سعید سلطانی بهرام

AbstractToday, one of the concepts of interest in the field of economic sociology is the concept of entrepreneurship. From the point of view of social scientists, entrepreneurship is a process that is located in a changing network of social relations, and these social relations can regulate the entrepreneur’s relationship with resources and opportunities. The purpose of this research is to qualitatively study the meaning of the structure of entrepreneurship from the perspective of NGOs managers. The research method is qualitative content analysis, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 managers of active and licensed sports clubs from the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of West Azarbaijan Province. NGOs managers have been selected using the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the rule of saturation and maximum diversity. The findings obtained from examining the content of in-depth interviews led to the identification of 114 primary concepts. These basic concepts were categorized into 16 subcategories. The obtained sub-categories include the optimal use of one’s own and others’ capacities in creating the examination and text of the interviews finally led to the identification of 6 main categories including 1) social benefit, 2) value creation, 3) social change, 4) innovation and commercialization, 5) economic independence and 6) empowerment. The obtained findings show that the managers of NGOs do not have an economic reductionist approach to the structure of entrepreneurship, but the approach of NGOs managers to the concept of entrepreneurship is a multidimensional economic, social and cultural approach. NGOs managers considered entrepreneurship as gaining social benefit and they paid attention to non-economic benefits in entrepreneurship. Also, NGOs managers considered entrepreneurship not as earning economic income but as creating value in society.

Fertility and childbearing are always related to women's bodies and cause biological and physical changes in their bodies. Today, paying attention to the physical aspects of having children and trying to manage the shape and appearance of the body among the new generation of women is more important. In this research, the fertility behavior of women in relation to the variables of body management, social capital and generational belonging has been investigated by a survey method. The statistical population of the research is married women aged 15 to 49 in Tabriz, 498 of whom were estimated using Cochran's formula as the sample size and were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. A questionnaire was used to measure variables, collect data and test hypotheses, and its items were compiled based on theoretical bases and conceptual definitions. The results of the research show that women's fertility behavior has a negative and significant relationship with body management. While the social capital variable has no significant relationship with Tabriz women's fertility behavior. Also, the fertility behavior of Tabriz women has a significant difference according to their generation, that is, with increasing age, the fertility behavior of women decreases.

From the point of view of many, "fear of crime" is known as an important urban issue. When a city faces disorder and disorder, it causes a feeling of insecurity among its citizens. The influence of neighborhood bonding factors has an important role in reducing the feeling of fear of crime and the main goal of this research is to address it.research in terms of purpose; application, nature of data; The quantity and collection tool of the researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability have been confirmed, has been completed by quota sampling in the 5 districts of Kashan municipality with the number of 304,487, and the sample size is 384 people. Data analysis was done using SPSS software.The results show that neighborhood bonding factors (sense of place belonging, social capital and the role of the police) have been effective in reducing citizens'' fear of crime. In relation to vulnerability variables (gender, age, region of residence and socio-economic base); Women and people with older age groups have stated that they feel more afraid of crime. The average feeling of fear of crime is different in different city areas, but no difference was observed in the socio-economic base. In the multivariate regression analysis, according to the effect of the total variables, the social capital variable has the greatest effect, and in that order, the city atmosphere, the role of the police, and the sense of belonging to the place have played a role in explaining the dependent variable.

The rapid growth of urbanization along with the increase of rural-urban migration has provided a favorable platform for the formation of marginal areas around the cities. The rapid growth of urbanization has caused many problems and problems for cities, among which we can mention the problems of marginalization and the growth of informal settlements. Meanwhile, the city of Bonab, as one of the cities of East Azarbaijan province, has faced the problem of marginalization due to having different capacities. The present research has investigated the problems of social harms of marginalization in Bonab city. The current research is a qualitative research method based on foundational data theory and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The statistical population was the residents of Aghdash, South Dizj (Iran Garage), North Dizj (Almalo neighborhood) of Benab city in East Azerbaijan province, 41 of them were interviewed and theoretical saturation was achieved. The investigation and analysis of the conducted interviews indicate that the people living in the suburbs are engaged in informal jobs such as buying and selling drugs, alcoholic beverages, labor and carpet weaving due to the lack of skills and expertise, and it is also one of the main causes of injuries. Social in these neighborhoods, we can point to things like economic and social inequalities, the availability of drugs and the lack of a proper program to fill free time. Dropping out of school due to economic poverty, the low literacy level of families, and the addiction of parents has created a phenomenon called working children, these factors have caused false employment, and the lack of cultural centers has caused delinquency in these areas.

