سعید زین الدینی

AbstractThe endowment is one of the good traditions that has a long history and is known in all religions as an institution that has roots in moral and human qualities and has had a significant impact on various social issues. However, it seems that in the current period, the approach of society's people to endow their property has faded. Although economic factors are not without influence in this issue, many people avoid endowment of their property despite the social concern and helping their fellows, due to the limitations in the endowment rulings, including the impossibility of recourse to endowment in times of need. This article, which is written in a descriptive-analytical method, deals with the feasibility of endowment from the point of view of Islamic religions. The basic question is, can it be stipulated in the endowment contract that if the need is fulfilled, the person aware of the endowment will refer to the endowment and return the endowment to his ownership?, considering the condition of reference to be correct, consider the fulfillment of the endowment to be excluded and consider the contract that has been fulfilled as imprisonment. In this research, by examining the approach of jurists of Islamic schools towards the nature of endowment and examining their reasons, and then by providing a definition of the condition of durability in endowment, the correctness of the reference condition is proven.

In the dairy cattle industry, the fertility trait is one of the most effective economic components, because the reduction of fertility prolongs the postpartum cycles and increases the costs of open days. Probiotics, prebiotics and microbial products such as bioactive peptides, enzymes and organic acids can be mentioned among the additives that affect reproduction. Probiotics are bacteria and yeast that are beneficial for the health of the body, especially the digestive system. New generation probiotics, besides yeasts, contain some bacteria, including types of bacilli, lactobacilli, streptococcus, etc., which are less studied. Recently, a supplement called Multiact D has been produced by Ariana Biotechnology Supplement Development Company, which claims to be effective on the health and reproductive performance of dairy cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate Multiact-D supplement containing prebiotic, probiotic and postbiotic (manufactured by Ariana Biotechnology Company) on milk production and composition, blood parameters and reproduction in Holstein dairy cows.

Cows were studied in two groups of 50 treated rats (received 80 grams of Multiact supplement daily) and control between 20 and 100 days after calving. Once every month, the amount of milk produced and its ingredients were measured. Blood samples were collected on days 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 from 9 cows in each group and blood parameters were analyzed. Reproductive traits include the number of days until the first insemination, the number of inseminations per pregnancy, the percentage of pregnancy compared to the first insemination and total inseminations (percentage of conception), the percentage of pregnancy up to 100 days of lactation, the percentage of pregnancy up to 120 days of lactation, the percentage of infertility at 200 days and days. Re-registered. SAS software was used to analyze reproductive data.

The results showed that milk production, milk protein percentage, milk protein amount, milk lactose amount and body condition score were all increased in the treatment group, and milk fat percentage, total milk solids percentage, milk urea nitrogen decreased (0.5 0>P). Also, the concentration of total protein and iron increased in the treatment group, but the concentration of cholesterol and MDA decreased (P<0.05). In the treatment group, the percentage of pregnancy increased up to the 120th day of lactation and the number of open days decreased (P<0.05).

The use of Multiact-D supplement in the early lactation period had beneficial effects on the lactation performance and reproduction of Holstein P dairy cows. It also has effects on the concentration of blood parameters of Holstein dairy cows and reduces the level of oxidative stress.

