID-19, either sticked to conventional methods or postponed. This short article endeavors to introduce and analyze the new methods and approaches on the use of the OSCE; this way, it is possible to pave the way for efficient application of the evaluation in Iran's higher education.

The goal of complete intelligence of a city depends not only on how it plans and uses information and communication technology tools to improve the quality of life of its citizens, but also on the acceptance and coordination of the intelligentsia created with the needs of its citizens. The purpose of this research is the theoretical plan to change traditional structural model of the city to a structural model, urban intelligence and comparative study in order to identify digital indicators and intelligence of the city. This research has identified the indicators of smartening in urban management of Shiraz Municipality based on the comparative studies of two smart cities of Amsterdam and Barcelona and using the descriptive-analytical method. In order to identify strategies with the best results in successful smart cities and finally determine the appropriate approach to review layers of urban smart and its roadmap in the city of Shiraz.

In crime analysis, the position of the concept of culture along with various sociological and psychological concepts, theories and approaches has emerged in the form of cultural criminology. This article has been compiled with the aim of achieving the structure of mental-perceptual formulation of violent crime prisoners from the experience of belonging to the lot game subculture. This research has tried to identify the lived experiences of the Latas with the paradigm of interpretiveism and using the phenomenological method. For this purpose, 16 prisoners of violent crimes were interviewed in Mazandaran prisons. The analysis of the texts obtained from the interviews was done through the discourse analysis method of James Paul J. Remarkable results show that the formation of the identity of criminals belonging to the subculture of the game has been formed by showing voluntary austerity, proud acceptance of hot and stigmatized labels, paradoxical mentality of despair and salvation for the future, empathy and companionship with the destiny of classmates. Is

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of motor skills on the nutritional status of boys aged 7 to 15 years in Ardabil city. The statistical population of the research was for children of all students aged 7 to 11 years, for teenagers of all students 12 to 15 years. The research sample was 80 people in each of the age groups, who were selected from 5 schools in the primary period and 5 schools in the first secondary period of Ardabil city by targeted cluster method. The current research was a descriptive survey and comparison, and the measurement tool was anthropometry and Broninx-Ozertsky test. The results of the research showed that there was no significant difference between the groups of malnutrition, average nutrition, and proper nutrition in motor skills of teenagers, but there was a significant difference between the groups of motor skills of children. In addition, there was no significant difference between motor skills of different age groups. According to these results, it seems that nutritional status has an effect on motor skills, and this issue was observed in the present research in childhood and adolescence; therefore, children and teenagers are considered the most vulnerable group in this field, and it is very important to pay attention to their nutritional status.

In the 1970s, social scientists and humanities tried to examine the impact of science and technology on the social, political, and cultural aspects of social life and societies which created common rounds for scientists to collaborate in different fields. This led to the emergence and growth of the field of "Science, Technology, and Society". The purpose of the present study is to examine the curriculum developed and implemented for "Science, Technology and Society" in selected universities and to recreate it in Iran universities. The research method is comparative based on Bereday’s model. The sample consisted of 5 universities from the United States, 3 from Europe, 1 from Asia, and 1 from Australia. In addition, 4 scientific institutions from Iran were selected thorough purposive sampling. The findings revealed significant differences regarding the content between Iran and universities from other countries. Finally, the research implications are recommended for policies in modification of the structure and content of this major in Iran.

What leads a city towards the right structure of smart urban management is how the main Beneficiaries of the smart city plan for urban management, the most important of which is to improve the quality of life of citizens. The purpose and innovation of research is the theoretical design of organizational architecture in the field of information and communication technology based on the logic of citizenship and comparative study in order to identify and evaluate the performance of other smart cities. This research has studied the organizational architecture of this field in the urban management of Shiraz Municipality according the comparative studies of smart city of Amsterdam, with a fundamental work approach and using a descriptive-analytical method. The main question examined in this study is how the Amsterdam Smart City has evolved closer to the appropriate organizational architecture of the Smart City? By answering this question, the organizational architecture of the field of information and communication technology in Shiraz has been defined with the smart city approach and according to the obtained results.

In crime analysis, the position of the concept of culture along with sociological and psychological concepts, theories and approaches has emerged in the form of cultural criminology. This article has been compiled with the aim of achieving the structure of mental-perceptual formation of prisoners of violent crimes from the experience of belonging to the sub-culture of Lotbazi. The most important question of this article is formulated as follows: Prisoners of violent crimes who have specific subcultural characteristics of a group What are the moods, feelings and perceptions of these people in different situations? This research has tried to identify the lived experiences of the Lats with the paradigm of interpretiveism and using the phenomenological method. For this purpose, 16 prisoners of violent crimes in Mazandaran prisons have been interviewed. The analysis of the texts obtained from the interviews has been done through the discourse analysis method of James Pluggie. He pointed out that the learning and perpetuation of violence among these prisoners is done in order to enjoy and enjoy being in the realms of latency through the voluntary disruption of controlling emotions (eyes and minds). Acknowledge that, of course, this situation has represented its objective manifestation over time and by observing the victorious effects in the fields of violence and lottery (in the form of noise and boasting and arrogance and flogging).

