سعید سلطانی

The first step in understanding basins is measuring different climatic and hydrological variables and examining their relationships. Primary variables include temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, water infiltration rate in the soil, flow discharge, etc. Meanwhile, precipitation is one of the most important and effective variables. The inappropriate distribution of rain gauge stations in different regions of developing countries, on the one hand, and the development of remote sensing sciences on the other hand, have led to the increasing use of precipitation products estimated from satellite images. Therefore, it is important to know the characteristics of these products and their possible errors. One of these products is Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) satellite-based precipitation data. Over time, this satellite product has been developed and introduced as PERSIANN-CCS and PERSIANN-CDR. One of the shortcomings of these products is that in humid and arid areas, they report  underestimation and overestimation of precipitation, respectively. To solve this problem, PERSIANN product development experts designed a new product, the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks - Dynamic Infrared Rain Rate near real-time (PDIR-Now) product, in 2019. This product creates a dynamic relationship between the precipitation rate and cloud brightness temperature by consideringground conditions affecting the precipitation phenomenon. This has led tosignificant advantages in this algorithm compared to other quantitative precipitation estimation algorithms.

In this research, the performance of the PDIR-Now product was analyzed. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Provinces, despite their small area, have about 10% of the country's water resources and play an essential role in supplying water resources for the neighboring provinces; therefore, it was chosen for this research. Its area is 16421 km2, located in the southwest and part of the western mountainous belt of Iran, and with an average height of 2282.7 m above sea level, it is a high-altitude region in terms of topography. To conduct this research, 27 rain gauge, climatology, and synoptic stations that contained data for a common period (2005 to 2020) were selected and their precipitation information was collected monthly and annually, removing statistical deficiencies in some years. In the next step, PDIR-Now information was extracted at scales corresponding to the data of gauge stations on the reference site, and 208 received images were georeferenced and processed in the ArcMap environment. Then, these values were compared with the corresponding precipitation values of ground stations using three coefficients: Nash-Sutcliffe (NS), correlation (R), and relative bias (RB). In the next step, using the IDW geostatistics method, zoning maps of the province were created based on the correlation coefficient value, separately for each of the 12 months of the Gregorian year and also on an annual scale.

The results indicate that the best relationship between PDIR-Now and the precipitation data from ground stations is established in November, where 100% of the stations have an R higher than 0.5 at the 5% significance. Also, in this month, 88.8% of the stations recorded NS values greater than 0.5. The lowest level of correlation was related to May, where 33.3% of the stations had an R greater than 0.5, and 11.1% of the stations showed NS values greater than 0.5. In general, the best relationship is established between PDIR-Now data and ground station precipitation values in the rainy months, especially when rain dominates over other forms of atmospheric precipitation. The weakest relationship is related to January in the rainy season (November to April). In this province, atmospheric precipitation in January is mostly in the form of snow. Since the characteristics of clouds, including surface temperature and brightness temperature, differ in rain and snow conditions, this could resulted in the lack of occurrence in January. Additionally, on an annual scale, 74.07% of the stations have an R greater than 0.5, and 55.5% recorded NS values above 0.5. The best correlation is for Armand station with coefficients of 0.63, 0.83, and 0.01 for NS, R, and RB, respectively. In contrast, the same coefficients for Bardeh station were less than 0.00, 0.35, and 0.356, respectively, indicating the lowest fit between the two data groups at this station.

The general results show that PDIR-Now performs better in the rainy season in the southern and central regions, which are located in the low-altitude areas of the province, where precipitation amounts approach the average. In the low-rainy season, stations with precipitation levels close to the average, rather than the minimum, yield better results. These results were consistent with the findings of other research conducted in this field in Iran and the world in the following ways: 1) PDIR-Now, like many other products, underestimates heavy rainfall but performs better in estimating low and medium rainfall. 2) The performance of most satellite-based precipitation products decreases for altitudes above 1000 m. 3) PERSIAANN satellite-based products are more accurate at the monthly scale than at the annual scale. Additionally, the relationship between ground station data and satellite products in the central regions of the province, which receive average rainfall, consistent with the results of this research. In the present study, the density of rain gauge stations was low in the steep and inaccessible parts of the province, and errors in rain gauge data recording remain a Limitation. However, the number of long-term stations with sufficient statistical intervals in other regions is a significant advantage.