In today's consumer society, women are socialized in such a way that they consider their body as a commodity. In this sense, the body is a text that has evolved into an ever-controversial commodity that represents the identity and class base of each person. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the physical objectification of students and its relationship with materialistic values.The research employed a survey methodology, wherein the required data was gathered using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research is the female students of Urmia University, 182 of whom were selected by stratified sampling.The results indicated that the mean of materialistic values among students was 61.28%, while the mean of physical objectification was approximately 59.67%. Upon analysis of the descriptive statistics pertaining to the dimensions of body objectification, it is evident that the dimension of body surveillance has the highest average (65.22%) and the dimension of body shame has the lowest average (48.40%). Among the contextual variables; faculty of study, monthly household income, and social class affect students' body image. Materialistic values have a positive and significant relationship with students' physical objectification (r=0.307). Among the dimensions of body objectification, body appearance control and body shame have a positive and significant relationship with materialistic values, except for the dimension of body surveillance, which has no significant relationship with materialistic values. The regression model shows that materialistic values account for 11% of the variability observed in body objectification.Therefore, it can be concluded that female students' body objectification stems from their pursuit of materialistic ideals.

Fertility behavior in society as one of the main population factors, is influenced by economic, social and cultural factors in such a way that the transformation in each of these factors will have a direct and indirect effect on fertility changes. In this research, Fertility behavior in relation to the variables of individualism, women's independence, the value of children, women's employment and the family income have been investigated through a survey method. The statistical population of the current research is married women aged 15-49 in Tabriz city, whose number is 338,220 according to the 2015 census, and 498 of them are estimated using Cochran's formula. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster sampling. A questionnaire was used to measure variables, collect data and examine hypotheses, and its items were compiled based on theoretical foundations and conceptual definitions. The results of the findings of the present study show that there is a significant relationship between the variables of women's employment, the degree of individualism of women and the attitude towards the value of children with women's Fertility behavior. While there was no significant relationship between the variables of women's independence and the amount of income with women's Fertility behavior.

Environmental education is one of the major concerns of environmental activists. Education is therefore important because it encourages desirable behaviors and increases the awareness of people in society. In the meantime, environmental education refers to the creation of harmonious and compatible behavior patterns with nature and understanding the relationship between man and his environment. In environmental education, it is necessary to bring children to a level where they can think well, see problems and issues and find solutions for them. In order to reach such a position, it is necessary to consider four important principles: 1) sensitizing children to the issues around them, 2) creating motivation to solve problems, 3) teaching critical thinking, 4) finding solutions in the education process. On the other hand, environmental education is considered a way to create and acquire environmental literacy. Environmental literacy means knowing environmental patterns and processes. In this context, there is a codified environmental education program under the title "Children's Place in the Environment" (ACPE) curriculum, which has six units. This program provides basic elements about the environment for teachers to teach students. The first unit includes respect for living organisms, the second unit is to preserve the soil, the third unit is to protect and renew the ecosystem, the fourth unit is to protect aquatic animals and plants, the fifth unit is to preserve natural resources, and the sixth unit is to achieve a sustainable society. The review of theoretical literature and previous research shows that the studies conducted so far did not analyze the content of the first and second year textbooks on a case-by-case basis, and each from a specific perspective with the aim of promoting biological literacy and paying attention to the environmental patterns of teaching. Examined the general this research, by examining previous studies and analyzing them, tries to examine and analyze the contents of the first and second year primary school textbooks from the perspective of environmental education.

In this research, the books of the first and second year of primary school have been examined based on the approach of environmental education and with the method of content analysis. The first year of primary school has five textbooks; let’s write Farsi, read Farsi, experimental sciences, mathematics and teaching Quran, which is also added in the second year of elementary school. In this research, the analyzed society is the textbooks of the first and second year of elementary school, compiled in 2010, which are all counted. The unit of analysis is images and written text. The reason for choosing textbooks is that textbooks are the most important and widely used educational media used in the education system. This educational medium has a more fundamental role in countries with a more centralized system and facilitates the learning process.