Steel plate shear walls (SPSWs) have been considered as a lateral resisting system in recent years. The reasons for openings in SPSWs include architectural requirements and non-structural considerations, e.g. passing installation systems. The present study analyzed twelve SPSWs with a circular opening by considering cross stiffeners with and without openings. To this end, cross stiffener-reinforced SPSWs with openings were studied. To validate the finite element (FE) modeling results, they were compared to those of an experimental model. It was concluded that a large thickness and reinforcement of an SPSW enhanced its strength and stiffness, but reduced its out-of-plane buckling. The results revealed that a cross stiffener had a large contribution to the enhancement of the shear capacity and stiffness of the system. Moreover, cross stiffener reinforcement was observed to have a proper performance in controlling out-of-plane displacements and stress distribution in the wall filler plate.

The design of a benefit package is a key tool for directing health systems to the universal health coverage. Deciding on service prioritization takes into account information on cost-effectiveness, the impact of financial protection, and equity in access to services. To this end, health technology assessment (HTA), which has legal backing and evidence-based protocols, can be used. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of health technology assessment in the package of designing.

This review study has been used to collect and analyze the available evidence. The search was conducted to identify related studies in the electronic database (Cochrane Library, Scopus, PubMed, Trip and Google Scholar) without any time limit and by August 2018 with proper keywords and strategies for each database.

Out of the 132 articles studied, only 2 studies were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. These two studies describe the experience of Thailand and the Netherlands in the role and application of health technology assessment in determining the benefits package. The Thai study describes the hierarchy and sequence of how to determine the choice of services to be included in the benefits package, and in the Dutch study, it refers to the policy and implementation levels and the infrastructure needed to establish a health technology assessment system to determine the benefits package.

Given the advancement of technologies (drugs, equipment, and diagnostic tests), cost growth and the lack of resources in the health system, it is suggested to select a benefit package focusing on health technology assessment studies. HTA is useful for informing health system decision makers about package coverage because it increases transparency, participation and accountability in the process. Accordingly, a 5-step model is recommended to determine the benefits package.

In order to study the effect of bio-fertilizers, planting method and superabsorbent polymer on quantitative yield of saffron under rainfed condition, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Khorramabad, Iran during 2015-2016 growing seasons. In this study, Nitroxin bio-fertilizer (consumption 5 Lit/ha and non-consumption), Stockosorb superabsorbent polymer (consumption 240 kg/ha and non-consumption) and planting method (streaking and cluster) was tested. Results showed that triple interactions was significant for number of corm/m2 in first and second year and combined treatment including non-Nitroxin in cluster culture method using superabsorbent with 80.67 corm/m2 for first year and with 183.67 corm/m2 for second year was the superior treatment. Results showed significant differences for number of produced flowers and for fresh and dry weight of stigma in both years; and in the first year, treatment included cluster method cultivation, consumption of superabsorbent and no consumption of Nitroxin was superior; while in the second year, superior treatment was use of superabsorbent, Nitroxin and cluster method. For stigma dry weight of saffron, triple interactions was significant and in the first year, cluster method and consumption of superabsorbent and no usage of Nitroxin was superior (with 0.6 kg/ha), and in the second year, use of Nitroxin and superabsorbent and cluster method was superior (with 0.719 kg/ha). In general, results of the present study in dry-farming conditions over the two years, cluster method cultivation with usage of superabsorbent and Nitroxin could be recommended. Reasons of this recommendation and introduction of the mentioned method are dry climate conditions in area of study and reduction in consumption of chemical fertilizers for development of sustainable agriculture.