Astragalus is the vegetation of many mountains of Iran's plateau and plays a major role in providing ecosystem services due to its pillow shape and deep rooting system, they facilitate the control and penetration of precipitation into the soil. The correlation of Astragalus ecosystems with arid and semi-arid climates has made them vulnerable to climate change. In this study, a runoff yield map based on the Budyco curve under current and future conditions of climate change (2050) was prepared using climate and temperature data from the Chelsea site (CanESM2 GCM) in TerrSet software and by using maps of sub-watersheds, annual precipitation, annual potential evapotranspiration, soil depth, plant accessible water and the current and future "Land Cover - Land Use" map, with a combination of field methods and species distribution models at the local scale of the Shur River watershed of Dehaghan (Central Zagros). Finally, the excess runoff damage produced due to climate change was estimated using the replacement cost method. The results indicated an increase in the annual runoff volume of the watershed from 70 million cubic meters to 105 million cubic meters under climate change conditions for the RCP26 scenario in 2050. Taking into account the cost of 10 million Rials for controlling 530 cubic meters of runoff through various watershed management projects, preventing the damages of excess runoff produced requires a credit amounting to 660 billion Rials based on the present value. This study proved the ability of TerrSet software to predict and produce an ecosystem service map of runoff yield under climate changes or land use changes and with the purpose of valuation on a local scale. Also, the above valuation can be the basis for planning and providing credit for the study and implementation of watershed management projects to deal with the threats of climate change.

One of the disadvantages of organizations is organizational laziness and the consequent reduction of work motivation and responsibility. Adopting a healthy working lifestyle can be considered in this regard. Also, considering the importance of justice in work environments and its effect on the performance and behavior of employees, this research seeks to identify the role of organizational justice in improving motivation and reducing organizational laziness. This study is Practical in nature and descriptive-correlational in terms of its type. The statistical population of the study consists of all employees of Bank Melli Iran, with employees from branches in West Azerbaijan selected as the sample. The sample size was determined using Cohen's method with the GPower software, resulting in 115 participants at a 95% confidence level and a correlation test. These participants were chosen using a convenience sampling method. The research instruments included Colquitt's (2001) Organizational Justice Questionnaire and Cooper’s Organizational Laziness Questionnaire. To analyze the research questions, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The findings showed that organizational justice has a negative and significant impact on organizational laziness (p<0.05). Additionally, the results indicated that dimensions of organizational laziness, including decreased work motivation, disregard for time, avoidance of responsibility, reduced organizational commitment, and low work performance, decrease as organizational justice increases (p<0.05). Therefore, when organizational justice increases, various aspects of organizational laziness, such as reduced work motivation, disregard for time, avoidance of responsibility, and reduced organizational commitment, decrease. These findings suggest that enhancing organizational justice can lead to a reduction in negative behaviors and an increase in employee productivity.

In the present study, the variable of the time interval between the peak flood and the peak of drought in thirteen basins of Karkheh basin was investigated. Since the time interval variable from the flood peak and the peak of previous drought has a discrete nature, eight well-known discrete probability distribution functions were tested for frequency analysis. In general, the results of the research showed that in most of the studied small and fourth-degree basins, with the increase in the intensity of annual droughts, the corresponding peak flood discharges will decrease up to SPI= -1, and after that, as the droughts continue to intensify (SPI <-1), the discharges will decrease. The flood peak will increase with an exponential and quadratic pattern. While in large basins and the third level, with the intensification of drought, the peak discharges of floods will also decrease. The results of the frequency analysis determined that the probability distribution functions of DPO and NBI have the most appropriate fits to the time interval variable between the peak of flood and the peak of drought. Based on the frequency analysis, it was found that the time interval between the peak of flood and the peak of drought is approximately 6 to 8 months. The defined variable reflects the interaction and impact of two extreme events of flood and drought in a basin.

Today, hope is considered as the most fundamental idea of youth in the field of social development. On the other hand, the three forms of capital can be considered the most important factor in strengthening hope for the future of youth. In the present study, the study of hope for the future has been considered in relationship with capital factors including social, capital and economic capital has been investigated. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of data collection. Statistical population is young people aged 15 to 29 years in East Azerbaijan province, 613 of whom have been selected using Cochran's formula and multi-stage cluster sampling at 2018. To collect the data, were used Snyder standard hope questionnaire. Findings show that the average percentage of hope for the future of the studied youth is 62.23%, which shows that the hope for the future has a moderate to high status among young people. The results of testing the hypotheses show that marital status and age were not related to hope for the future of young people, but the average hope for the future was significantly different by city of residence and employment status. Also, hope for the future has a positive and significant relationship with social and cultural capital, but it does not have a significant relationship with economic capital. The results of regression analysis show that the three forms of capital explain about 26% of the variance of the hope for the future.

Estimating the yield gap and determining the factors causing it require the use of appropriate methods. The Comparative Performance Analysis (CPA) method is a suitable option for quantifying the yield gap, as it can identify the main limitations affecting performance. By using multiple regression in a step-by-step approach, CPA can help in taking actions to eliminate or reduce these yield-reducing factors. 

In this research, the CPA method was employed to investigate the management factors limiting the yield of cotton and to estimate the yield gap in the western part of Golestan province (Kordkoi and Bandargaz counties). Data related to agricultural management, from planting to harvest (including quantitative and qualitative variables), were collected through face-to-face consultations and direct conversations. Nine variables were selected from the information collected during the monitoring of cotton fields. The relationship between these variables and the actual yield obtained from the fields was analyzed using step-by-step regression in SAS software. Finally, using the production equation and the values of the model components, the contribution of each limiting factor to the yield gap was determined. 