In order to answer the research question, all the books were analyzed and pictures and texts related to the environment were recorded. Surveys showed that topics related to the environment are mainly limited to introducing animals, elements of nature, introducing plants, referring to the beauty of nature, expressing feelings towards nature, referring to natural foods and enjoying nature. be On the other hand, educational sentences are very few and do not stand out significantly. The findings of the research show that in the textbooks of the first year, the names and images of animals are the most frequent, so that 239 cases in the three books "Let's write Persian", "Read Persian" and "Experimental science" were about animals. 95 items were dedicated to the names and images of plants, and the sky and its elements and water, river and sea were also discussed from the aspect of introduction. In the math book, there are 31 pictures of animals for teaching addition or subtraction, 30 pictures of flowers and plants, 18 pictures of fruits and 3 pictures of life in the village. In the books of the second grade of primary school, the situation is somewhat different. Because unlike the books of the first year, which mostly introduce animals, plants or single words, in the books of the second year, the child is faced with coherent texts that intend to convey a message. Names and images of animals, names of fruits, introducing elements of nature, referring to the beauty of nature and giving importance to green spaces are such. The general content of the second Farsi book, read and write, is similar to writing. Enjoying nature, pictures of nature, animal life in the forest, pictures of butterflies, ants or the relationship between flowers and butterflies, learning words related to nature such as mountain, sea and forest, taking care of trees, branches and flowers, helping Animals, description of water and its sound, description of rainbow and presenting an image of happiness of parents in the heart of nature next to a river are the general concepts presented in the book. Key sentences are mainly mentioned in the science book of the second year of primary school. At the beginning of the book, the introduction of animals and their habitats is illustrated, and in one section, the topics of land and soil are mentioned. The contents related to land and soil are somewhat compatible with the objectives of the "Children's Place in the Environment" curriculum. In the second grade book of Heavenly Gifts, nature is mentioned as a heavenly gift that children are happy to have. In this book, there are beautiful pictures of flowers and plants, trees, forests, insects, clouds, and the sky, which give students a good feeling.

In the reviewed books, the creation and strengthening of a supportive attitude towards the environment has been brought up in an emotional way, and the beauty of nature has been mentioned in several cases. While not much attention has been paid to how to deal with the environment, and environmental issues, how to deal with them, creating sensitivity towards the surrounding environment, increasing the skill of recognizing issues and participating in solving environmental issues are at a very low level. are located In general, it can be said that the goals of environmental education, such as creating sensitivity towards the environment, creating participation in the improvement and preservation of the environment, the ability to identify and solve environmental problems, have not been realized in these books, and only superficial content has been presented. Enough of the environment and its issues. However, awareness of the elements of the environment and nature has been addressed to some extent. But it seems that the introduction of elements of nature does not necessarily lead to correct behavior and dealing with nature, and the analyzed books do not have the ability to motivate and think critically among students.

, the main goal of the current research is to investigate the causes and factors influencing the migration of rural elites in Cherdavel City located in Ilam province. The statistical population of the present study includes all the elites living in rural areas in the central part of Cherdavel City, and 30 people have been selected and studied as a statistical sample. The tool used in this research includes a researcher-made questionnaire whose content (form) and structural validity and reliability were verified using composite reliability. Data analysis was done through correlation analysis and pattern finding of structural equations using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The preliminary results of the evaluation of the model studied in this research showed that the model has acceptable fit indices. The results of the correlation test showed a significant and negative relationship between the independent variables (natural factors, cultural-social factors, economic factors, service-welfare factors, scientific-educational factors, and psychological factors) with the desire to migrate among the rural elites studied in Cherdavel City of There is the province of Ilam. Also, the modeling of structural equations showed that they had the most influence on the dependent variable, respectively, economic factors (γ = -0.727, t = 42.75), scientific-educational factors (γ = -0.35, 06 t = 9.), natural factors (γ = 0.169, t = 5.6). In general, the independent variables studied have explained 75.6% of the changes in the variance of the migration tendency of the rural elite.

McDonaldization is a way in which social actions and ways of organizing are increasingly driven by hyperrationality. And the persistence of hyperrationality provides producers, consumers, and managers with more efficient, computable, predictable, and controlled means to achieve their goals. In this study, the four principles of McDonaldization in relation to changes in the health system are examined. Findings indicate that conscious or unconscious macdonalization of the health care system has affected the health system in different ways and has caused the health care system to revolve around four principles of efficiency, calcutability, predictability and inhumane technologies. To take. Efficiency has led to the formation of minute clinics, completion of questionnaires by patients, extended use of medical assistants, robotic surgery and short visit with physicians. Based on the principle of calculability of receiving health care by patients is a function of cost and financial return to the system and issues such as length of stay and patient admission are considered. The principle of predictability has also caused the whole treatment process from the patient to enter the medical centers to leave it, according to a precise and pre-predicted instruction, which has led to more pressure on physicians to treat all patients equally. Based on the principle of control, nonhumane technologies have begun to become more involved in health care. Electronic medical records have controlled interactions between physicians and patients, and the replacement of technology has eliminated customer satisfaction and increased inefficiency.