Maintaining sperm quality and reducing contaminants will ensure the success of fertilization. The presence of bacterial contamination in the reproductive system of animals and their transfer to the semen causes a decrease in sperm quality and problems of disease transmission through inseminated. During the process of freezing and thawing, cold shock as well as environmental microbial pollution causes sperm quality to decrease. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, in addition to increasing the antioxidant capacity, also have antibacterial effects. The sperm membrane of ruminants are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and Zinc is as a cofactor of biological antioxidant biomolecules that suggested zinc increases protecting cell membrane and other inside organelles. Conventional chemical methods are expensive and require the use of chemical compounds/ solvents as reducing agents, which are toxic and as a risk factor for environment. Green chemistry reduces the risk of pollution at the source level, and instead of producing waste, it can use waste materials as a source of producing nanoparticles. This technology focuses on selecting reactions (for example biological molecules such as polyphenols, flavonoids, carbonyl and protein compounds) that are compatible with the environment. In this research, green zinc oxide (gZnO) nanoparticles are produced from saffron petals. Sperms were collected from 6 Afshari rams and after checking and confirming the quality, the sperms were mixed together in a 4x4 factorial design with 4 levels of antibiotics (0, 50, 75 and 100) recommended percentage and 4 levels of gZnO (0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5) μg/ml were added to the each diluent and entered to the freezing process. In order to check the quality of sperm after freezing CASA system were used. Membrane functionality was measured using osmotic method. The total microbial load was estimated using the colony count on blood-agar medium method. The results showed that 12.5 µg/ml level of gZnO nanoparticles becomes destructive and reduced quality of sperm, but the lower levels of gZnO significantly (P<0.05) increased the quality of sperm motility.  Rapid progressive motility, progressive motility and total motility were significantly increased at 7.5 and 10 μg/L levels compared to other levels (P<0.05).  Also, the addition of 7.5 μg/ml of gZnO significantly improved the membrane integrity performance compared to other levels (P<0.05). Antibiotic and gZnO significantly decreased microbial loaded (P<0.01). The strong positive correlation between zinc and both total motility and progressive motility is attributed to zinc's high antioxidant power. Zinc reduces the production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting sperm cells from damage. Zinc nanoparticles stabilize the peroxidation of membrane lipids and increase the mitochondrial and functional activity of sperm without having a negative effect on sperm motility parameters. Concentrations higher than 10 μg/ml of gZnO nanoparticles had toxic effects on sperm, which has been noted by other researchers. The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles reduces the amount of antibiotics needed in the production and processing of frozen sperm, reduces the cytotoxicity of both substances, greatly reduces the amount of antibiotic consumption, and increases the antimicrobial effects. The synergistic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and antibiotics have recently been given great importance, and in various researches, conjugated antibiotics have been invented. It was shown that the combination of zinc oxide nanoparticles and ampicillin increased the antibiotic power six times and greatly reduced the need for antibiotics.The addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles to the diluent caused a significant increase in the quality of frozen-thawed sperm, so that the levels of 7.5 and 10 mg/μL had the greatest improvement in quality after freezing and thawing. The use of concentrations of 7.5 and 10 μg/ml of gZnO nanoparticles along with reducing the consumption of antibiotics to half of the recommended amount has increased the quality of frozen sperm after thawing, reduced antibiotic resistance and finally reduced purchase cost of antibiotics in sperm production centers. studies show that the use of nanoparticles and antibiotics together not only reduced the toxicity of both substances on human cells, but also increased the effectiveness of antibiotics effects. Even the simultaneous use of nanoparticles and antibiotics caused the reversal of antibiotic resistance. Nanoparticles increase the antibiotic concentration at the site of antibiotic-bacterial activity and increase the binding of the antibiotic with the microorganism.

The aim of the present study was to compare sponge and cider with two different brands in estrous synchronicity, vaginal health and off-breeding performance in Moghani ewes. For this purpose, 120 ewes of Moghani breed were selected and randomly divided into four experimental groups. Ewes in the first and second groups, using sponge Sponjavet and CIDER Eazi breed (as valid and common brands) for 12 days, respectively, and the third and fourth groups, respectively, using sponge Fluorojest and CIDER Progest (as New brands made jointly by Iran and China) were treated for 12 days. Ewes in all groups received 400 IU units of eCG at the time of sponge and cider harvest. The rate of vaginal mucosal discharge and adhesion in sponge was higher than cider (P< 0.01). However, there was no significant difference between reproduction and progesterone concentrations between CIDER and sponge as well as brands of these two tools.Therefore, due to lower price and similar efficiency, Sponge Fluorojest and CIDER Progest can be considered as an appropriate alternative to common commercial sponge and CIDER..