The results showed that out of 82 farm management variables, the final yield model included 9 independent variables: planting date, pure nitrogen consumption, pure phosphorus consumption, nitrogen at flowering time, foliar spraying with essential plant elements, irrigation water volume, pest damage, and irrigation timing at budding. These factors were identified as the main limitations to cotton yield in West Golestan. The yield gap was calculated as 3119.5 kg/ha, which is the difference between the actual average yield (1988.48 kg/ha) and the optimal yield (5108 kg/ha) estimated by the model. Factors such as nitrogen application, foliar spraying of essential elements, irrigation volume, and timing of irrigation at budding (283.8, 267.2, 177.3, and 175.3 kg/ha, respectively) had the most significant impact on the yield gap, contributing 30%, 19%, 15%, and 10%, respectively. 

The results indicate that by implementing effective farm management practices and controlling the key factors limiting cotton yield, it is possible to reduce the observed yield gap by 61% in the studied areas and significantly enhance cotton yield.

Cichorium intybus L. is a biennial plant that all parts of this plant (roots, leaves, seeds) are used medicinally. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growth regulators on the induction of calluses from chicory leaves and petioles and to investigate the effect of carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose) on the biochemical composition (flavonoid, Antioxidant activity, phenol, sugar, anthocyanin) of the produced Calli. For this purpose, BAP and KIN cytokinins at three levels (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and NAA auxin at three levels (0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) in MS medium were used to induction callus. Also, the effect of different levels of sucrose and glucose was investigated on five levels (1, 2, 3, 4, 5%) with control treatment ½ MS medium. The highest percentage of callus formation and callus weight was observed in culture medium containing 1 mg / l of BAP and NAA. The results showed that the studied carbohydrates had a significant effect on the biochemical composition of chicory (P<0.01). The highest amount of phenol was observed in the treatment of 3% glucose (0.28 mg gallic acid / g fresh weight) and the highest amount of flavonoids was observed in the concentration of 4% glucose (0.29 mg quercetin / g fresh weight). Also, the highest amount of antioxidant and sugar activities were observed in glucose concentration of 1% (89.51%) and glucose 4% (86.97 µg), respectively. The highest amount of anthocyanin (7.1 µM per gram of fresh weight) was observed in 5% glucose treatment.

Water shortages in a defined area and in a certain period are called drought. This phenomenon is time dependent rather than aridity, and it is quitely temporary. drought in various regions of Iran in arid, semi-arid and even humid areas shows different forms and causes great damage. Drought is calculated using indices such as precipitation and evapotranspiration. The teleconnection is also a new branch of synoptic climatology, which recognizes the relationships between phenomena and climatic elements such as rainfall, drought, and temperature in remote locations. In other words, teleconnection patterns are the occurrence and continuation of large scale models of circulation abnormalities and air pressure that extend over a wide geographical range. These patterns are also oscillatory behavior of low frequencies. Teleconnection mechanisms are one of the important issues in justifying the behavior of the climate, and its effects do not always appear in the same form everywhere (Khosravi, 2004). In worldwide, many studies have been done on climate signals in variety ways. Iran is also affected by rainfall systems, which affects the pattern of rainfall and drought in it.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between NINO4 and NAO indices with meteorological droughts in synoptic stations in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, data of rainfall were obtained monthly from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. Then, SPI was calculated for different time scales of months including 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 48. The next step was to obtain the values of the Ocean Atmospheric indices, including NINO4 and NAO, at the monthly scale from the Australian Meteorological Organization. For analysis, the MINITAB16, SPSS16 was used. In this case, the simultaneous and asynchronous relationship between the time series of SPI and the NAO and NINO4 indices was determined. In this stage, Spearman's correlation test and cross-correlation function were determined. In the next step, regression modeling was done. In this way, regression models for the time series of SPI were calculated taking into the simultaneous and asynchronous state of the NAO and NINO4 indices. The lag times were 1-6, 12, 24, 48 months. Finally, errors for regression models were determined at all stations to select the best model.

The results showed relationships between NAO with SPI different series at Ardabil and Babolsar stations in January, April, August and December; the NINO4 with SPI at Ardebil station in all months except October and December. Also, the results of regression equations showed that in SPI time series of NINO4 with the highest coefficient, the highest and NAO with lowest coefficient, had the lowest effect on drought in studied areas. In this case, the Ardabil has the highest coefficient in SPI24 months. At the end, the error statistics including RMSE, R, R2, CE were calculated for model reliability and calculation of errors.