Consumerism and targeting welfare and material assets is one of the most serious issues in society. In addition to economic factors and effects, consumerism also has cultural and social causes and consequences. In a society where the slogan of shopping and consumption is more prevalent, consumerism will not be a necessity but as a means of distinguishing and as a symbol of social status. The current research has addressed the sociological determinants of consumer behavior by describing the types of consumption patterns among the citizens of Urmia. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection and its validity was estimated through face validity. The statistical population consisted of the citizens of Urmia who were selected by Cochran formula and 386 people were selected by stratified random sampling. The findings of the study show that functional or need-based consumption styles have the highest frequency compared to other consumption styles. Consumption style had a significant relationship with the variables of age, gender, individualism, media consumption and influence of others which explained about 29% of the variance of Urmia citizens' consumption style, but religiosity, legalism and cultural agreement didn, t have a significant relationship with consumption style.

One of the actions that the management of higher education centers need to achieve its predetermined goals is to pay attention to increasing organizational health indicators in the workplace. Organizational health, which means an organization's competitiveness, efficiency, and adaptability to internal and external dynamics and employee morale, is one of the determinants of organizational effectiveness. Therefore, paying attention to it is one of the basic and primary issues related to human resource management at the highest levels. Given the importance and sensitivity of the university's work in the human resources education needed by the community, the importance of investigating the organizational health of this dynamic and growing institution becomes more prominent. This study investigates organizational health and its components in relation to organizational culture and mental health variables of Tabriz University staff.

The research method was survey and the required data were collected using standard questionnaires of organizational health, organizational culture and mental health. In the present study, the validity of the questionnaire questions was estimated through face validity. The results of the reliability analysis of the research variables showed that Cronbach's alpha for the three variables of organizational health, organizational culture and mental health were 0.89, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively, indicating that the items of each The three variables have good internal coherence and high reliability. The statistical population of the study is staff of Tabriz University, 182 of who were selected by simple random sampling.

The results show that the average organizational health in the range of 80 to 189 is 142/64 which indicates that the organizational health of the employees is at an average level. Also among the seven dimensions of organizational health, the dimension of construction with 74.40 percent had the highest and the institutional unity dimension with 57.66 percent had the lowest average value. The results of hypotheses test also show that there is a significant positive relationship between organizational health and organizational culture and its dimensions (except for attentional bias) but organizational health is not significantly correlated with mental health variable and its dimensions. Testing the hypotheses related to the relationship between organizational health and demographical variables shows that organizational health of employees is not significantly different in terms of gender and marital status, and age and years of service and monthly income are not significantly related to organizational health. But Education level and employment status are variables that affect the average organizational health of employees. The regression analysis of organizational health show that the four variables of creativity and innovation, sustainability, attention, and attention to organization members account for about 63% of organizational health changes in Tabriz University.

Therefore, it can be said that organizational culture is one of the main determinants and the most important predictor of organizational health of Tabriz University staff.

Environmental interactions are influenced by factors that are created and reinforced during a person's socialization. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the causes affecting people's biological behaviors in the process of socialization, the experiences and skills they find in this field, the responsibilities they accept and the role of knowledge and awareness they acquire in the learning process. This research was conducted during the academic year of 2015-2016 at Tabriz University of Tabriz by survey method. The statistical population is the students of Tabriz University that 302 of whom have been selected by stratified sampling. The research findings show that the average environmental lifestyle in the range of 52 to 133 is equal to 99.59%, which shows Students' environmental lifestyles are abundant. Also, among the six dimensions of environmental lifestyle, public transportation using, has the lowest average, in the scale of the present study, compared to the average of other dimensions studied environmental lifestyle. The results of the hypothesis test also show that the positive and significant relationship between environmental lifestyle and social capital and its three dimensions including social trust, social cohesion and social participation, as well as cultural capital and its dimensions and environmental knowledge. The results of environmental lifestyle regression analysis show that the three variables of social participation, environmental knowledge and objective dimension of cultural capital in general explain about 19% variance of environmental lifestyle at Tabriz University students.