Current investigation was performed to study the effect of Propylthiouracil on immune cell count and antibody production in Ross 308 broiler breeder roosters with a total of 66 birds in complete randomized design during primary and booster vaccination. The birds were randomly allocated in two experimental groups including replication in each. All chickens were reared in the same condition according to the breeder's management guide for entire 18-wk duration (control group) or up to the point of dietary treatment with Propylthiouracil (0.1% w: w) for 6 weeks through 6 to 12 wk of age (Hypothyroidism group). Birds of both experimental groups were vaccinated at age 9 and 15 wk with using of Bronchitis vaccine Nobilis 4/91 (Intervet, Netherland) in drinking water and then were bled at age 12 and 18 wk. Consumption of Propylthiouracil decrease serum thyroxin (tetraiodothyronine), triiodothyronine and production of antibody hypothyroid group versus control group at age of 12 wk (P<0.05) but there were no differences between experiential groups at age 18 wk (P>0.05). Study of total cell count showed induction of hypothyroidism lead to lower total white cell count and percentage of lymphocyte cell in hypothyroid group versus control group after primary vaccination at age of 12 wk (P<0.05) but there were not significant difference between both experimental group following booster vaccination at age 18 wk (P>0.05). It seems supplementation of feed with Propyl-2-thiouracil and consequent hypothyroidism leads to higher immune response while populations of blood cells had decreased.

Supplementing the semen extender with various antioxidants can increase the quality of semen.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the addition of pyridoxine (vitamin B6), a phenolic compound with antioxidant properties, to soybean lecithin extender on motility and quality indices of goat sperm after freezing-thawing process.

Semen was collected at weekly intervals from four Mahabadi goats, mixed, and was divided into 7 subsamples. They were then diluted with the basal extender supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mM pyridoxine. Following freeze-thawing process, quality parameters such as sperm motility characteristics, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and malondialdehyde content were determined.

The results showed that pyridoxine at the level of 6 mM caused the highest total motility rate (P<0.05). Progressive sperm motility was highest at the 4, 6, and 8 mM pyridoxine (P<0.05). Although the control group showed the least progressive motility, it was not statistically significantly different from the 12 mM level. Among the pyridoxine levels, the 6 mM level recorded the best performance in term of plasma membrane integrity, sperm viability, and decreasing malondialdehyde concentration compared to the control group (P<0.05).

The findings indicated that soybean lecithin extender supplemented with 6 mM pyridoxine can improve motility and quality parameters such as viability, plasma membrane integrity, and reduce oxidative stress of goat sperm after thawing.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of reducing dietary ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) on dry matter intake, yield and milk composition, ovarian performance and blood concentrations of estradiol and progesterone using 24 multiparous Holstein cows. Experimental treatments including different n-6 to n-3 EFA ratio; namely, 2.5, 4.5, or 6.5 parts of n-6 to 1 part of n-3 EFA. Dry matter intake and milk yield of cows were recorded daily. Also, body condition score and milk composition were recorded and ovarian activity was monitored by transrectal ultrasound scanning. Dry matter intake and milk composition were not affected by treatments. Daily milk yield was significantly higher in low and medium n- 6/n-3 FA ratio diets in comparison to high diet (P<0.05). Cows assigned to high n-6/n-3 FA ratio diet had greater plasma Haptoglobin concentrations compared to other diets (P<0.05). Results indicated that number of large follicles was greater in medium diet than high diet (P<0.05). Progestrone concentration was significantly decrease in high diet treatment (P<0.05). Results of this study indicate that modulating dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio could lead to a higher milk yield and improve ovarian performance in fresh cows.