In this case, the best model was found at the Gorgan station by calculating the error statistics. The result suggests that these stations are neighbor to the Caspian Sea, which has affected the rainfall and drought pattern of the regions. This can also be the result of the universality of the Enso phenomenon that affects the world's climate. In order to obtain better results, it is recommended to study the precipitation and temperature pattern of these areas with other Ocean Atmospheric indices such as SOI and AO. Regarding the fact that the distant teleconnection indices do not occur in all directions in one way, it is suggested to study rainfall and temperature pattern of other parts of Iran in relation to climate signals. This study is also in line with another study by researchers who through statistical and synoptic methods have investigated the relationship between climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature with climatic signals. Study of other researchers determine that there is a significant relationship between the annual rainfall of Iran and the South Oscillation Index. temperature pattern of these areas with other Ocean Atmospheric indices such as SOI and AO. Regarding the fact that the distant teleconnection indices do not occur in all directions in one way, it is suggested to study rainfall and temperature pattern of other parts of Iran in relation to climate signals. This study is also in line with another study by researchers who through statistical and synoptic methods have investigated the relationship between climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature with climatic signals. Study of other researchers determine that there is a significant relationship between the annual rainfall of Iran and the South Oscillation Index.

Today, there are two differences of opinion and approach review including the trend and intensity of land use change and land protection changes regarding the development of urban areas and the use of land, which explain the characteristics of the growth and expansion of cities and their environmental sustainability. The current trend of growth and development of urban and residential areas and the resulting regional changes have been proposed and introduced as one of the main challenges to define development strategies in urban areas.
Material and

 Today, achieving appropriate methods of measurement and evaluation and planning at all levels is supported by managers in urban areas. Although different factors such as location and natural, environmental, ecological, edaphic characteristics, social, cultural, economic and even political conditions are taken into consideration in the existing models and methods for land preparation and land allocation for different uses, it can be stated that in some of them, such as CLUE-S and AEZ models, only the change of land use, including agriculture, pasture and forest lands, has been considered. Now, the arguments about the planning of urban areas in relation to land allocation, research events in the field of land use in the form of principles and concepts of land planning have been more emphasized.

The present study aimed to model the allocation and zoning of urban land in the form of a case study in the city of Chadegan, located in Isfahan province, and also the modeling was performed using the integration of spatial modeling methods and multi-attribute decision making with balanced score card methods and clean production in the environment of geographic information systems.
Discussion and

The result of the research presented a descriptive model based on scoring 22 indicators related to 4 social, environmental, ecological and economic criteria or components. Thus, by identifying the features and attributes of each of the components and preparing thematic maps related to them based on the scores of each of the 22 indicators in the environment of geographic information systems, it is possible to allocate and zone urban lands in 4 situations including unfavorable, relatively favorable, favorable and highly favorable according to the type of users in urban areas.

Due to developing abstractions and their impacts on surface runoff, the recorded flow has been changed by human activities in most water gauging stations. Therefore, there is not found natural regime in the catchments. Accordingly, the objective of naturalization is to remove the effect of human activity factors and determine the actual amount of the river flow before the abstraction and the upstream development. Researchers have presented different methods that are mainly based on volume budget. In this way, this research presented the conventional methods as well as investigated their weak points. These new and innovative methods have been applied based on the available data. The methods have been planned based on the net consumption in which, the different types of water demands related to the upstream of each hydrometric station, are estimated for each month of a long-term series. Then, the amount of natural flow is determined by adding them to the observed flow. The accuracy and validation of the results are investigated by comparing the observed and calculated flow. As a case study, this method was utilized and implemented for Tireh and Marbareh sub-basins in Dez as well as Solgan and Beheshtabad sub-basins in the Karun basin. The results showed the role of the human activity factors decreasing the long-term outflow in the Tireh basin a 23.2%, in the Marbareh basin a 28.7%, in the Vanak watershed a 26%, and in the Beheshtabad basin a 9.5%. The results validation indicated the appropriate compatibility of the observational and estimated data for the control points (the stations). In this research, natural flow is obtained by presenting a practical method based on available information in the country. The proposed method has been in the preliminary stages. To verify and comprehend it, it should be used in future research on the interaction of surface and underground water and the use of new technologies such as remote sensing.

In this study, using aluminothermic auto-combustion system and rotation of a hollow tube of plain carbon steel (centrifugal force), a stainless steel coating was applied on the inner surfaces of the tube. In this regard, the homogenized samples of powder mixtures in the desired ratio in Al-Fe2O3-Cr2O3-NiO -and Al-Fe2O3 -Cr2O3 systems were subjected first, to thermal analysis and then, the centrifugal coating process. The results obtained from the thermal analysis indicated the possibility of the formation of iron aluminide and the metallic phase with composition approximately to stainless steel in addition to aluminum oxide. The results of phase analysis and microstructural observations of coated sample showed the formation of a two-layer composite coating including the metal phase of stainless steel with the chemical composition of Fe-19%Wt Cr11%Wt Ni (similar to stainless steel 304) as the underlying phase and alumina ceramic phase as the surface phase. In s ome cases, intermetallic compounds was also formed as an intermediary layer, which increased the compatibility of these two underlying and surface phases of metal and ceramic. Due to the presence of ceramic phase and intermetallic compounds in the coating, its hardness reached values higher than 1260 HV.