Studying the relationship between mass media and social alienation (Case study of Tabriz University students) Abstract Today, alienation is regarded as one of the main concerns of sociologists. Alienation is defined from the values human and moral virtues and ignoring their genuine and lost guidance way. The purpose of this study was to exanimating the relationship between mass media and social alienation. So done by survey using the conducted questionnaire technique was performed. The population of this study, 380 students from the University of Tabriz, in 92-1391 and were selected through random sampling. Statistical analysis of experimental data in this study, ANOVA, t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. The use of television, satellite, Internet, books and social alienation significant difference obtained Students are, however, the average level of the radio and journals, there was no significant difference in students and social alienation. Keywords: social alienation, powerlessness, social isolation, self-loathing, meaninglessness, anomie, social media, Student, University of Tabriz

The harmful effects of human activities on the natural world have great public concern, as it leads to the formation of a new kind of citizenship under the ecological Citizenship. Ecological citizenship is built on the voluntary responsibility and committed citizens in connection with the natural world. In this study, the relationship between ecological citizenship and spiritual intelligence is using the survey method. Therefore, from the perspective of human ecology , New Ecological Paradigm and deep ecology is used. The survey instrument was a questionnaire that utilizes foreign research using exploratory factor analysis of its components have been identified and localization. The Population study is, citizens over 15 years in Tabriz are 670 of them using multi-stage cluster sample and sampling method were selected. The results show that ecological citizenship status of Tabriz citizens is in good condition and located in among options 4 and 5 in 6-item Likert. Also, among the 11 dimension of citizenship ecological, all aspects of medium to high average, but membership in environmental communities has been lowest. Also, the test results show, There is positive and significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and its components and ecological citizenship (r=.363). Regression analysis results also show that from four dimensions of spiritual intelligence, both the "holistic and faithfulness" and "moral individualities" could explain 27.5% of the variance related to their ecological citizenship.

Industrial and technological development of Societies and changing land use patterns and mismanagement in harnessing more of the nature, caused to vulnerability of lifecycle, plant and animal organisms and natural landscapes and so formation of sustainable society is in trouble. In this regard, environmental sociology relying on the ecological interpretation is to investigate the environmental problems with using sociological knowledge. Therefore, the new concept of ecological Citizenship is formed that focused on the functionality and responsibility and cultural capital is an important factor in improving citizen's responsibility. In this study, the relationship of ecological citizenship and cultural capital is investigated using the survey method. The survey instrument was a questionnaire that utilizes foreign research using exploratory factor analysis of its components have been identified and localization. The Population study is, citizens over 15 years in Tabriz are 670 of them using multi-stage cluster sample and sampling method were selected. The findings show that, ecological citizenship with the 78.57% is relatively good. However, the cultural capital with 52.97% has been somewhat low. Pearson correlation test shows that there is a significant and positive correlation between cultural capital and its dimensions (except Institutionalized dimension) with ecological citizenship. Regression test results show that the three dimensions of cultural capital, could explain 7.4% of the variance of ecological citizenship.

With the development in technology and greater exploitation of nature and weakness in the implementation of ecological programs and projects, responsibility of human more interested in the world. Responsibility is the bond of Ecological citizenship and moral intelligence.
In this study, the relationship between ecological citizenship and mental intelligence is investigated using the survey method. The survey instrument was a questionnaire that utilizes foreign research using exploratory factor analysis of its components have been identified and localization. The Population study is, citizens over 15 years in Tabriz are 670 of them using multi-stage cluster sample and sampling method were selected.
Findings: The results show that ecological citizenship status of Tabriz citizens is in good condition and located in among options 4 and 5 in 6-item Likert. Also, among the 11 dimension of citizenship ecological, all aspects of medium to high average, but membership in environmental communities has been lowest. Also, the test results show, There is positive and significant correlation between mental intelligence and its components and ecological citizenship. Regression analysis results also show that from four dimensions of mental intelligence, both the "responsibility" and "compassion" could explain 25.4% of the variance related to their ecological citizenship.
So, moral intelligence is as a factor that can have an effective role in predicting ecological citizenship behaviors.

Today, police crime prevention is one of the fundamental factors in strengthening security.  Security feeling is one of the most striking necessities of human being which results in growth and development. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the police crime prevention and security feeling among Tabriz citizens. The method of this study is survey and the population of it, is citizens of Tabriz in 2014. The findings show that, there is a positive relationship between the police crime prevention and security feeling among citizens of Tabriz. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between security feelings with each of the following variables: understanding the performance of police, responsibility and police interaction with government organizations. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that, the variables mentioned above, could explain 37% of variances of Tabriz citizens’ security feeling variable.