This study was designed to add the reduced glutathione to a lecithin nanoparticle-based extender and evaluate the quality of bull sperm after freezingand thawing. In the present study, the effect of four different levels of glutathione (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 mM) in extender-based on lecithin nanoparticles wasevaluated. The lecithin nanoparticles were prepared and the particle size was reduced by using a sonicator device. During three weeks, 48 ejaculatesfrom six Holstein bulls were collected and frozen. Properties evaluated after freezing and thawing were kinetic parameters (CASA), membraneactivity (HOST), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosine) and morphology (Hancock solution). The results showed that using 2.5 mM glutathione in theextender significantly increased total and progressive motility (63.38±1.5 and 43.1±1.1 respectively, P <0.05). The results of eosin-nigrosine stainingand Host test showed that the highest viability and cell membrane functionality were related to 2.5 mM treatment (64.8±1.5 and 58.1±1.1 respectively)(P<0.05). In general, 2.5 mM glutathione could improve the quality of bull sperm compared with other concentrations after freezing and thawingprocess. It seems that the 2.5 mM glutathione is optimum concentration for bull extender based on the lecithin nanoparticles.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of encapsulated reduced glutathione added to extender on the quality of bull sperm after freezing and thawing process. Extender contains lecithin nanoliposomes supplemented with different concentrations of glutathione (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 Mm concentration). The supplemented nanoliposomes with glutathione were prepared by thin-film preparation method.  The particle size decreased to nanometer by sonication. 40 ejaculations were collected from 6 Holstein bulls and frozen for 6 weeks. Evaluated characteristics after freezing and thawing process were kinetic parameters (CASA), membrane activity (HOST), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosin) and morphology of sperm ( Hancock's solution). Results showed that level 1 mM significantly increased the total and progressive motility (47.5±1.7, 32.7±2 %).  Although, there was no significant difference with level 2.5 mM glutathione (45.0±1.7, 26.2±2 %). Also, the concentration of 2.5 mM showed the highest value of cell membrane integrity and cell membrane functionality but did not differ with the concentration of 1mM. However, supplementation of nanoliposomes with 5 mM glutathione reduced the quality of post-thaw sperm. Thus, level 1 M encapsulated glutathione can provide better protection compare to the other level of that for bull sperm.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of encapsulated reduced glutathione added to extender on the quality of bull sperm after freezing and thawing process. Extender contains lecithin nanoliposomes supplemented with different concentrations of glutathione (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 Mm concentration). The supplemented nanoliposomes with glutathione were prepared by thin-film preparation method.  The particle size decreased to nanometer by sonication. 40 ejaculations were collected from 6 Holstein bulls and frozen for 6 weeks. Evaluated characteristics after freezing and thawing process were kinetic parameters (CASA), membrane activity (HOST), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosin) and morphology of sperm ( Hancock's solution). Results showed that level 1 mM significantly increased the total and progressive motility (47.5±1.7, 32.7±2 %).  Although, there was no significant difference with level 2.5 mM glutathione (45.0±1.7, 26.2±2 %). Also, the concentration of 2.5 mM showed the highest value of cell membrane integrity and cell membrane functionality but did not differ with the concentration of 1mM. However, supplementation of nanoliposomes with 5 mM glutathione reduced the quality of post-thaw sperm. Thus, level 1 M encapsulated glutathione can provide better protection compare to the other level of that for bull sperm.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin on post-thawed sperm quality parameters and fertility of male broiler breeders. Twenty 49-week-old Ross 308 broiler roosters were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=5). Different levels of curcumin including: 0 (T1), 10 (T2), 20 (T3) and 30 (T4) mg of curcumin/bird/day were supplemented to basal diet and fed to the birds from 49-61 weeks of age. After a 5-week of feeding curcumin (49-53 weeks), sperm quality was assessed for 6 weeks (54 to 59 weeks of age) following cryopreservation of semen samples. In order to evaluate fertility rate, the semen samples from weeks 60 and 61 were thawed and artificially inseminated into 68 broiler hens (n=17). Curcumin supplementation increased total motility in the T3 and T4 groups, and progressive motility in the T2, T3, and T4 groups compared to the T1 group (P<0.05). Feeding curcumin increased the viability of sperm in T3 and T4 groups compared to the T1 group (P<0.05). Plasma membrane functionality (HOS) was increased in all curcumin-treated birds compared to the control group (P<0.05); however, the highest performance was observed in T3 and T4 groups. Curcumin supplementation increased fertility rate in T3 and T4 groups compared to the T1 group. In general, the results of this study indicated positive effects of curcumin on sperm quality and fertility of broiler breeder roosters after thawing, and the best results were obtained when 20 or 30 mg of curcumin were fed daily for 13 weeks.