The high temperature self-progressive combustion synthesis method, especially for aluminothermic systems, is a new method for making all kinds of intermetallic compounds, ceramics and composites with high melting point and hardness. In this study, first the homogenized powder mixtures in the desired ratio in alumino-thermic systems of Al-Fe2O3-Cr2O3-NiO is subjected in differential thermal analysis process and then, the phase composition (X-ray diffraction) of the thermal analyzed samples has been investigated. The obtained results indicate the formation of intermetallic compounds of iron and chromium aluminide as secondary phases with the presence of excess aluminum over the stoichiometric values in the thermally analyzed samples. In addition, with the presence of silicon in the aluminothermic mixtures, chromium silicide compounds are formed instead of chromium aluminide. For the Al-Fe2O3-Cr2O3-NiO system, the metallic phase of stainless steel with a ratio of Fe0.7Cr0.19Ni0.11 and the ceramic phase of Al2O3.are formed. For the Fe2O3- NiO system, only nickel ferrite is formed.

Varieties are the most important plant breeding achievement. Cotton new cultivars introduce for yield increase, earliness, biotic and abiotic stresses resistance. Before new cultivars introduction to farmers, value of cultivation and use of their must be evaluated and comprised with common cultivars for superior cultivars introduction by Value of Cultivation and Use(VCU) trials conduction. Seed cotton yield and its components and earliness and fiber quality are the most important aspects of cotton cultivars value af cultivation and use. Verticillium wilting is the most important cotton disease in Golestan province. Therefore, cotton high yielding and early and tolerant to Verticillium wilting new cultivars like Golestan and Latif bred and introduced by Cotton research Institute in recent years. This research conducted in order to value of cultivation and use (VCU) determination of cotton new cultivars in Golestan province conditions for cotton new cultivars commercialization purpose.

In order to evaluation of Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of SB35 and T3 new cotton genotypes in comparisons of Hekmat, Sajedi, Armaghan, Golestan and Sahel cultivars in Golestan procince, seed cotton yield and its components and some related morphological and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance, an experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 years in Cotton Research Institute Karkande cotton research station. Plant height, sympodial branches, monopodial branches number the highest sympodial branch and fifth monopodial branch length, boll number and 30 boll weight, seed cotton yield, earliness, fiber length, uniformity, fitness, strength and elasticity and Verticillium wilt plants percent were measured.

Results showed morphological traits and 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield in second tear more than first year and earliness in second year was more than first year. Also, studied new genotypes and cultivars determined 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance were different. Golestan new commercial cultivar had the highest seed cotton yield and Sahel old cultivar had the highest boll weight and fiber length, strength and elasticity. Also, Hekmat new commercial cultivar had the finest fiber and Sajedi new commercial cultivar had the highest Verticillium wilt tolerance.

Based on results of this experiment and because of Verticillium wilt in Golestan province Sajedi cultivar suggested for introduction and commercialization as new commercial cultivar for cultivation. In order to evaluation of Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) of SB35 and T3 new cotto genotypes in comparisons of Hekmat, Sajedi, Armaghan, Golestan and Sahel cultivars in Golestan procince, seed cotton yield and its components and some related morphological and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance, an experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 years in Cotton Research Institute Karkande cotton research station. Plant height, sympodial branches, monopodial branches number the highest sympodial branch and fifth monopodial branch length, boll number and 30 boll weight, seed cotton yield, earliness, fiber length, uniformity, fitness, strength and elasticity and Verticillium wilt plants percent were measured. Results showed morphological traits and 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield in second tear more than first year and earliness in second year was more than first year. Also, studied new genotypes and cultivars determined 30 boll weight and seed cotton yield and fiber quality traits and Verticillium wilt tolerance were different. Golestan new commercial cultivar had the highest seed cotton yield and Sahel old cultivar had the highest boll weight and fiber length, strength and elasticity.

Lead as one of the most expanded metals in environment, effects on human health. Besides, the biological absorption by algae leads to the reduction of heavy metal pollutions in aqueoussolutions. In this study, accumulation and bioabsorption of Pb+ on biochemical characteristics of green alga Entromorpha was investigated. For this purpose, effects of  different concentrations of Pb2+ (0, 50, 100 and 150 µM Pb(SO4)2) in presence of two concentrations of Ca2+ (0 and 0.5 mM CaCl2) was studied in Entromorpha collected on Caspian Sea in two times of 3 and 8 days in random complete design with 4 replications for photosynthetic pigments content, membrane lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity. The results indicated a decreasing rate of chlorophylla and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid and also activity of polyphenoloxidase enzymewith increase of Pb2+ concentration and stress during. In membrane lipid peroxidation assay, malondialdehyde increased significantly by increase of Pb2+concentration. For these traits including chlorophyll, and carotenoid content and also membrane lipid peroxidation assay, effects of Pb2+ stress decreased by using CaCl2 treatment. The results of antioxidant assay showed that catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase activities in both 3 and 8 days stress was high without CaCl2 treatment than using it. In general, the results of this study showed that Pb2+causes oxidative stress and biochemical changes in Enteromorpha green algae. Also, the presence of CaCl2 treatment reduces the effects of stress.