The purpose of this study was to compare the antioxidant ability of royal jelly, vitamin E and vitamin C as additives to the maturation media on in vitro maturation of goat oocyte. To prepare goat oocytes, ovaries collected from local slaughterhouse were transported to the laboratory into the flask containing warm saline (30-34oC( in less than an hour. Cumulus oocyte complexs were removed from small antral follicles (2-6 mm) with slicing method, and were transferred to IVM medium. Cumulus oocyte complexs were put in maturation medium for 24 hours, and were reached to metaphase meiosis II (nuclear maturation). This study was performed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments included control, 10 mg/mL royal jelly, 200 µM of vitamin E, 100 µM of vitamin C, 200 µM of vitamin E + 100 µM of vitamin C and DMSO (as a solvent of vit E) in ten replicates. The results of this study showed that addition of royal jelly, vitamin E and vitamin C to the maturation medium, increased in vitro maturation rate of goat oocyte in comparison of control group. Supplementation of vitamin E, vitamin C and their combination significantly increased the oocyte meiotic maturation rate (87.26% ± 4.45) compared with the royal jelly (76.26% ± 2.55) and the control group (71.1% ± 1.26). Also, the addition of vitamin E + vitamin C combination was significantly increased relative gene expression of glutathione peroxidase but the superoxide dismutase and catalase were not affected by the treatment groups. In conclusion, the combination of vitamin C and vitamin E improved maturation rate and redox status of oocyte during in vitro maturation.

IntroductionThe excessive use of fertilizers has caused severe damages to the bio-cycle in the fields and has destroyed the sustainable agricultural machinery. These destructive effects have led to the recommended use of bio-fertilizers. Biodiversity is one of the key sources of supplying nutrients in sustainable agriculture. The use of biological fertilizers in a sustainable agricultural system leads to sustained yield in plant production. Biological fertilizer of nitroxin has increased biological yield and grain yield in fodder corn. Water shortage as a limiting factor has limited vegetation growth and development in these areas. Considering that Iran is a dry country, the use of super adsorbent is one of the ways to reduce water consumption. Investigators in the study of superabsorbent showed that superabsorbent had a significant and positive effect on the yield of forage plants. Crop directions can affect the amount of the product by increasing the leaf area and absorbing light. Proper orientation of crop lines increases the photosynthetic efficiency and increases the yield and yield components of the plant. Research has shown that yields are much higher in plants planted on the north-south lines compared with plants planted on east-west lines.
Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of nitroxin and superabsorbent fertilizer on yield and yield components of broad leaf vetch in a research field of agricultural faculty, Lorestan University, as a split plot factorial based on a complete block design randomization was performed in three replicates. In this research, for main lines, the main factors were considered in the North-South and East-West directions in the main plots. Sub-factors In this experiment, nitroxin biosynthesis and superabsorbent materials were applied at two levels of consumption and non-consumption in sub plots. Nitroxin fertilizer was used as a seed lot at a rate of 1 liter per hectare and the stockosorb polymer was 100 kg/ha at planting time under cultivating lines under the seed at a distance of 2 cm. In this experiment, the pesticide leaf was grown with 97% volatility and 1000-weight weight of 109.56 grams with plant density of 200 plants per square meter. The raw data obtained from the measurement of each of the traits tested after the normal distribution was analyzed using MSTAT-C software. Comparisons of the meanings were compared using Duncan's multiple range tests at probability levels (1 and 5%).
Results and Discussion The results showed that using nitroxin fertilizer on stem diameter, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index had significant effect. Probably the secretion of plant growth hormones due to the presence of stabilizing bacteria in nitroxin and the gradual release of substances has been shown to stimulate growth and increase yield. Studies have shown that the use of nitroxin biological fertilizer has increased biological yield and seed yield in rapeseed plants due to the availability of food in the critical stages of plant growth. Therefore, increasing the amount of nutrients available to the plant, especially nitrogen, stimulates plant growth and increases dramatically and increases yield. Also, plant height, stem diameter, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index increased in superabsorbent application than control. Super absorbent polymer has reduced the negative effects of drought stress and increased yield. Under stress conditions, the plant faces a severe decrease in cellular inflammation, cell growth and division, which leads to a decrease in vegetative growth while the use of superabsorbent prevents stress and increases vegetative growth. The results of reaserch on corn showed that the use of superabsorbent increased plant yield, which was consistent with the results of this study (Yousefifard et al., 2011). North-South cultivation direction had a positive effect on many traits. Performance in different directions of planting is affected by the efficiency of light consumption and photosynthesis activity. The results of this study indicate that the plants cultivated on the north-south lines have been more favorable in terms of plant height. Research showed that the yield of barley, corn, wheat and pearl millet in different directions was different, and cultivated plants in the north-south direction had a higher yield. Differences in plant height in different planting orientations can result from better water productivity or more sunlight.
ConclusionsThe results show that the North-South crop line has better results than the East-West lines. The remarkable point in this study was that the combined application of superabsorbent and bio-fertilizer nitroxin in all treatments affected all studied traits and significantly increased their amounts. The use of nitroxin and superabsorbent fertilizers for plants planted on the northern-southern rows increases the yield and yield components of the pesticide plant.