The aim was to determine the effect of different dietary n-6/n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio during the postpartum period on plasma haptoglobin, metabolic profile, and insulin resistance in Holstein dairy cows. 24 multiparous cows were randomly assigned to three treatments with a ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3: 2.5 to 1 (low ratio); 4.5 to 1 (average ratio); and 6.5 to 1 (high ratio) were distributed. Blood samples were collected on d 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 postpartum to determine blood metabolites and haptoglobin concentrations. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests and insulin challenges were performed on d 28 and 42 of experiment. Plasma concentrations of haptoglobin were significantly higher in the cows fed with high ratio than the other two treatments. The 42-day postpartum results of insulin challenge test indicates that the change in the ratio of fatty acids to moderate treatment causes an increase in the clearance rate and a decrease in the area under the curve of the insulin. The results of this study indicate that the moderate ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in dairy cows decreases insulin resistance by reducing inflammatory factors.

The effect of addition of different concentrations of folic acid (vitamin B9) to the culture medium on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes was investigated in two experiments. Optimization of bovine oocyte maturation medium is one of the strategies affecting quality of maturity and fertility, ultimately resulting in increasing the quality of produced bovine embryos. In the 1st experiment, to specify the concentrations of folic acid and homocysteine, ovarian follicles were divided into two categories including follicles with more or less than eight mm of diameter. Then, the concentrations were measured in both follicle groups as well as a commercial culture medium. In the second experiment, bovine ovaries were transferred to the laboratory immediately after slaughter and the cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected by aspiration from 2-8 mm diameter follicles. Oocytes were randomly divided into four groups and different levels of folic acid (0, 10, 100 and 1000 ng/ml) were added to maturation medium based on the results of the first experiment. Following incubation of oocytes, the percentage of mature oocytes was determined by Hoechst staining. The concentrations of folic acid and homocysteine in follicles with diameter of less than eight mm was higher than those with diameter of greater than eight mm, as well as the culture medium Supplementation of maturation medium with 100 ng/ml folic acid increased the percentage of metaphase-II oocytes compared to the control (P <0.05). Considering the concentrations of folic acid and homocysteine in the medium, results showed that the addition of folic acid improves in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes.

This study was designed to evaluate the impact of behavior of workers on production performance of Holstein cows. A number of 48 Holstein milky cows were used in this study. At first two groups, including four workers, were asked to treat cows based on pre-research training. The first group, was asked to behavior common, however second group was asked to behavior kindly and positively. During the experiment, behaviors of all livestock and workers were recorded and evaluated using video imagery and amount of cortisol concentration and produced milk were recorded. The study lasted for 5 weeks and in the end of experiment the results were as follows: livestock that were treated kindly produce significantly higher milk, 4.86% (p˂0.05), than the control group. Cortisol concentrations also differed significantly between the two groups (p˂0.05), which showed decreased stress in the organs that were treated positively. The positive behavior cause significant decrease in cortisol concentrations in milky cows, which in turn causes decreased stress in milking cows.

Trend in body weight, thyroid hormones and some blood metabolites changes in broiler breeder hens after the peak egg production was studied. Blood samples from 20 Ross 308 broiler breeder hens, were investigated from 47 to 55 weeks of age. Plasma lipid profile including cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein LDL, lipoprotein HDL, and also glucose concentrations were measured every two weeks, and plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetradothyronine (T4), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period. Results showed that body weight and plasma concentration of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL were increased, and concentrations of HDL were decreased (P<0.05) over the experimental period. Plasma T4 concentrations were decreased with age of the birds (P<0.05), while T3 concentrations were not affected. Plasma GOT and GPT enzymes activities were increased over the experiment period (P<0.05). In general, by increasing of age and subsequently body weight of breeder hens, several major changes have been occurred in blood metabolites and metabolic hormones which could reduce production and reproduction of broiler breeder flocks.