The Salvia species are of great importance in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for their secondary metabolites. Although the production of secondary metabolites is encoded by the plant genetic, however, environmental factors have a great influence on their production and composition in plants. In this study, to investigate the effects of some climatic factors, topography, and soil parameters on Salvia multicaulis essential oil composition, the plant samples were collected from nine different habitats in Hamadan province during the flowering season. The soil samples were also taken for each plant in the sampling sites. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) and its composition was identified by GC and GC/MS. The soil factors were measured according to the relevant protocols and the climatic records were collected from the meteorological stations of Hamadan province. The RDA analysis was used to investigate the effects of different environmental factors on the essential oil composition. Clustering of the studied habitats was performed based on the major compounds of essential oils using the Wards method. The essential oil composition was different in different habitats. The compounds α-pinene (1.3-32.1%), α-phellandrene (1.1-7%), 1,8-cineole (1-17.2%), bornyl acetate (7-16.2%), and β-caryophyllene (9.1-40.6%) were the major ones of this plant essential oil. The RDA results showed that the essential oil content and oxygenated terpenoids percentage increased with increasing altitude, but the hydrocarbon terpenes percentage had an inverse correlation with altitude. The monoterpenes had a positive correlation with the relative humidity, rainfall, and soil organic carbon, but the sesquiterpenes had an inverse relationship with these factors and showed a positive correlation with phosphorus and to some extent with calcium of the soil. The studied habitats clustered into two distinct groups with predominance of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the essential oil. These findings could be important for commercial exploitation of sage with the aim of extracting specific secondary metabolites in its essential oil.

Vegetation cover is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems that changes seasonally. Accurate parameterization of vegetation cover dynamics through developing indicators of periodic patterns can assist our understanding of vegetation-climate interactions. The current study was conducted to investigate and model vegetation changes in some phytogeographical regions of Iran including, Khazari, Baluchi, semi-desert, temperate steppe, warm semi-steppe and arid forest and to compare their stochastic behavior. To study the vegetation changes the net primary production (NPP) was used, based on the products of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor (MOD17A2 series). Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) time series model was used for modeling NPP. The Autocorrelation Function (ACF) and Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF) of time series showed that these areas were static with seasonality in 12-month periods. It also showed that the vegetation in Khazari region was more stable, which indicates a stable environmental condition with the least deviation in water, light and nutrients. We also found that most of the vegetative regions of Iran can be modeled with SARIMA and its changes can be reliably predicted. Estimated models for Khazari (Root-Mean-Square Error, (RMSE) = 0.12, R2 = 0.87, Mean Relative Absolute Error (MARE) = 0.083) and semi-desert (RMSE = 0.12, R2 = 0.95, MARE = 0.048) were more suitable models than other regions.

Today, with the spread of environmental issues and risks, the study of environmental behaviors has become more important for researchers. Environmental Behaviors is a set of actions of people in society towards the environment that includes a wide range of feelings, inclinations and specific preparations to perform behaviors in relation to the environment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the research conducted in the field of environmental sociology using meta-analysis. The statistical population of the study includes all research articles that have been published and indexed in the country in the last 10 years between 2010 and 2019 with the subject of environmental sociology in the initial review, about 49 preliminary articles were identified, and finally, after considering all necessary criteria, 20 studies were selected as a statistical sample. SPSS and CMA.2 software were used for data analysis. Systematic review of studies shows that 75% of the authors had a PH.D. In sociology, most of the research was done in Mazandaran and Kurdistan provinces and in 2012 and 2017 the highest number of researches has been published. Also, in all studies, the variable of environmental behavior has been considered as the main variable. Examining the effect size of different variables shows that the size of random effects for the effect of environmental attitude is 0.222, environmental knowledge is 0.112, environmental awareness is 0.317 and environmental values on environmental behavior are equal to 0.256. It is found that the combined effect size of the environmental awareness variable was more than other variables.

The increase in global temperature predicted by several climate models has a direct impact on plant growth, yield, and cotton quality. This type of temperature change in agriculture can be produced by planting crops at different dates and growing crops under different temperature and humidity conditions. The objective of this research is to model the evolution of phenology in commercial cotton varieties using meteorological parameters.

To determine the required GDDs of commercial cotton varieties under different planting dates, field experiments were conducted in 2018 in two regions, Hashem-Abad (Gorgan) and Karkandeh (Kordkoy). To estimate the effects of planting date on phenology, field experiments were conducted using a split-plot design with 6 planting dates (15 days apart) as the main plot and 3 cultivars (Golestan, Latif and Sajedi) as subplots with 3 replicates. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and Excel software was used to prepare the graphs.

The results showed that the effect of planting date on days required from planting to boll opening was significant at p = 1% in both Karkandeh and Hashem-Abad. Thus, with a delay in planting date, the number of planting days to emergence increased from 7 and 9.1 to 4.6 and 3.1 days in both Karkandeh and Hashemabad, respectively; to the budding stage from 52 and 46 to 29.2 and 23.2 days, respectively; to flowering from 63.3 and 57.9 to 41.9 and 33.3 days, respectively; to flowering from 75 and 63.8 to 58.The results of yield comparison showed that the highest yield of total cotton (4015 kg ha-1) was associated with the second planting date among the employees and in Hashemabad the highest yield of total cotton (4122 kg ha-1) was obtained with the third planting date.

The results of this study showed that the GDD required for cotton cultivation was significantly different among the different planting dates.

The most important element in the implementation of cotton IPM is the use of healthy seeds with high vitality. In a few years, cotton seed bugs have significantly increased their population in cotton fields and affect the quantitative and qualitative properties of seeds by feeding on them. Adults and nymphs of Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa feed on the contents of cottonseed, resulting in a loss in seed weight, germination rate, oil, protein and nitrogen content. The activity of the genus Oxycarenus on cotton fibers disrupts the ginning process and causes spotting, soiling and reduced quality of cotton fibers. Insect pests are important factors that reduce the yield of cotton crops. Proper control in the field requires adequate knowledge of the species of pest, its biology and the extent of its damage to the cotton plant.Due to the increase in the population of seed bugs in cotton fields in recent years, it was necessary to determine the biological characteristics, the predominant species of these seed bugs and their impact on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the seed and was investigated in this study.

For this purpose, a study was conducted in 2016-2017 in which seed bugs were collected from the cotton fields of Hashemabad Cotton Research Station and sent to Insect Classification Research Department of Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute to identify and confirm the genus and species. The insects were cultured under laboratory conditions. Biological factors of the insects such as adult life span, total nymphal life span, pre-oviposition period, oviposition period and total life cycle were evaluated. Morphological characteristics such as length, width and weight of adult male and female insects were also studied. To study the effects of the pest on the physiological characteristics of the seeds during the period of boll opening in the cotton field, 45 bolls were randomly isolated and covered with paper bags, and 45 marked bolls were naturally exposed to the pest. The seeds were sampled in the field in three stages at intervals of ten days. Necessary investigations on quantitative and qualitative characters of the seeds were carried out in the laboratory of the institute.

The seed bugs were identified under the scientific name Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Oxycarenidae). Laboratory studies on insect biology revealed that adult longevity, total nymphal duration, pre-oviposition time, oviposition time, and total life cycle Mean (±SE) 32±2.20, 13.6±2.08, 10.69±1.35, 19.16±2.27, and 30±2.47 days, respectively. The results showed that the average weight of cotton seeds was highest in isolated bolls with an average of 10.71 grams. Thus, the average weight was 1.33% and 27.1% higher than plants whose bolls were not isolated and cotton seeds exposed to beetles, respectively. In isolated cotton seeds in the field, 20.5% less soluble carbohydrates and 59.1% less phenols were observed than in seeds exposed to pests.

When the population of cotton seed bugs increases, this pest can significantly damage the cotton crop by reducing the potency and other quantitative and qualitative properties of the seeds.

In this paper, we examined the influence of initial parametrization in the inversion of surface wave dispersion curves. First, the steps for choosing the most desirable parameters are described. Then, the influence of parametrization is investigated using two experimental approaches and also a systematic approach to find a consistent solution. The final results show that suitable values for initial parameters considering some basic principles and local site conditions can reduce the uncertainty in the final results. However, this uncertainty also strongly depends on a-priori information that could be implemented in the parametrization and also the inversion process.

Reproductive behavior indicates a person's intellectual background, decision-making, and ultimately performance in having a child. Social researchers consider the changes in the family as the inevitable result of structural changes in society, especially ideological changes. In this study, fertility behavior in relation to the variables of religiosity, media consumption and education level has been studied by survey method. The statistical population of the present study was married women aged 15-49 years old in Tabriz, which according to the 2016 census, their number is about 338220 people. The sample size was estimated to be 498 people using Cochran's formula and the sampling method was multi-stage cluster. In order to collect data, standard and researcher-made questionnaires were used. The descriptive findings of the study showed that 12.9% of the women were childless and 75.5% of women had one or two children. The results of testing the research hypotheses showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between religiosity and women's fertility behavior and with increasing the level of women's religiosity, their fertility and childbearing behavior improved. While there was a significant inverse relationship between women's media consumption and their reproductive behavior. Also, the fertility rate of women was significantly different based on the level of education of women and their husbands.

Drought occurs due to lack of humidity and deficiency in precipitation amount. Therefore, it is important to recognize and investigate the effective factors on precipitation deficiency and consequently drought occurrence. Enso is a phenomenon of climatic teleconnection that can affect weather in different regions of the world. Enso is one of the important large-scale phenomena affecting the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and consequently the drought that occurs in the tropical Pacific. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of Enso on meteorological drought in the midwest of Iran.