This study was aimed to determine the effect of dietary Curcumin supplementation on the plasma lipid profile and some sperm quality parameters in broiler breeder roosters. In a completely randomized design, a total of twenty-eight 51-weeks-old Ross-308 roosters were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (n=7) and individually caged for 9 successive weeks. Treatments were different levels of Curcumin that were added to a basal diet including: T1, control (no Curcumin supplement), T2, 0.006%; T3, 0.012%, and T4, 0.018% of the diet. To determine plasma lipid profile, blood samples were collected from five birds/treatment at the end of the trial. Also, semen samples were weekly collected from each bird during the experiment, and sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity were evaluated. The results showed that concentrations of the plasma glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL were decreased, and concentrations of HDL were increased in T3 and T4 groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in plasma lipid profile and plasma concentration of glucose between T1 and the control group (P<0.05). Sperm plasma membrane integrity and motility were linearly improved in treated groups compared to the control (P<0.05). The highest decrease in plasma lipid profile and most improvements in sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity was observed in T4 groups compared with other groups. In conclusion, considering all the measured parameters, dietary supplementation of 0.018% Curcumin had the best response on modifying plasma lipid profiles and improving sperm quality characteristics compared with other treatments.

This research aimed to evaluate two concentrations of egg yolk inclusion rate (15% and 20%) in the semen extender of goat semen cryopreserved during breeding season. Thirty ejaculates were collected from five trained Mahabadi goats and diluted in egg yolk based extenders. The semen samples were frozen, and after thawing evaluated for seminal characteristics i.e. sperm motility and morphology, membrane and acrosome integrity, viability, apoptosis status and DNA fragmentation. The data were analyzed using GLM procedure in SAS software. There were not significant differences in total and progressive motility of sperm in 20% egg yolk extender (69.00±1.69 and 52.57±1.29 respectively) and 15% egg yolk extender (68.21±1.69 and 52.35±1.29 respectively). Moreover, sperm viability, membrane integrity, and normal sperm cells percentage in extender with 20% and 15% egg yolk were evaluated to be (83.88±1.08, 72.80±2.43, and 84.31±1.85) and (86.65±1.08, 72.37±2.43, and 79.25±1.85) respectively. Also, in the terms of sperm with intact acrosome and DNA fragmentation rate, no significant differences were observed in the extenders. In the apoptosis test, more live sperms were observed in the group containing 20% egg yolk compared with the one containing 15% egg yolk. To elucidate the effect of diluents used in present study on sperm fertility, further studies should be conducted in vivo.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding fish oil compared to palm oil on the expression of genes affecting the mammary gland growth and development in Holstein cows. Ten cows with at least one parturition were randomly assigned to fish oil (FO) or palm oil (PO) groups, from 42 days before expected parturition date up to 63 days of lactation. Blood samples were taken at 21 days intervals and mammary tissue sampling were taken in two-month intervals (seven and 63 days after parturition). There was no significant difference in serum estradiol and progesterone concentration between two groups. The result of gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression of IGF-I gene in the fish oil group decreased (P

In this research, effects of Zilpaterol hydrochloride as a beta-2 agonist were investigated on color traits, chemical compounds (protein, fat, ash and dry matter contents) and some of consumer palatability ratings (cooking loss, tenderness, flavor, meat off flavor and general acceptability) of longissimus muscle (LM) in Mahabadi castrated male kids. In this study 16 kids with 23± 1.84 kg live body weight and 6 months old were used for 93 days as feedlot period. Goats were fed diet including 15.2% crude protein and 2.3 Mcal/kgDM ME. On day 60, kids fed 0.2 mg/kg live body weight of Zilpaterol hydrochloride during 30 finishing period with 3 days withdrawal from feedlot period. All of goats were slaughtered in industrial slaughterhouse and the carcass was chilled on 4°C for 24h. After chilling muscle, the color attributes was determined. A sample from area 11th to 13th ribs of LM was prepared and immediately vacuum sealed and freighted at -18 °C. Zilpatrol hydrochloride increased protein (P