First, precipitation data of synoptic stations in 14 locations were obtained in the west of Iran. Then, SPI values was calculated at different time scales of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, and 48 month using the spi-sl-6.exe software package. In the next step, using the data of Enso including Nino1+2, Nino3, Nino3.4, and Nino4, the Spearman correlation test was simultaneously performed in the Minitab16 program. Then, the asynchronous relationship was investigated with the cross-correlation function between Enso and SPI in time series of months 1 to 48 in SPSS16. Finally, linear regression modeling was performed. Multivariate regression test with simultaneous and delayed states of 1-6, 12, 24, and 48 months was used based on the stepwise method.

Results are presented in three sections: simultaneous, asynchronous relations, and regression equations. Results showed a high correlation between seasons of autumn and spring with indices of Nino4, Nino3.4, Nino3, and Nino1+2. In addition, the asynchronous relationship was better than the simultaneous mode. Better significance in the asynchronous mode is due to the effect of Enso on weather and drought in Iran. Considering the p-value <0.05, it was shown that the highest significance was observed between Enso indices and drought index in Bushehr station. In addition, in a number of stations, including Arak, Urmia, Shiraz and Hamedan, no significant relationship was observed in their simultaneous state. The regression analysis showed that Nino4, Nino3.4, Nino3 and Nino1+2 indices had the highest effect in different time series of SPI with the highest positive and negative coefficients of atmospheric oceanic index in all stations. The results showed that high correlation between Enso and SPI can affect predicting climatic conditions, drought, floods, planning, and crisis management in watershed scale.

Enso can be used as predictors of long-term climatic factors such as precipitation and temperature. Enso phenomenon in Nino1 + 2, Nino3, Nino3.4 and Nino4 regions can be used as predictors of climatic factors such as rainfall for long-term forecast of precipitation and finally drought and wet season in different parts due to the universal Enso phenomenon. It seems that due to the mechanism of the Enso phenomenon and its relationship with natural disasters, further studies can be effective in predicting climatic conditions, drought and floods in Iran which ultimately can be used in predicting hydro-climatic events.

Snow is one of the effective fators on vegetation rate and function in mountainous areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of snow cover area index and snow cover duration index on two declining and dominant plant species including Astragalus adscendens and Quercus brantii in Chaharmal and Bakhtiari Province from 2003 to 2016. For this purpose, Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were extracted from MODIS satellite images and compared using Pearson analysis in forest decline regions (Barz, Seveh, Helen and control area) and in rangeland decline regions including Astragalus adscendens decline and control areas. Results showed that about 32% of the snow cover in the study area has been reduced, although a constant trend was not observed. The studied snow indices showed the highest relationships with rangeland and forest vegetation cover in March. The decline region of Astragalus adscendens had the maximum relationship with the snow cover area (R>0.70) and snow cover duration (R>0.71) in March. According to the findings, snow precipitation in late winter season and its duration is more effective on the rangeland Astragalus adscendens species than forest vegetation cover and this pecies can be more sensitive to decline in case of snow reduction.

Today, happiness is one of the most important indicators of mental health in society and is one of the basic concepts and components in the lives of young people. In this study, the study of happiness from a sociological perspective has been considered and capital factors (social, cultural and economic capital) and non-capital factors (hope for the future, religiosity and life satisfaction) have been examined in relation to it. The present study was conducted by survey method and its statistical population is young people aged 15 to 29 years in East Azerbaijan province, that 613 of whom were selected using the Cochran's formula and multi-stage cluster sampling. Findings show that the average happiness among the studied youth is 60.31%, which shows that happiness has a moderate to high status among the youth . The results of the test of hypotheses show that the mean of happiness did not differ by gender and marital status, but by the level of education of young people, city of residence, employment status had had significant relationship. Happiness is also positively and significantly associated with the hope for the future, religiosity, life satisfaction, social and economic capital. The results of regression analysis show that, among the variables , variables of hope for the future, social and cultural capital, life satisfaction and economic capital explain 43% of the variance of happiness.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect plant growth regulator, silicic acid, sucrose and activated charcoal used in micro propagation of thornless Blackberry cv. Merton explants. Propagules of cv. Merton were cultivated on a 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The single buds were cultured in 1/2 MS containing 0.1% activated charcoal and new shoot containing buds were formed 3 weeks after culture. New buds were cultured in MS containing BA, Kin and IBA at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mgL-1 for shoot regeneration. New shoot after 6 weeks regenerated and the best medium for shoot regeneration was MS medium contains 1.5 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l IBA. Shoots were cultured in 1/2 MS containing 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 mgL-1 NAA and IBA for root formation. After determining the optimal concentrations of IBA and NAA, activated charcoal in concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2%, silicic acid in concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 mgL-1, sucrose in concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5% were added to the culture medium to improve rooting. Sucrose in 4% increased the root length, root weight and chlorophyll content. The addition of activated charcoal in the MS medium resulted in increased shoot and root length. In thornless blackberry cultures, Silicic acid decreased the shoot number but until 5 mg/l increased the shoot length. Silicic acid increased the root length in 1 mg/l and increased the root weight in 5 mg/l rather than control respectively.