Police prevent crime in all communities to tackle deviant behavior and security to governments and people is important. Today, in a country that has a dynamic and proactive policies are updated, According to a community-based approach, Police agencies in light of the extensive and constructive interaction with all levels of society, especially the people and social organizations Moral and material support from the community in the establishment of public order and social security benefits. The study also aims to determine the relationship between the public understanding of the duties of the police and the police to prevent crime among citizens has been Tabriz.

Satisfaction with police performance depends on the type and quality of the services that police force provides for citizens. So police plays an important role in gaining satisfaction of theft victims with its performance. The aim of this study was to investigate theft victims' satisfaction with police performance in relation with return time of stolen properties and theft types. The research method was survey and questionnaire was the data collection instrument. The statistical population was theft victims of Tabriz in 1392 total number of which 202 subjects were selected by simple random sampling,. The findings identified social activity dimension as the one with the highest average among the triple dimensions of satisfaction with the police force. No significant relationship was found between the theft victims' satisfaction with police performance and return time of the stolen properties and theft type. Also, gender and employment status of the victims did not make a change in their satisfaction with police performance. However, a significant positive correlation was found between victims' age and their satisfaction.

Rate health of community members، particularly young، is considered one of the most important factors for sustainable development and achieve sustainable development depends on healthy communities and healthy individuals. in this context، the present paper is to determine rate young general health and the effect of social، cultural، economic capital studied on general health. Research done through survey method in 1391 and The Target Population included young people 15 to 30 years in East Azerbaijan Province that are approximately 1253187 person. of this number، 388 person were selected by multistage random cluster sampling for the study. the data collection tool was questionnaire. The reliability analysis of the questionnaire variables also shows that high reliability. also، for the analysis of data was used SPSS software version 22. the findings show that the young people have a high level of general health (71/2 of 100/0) and social capital، economic capital and cultural capital variables are positive and significant correlation with general health. by increasing the rate of capital will improve the general health of youth. In this study، no significant correlation between age and youth general health. Overall، results showed that social، economic and cultural capitals have been explained 13. 2 percent of variations in youth general health. social capital، economic capital and cultural capital determines are appropriate for the young general health. Among the multiple forms of capital، economic capital one of the most important factors is to strengthen the young general health.

Organizational commitment is one of the important attitudinal issues, and reflects the degree of conformity and dedication to the organization. This survey research aimed to investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and job motivation among middle managers carried out by police in East Azerbaijan Province. The population is all of middle managers working in the police force of the province, 76 of them using Cochran formula through random sampling method were selected as research sample. To collect data author-made Questionnaire based on a standard questionnaire used by Allen and Meyer was used. The findings showed significant relationship between organizational commitment and job motivation (r=0.462), and the continued commitment and job motivation (r=0.35, whereas organizational commitment of managers have no significant association with managers degree, work place, work years. Also, there was a significant relationship between normative commitment and job motivation.

Nowadays, the level of individual access to social capital and the status of the individual within various social networks define how much s/he enjoys the quality of ideal life. Accordingly, this study tries to examine the relationship between social capital and quality of life among retirees. Primarily, such a relationship was studied in a survey-type research. Therefore, Lipad Elderly Quality of Life Questionnaire was used for this descriptive-analytical research. A number of 228 retirees of the University of Tabriz were selected as samples through random sampling method. Data analysis was made using SPSS statistical software in addition to the application of Pearson correlation test and linear regression. The research findings showed a significant positive relationship between social capital and the quality of life among the retirees. In the men time, the regression analysis demonstrated that the dimensions of social capital, i.e. social cohesion, social participation and social trust, could explain 32% of the variance in the quality of life (dependent variable). Consequently, social capital and its components are good predictors for the quality of life among University of Tabriz retirees

All people in different positions, is susceptable for orderlessness and deviant behavior, but what makes everyone think twice to deviant behaviors, is a form of social control. The present study aimed to assess the social control of marginalized area of Tabriz and its influencing factors through survey method. The population of the study was all residents of suburban areas in Tabriz, which 384 cases were selected using cluster sampling. Pearson correlation test and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Variables including, religion, cultural capital, economic capital, and age as the independent variable and social control variables as dependent variables considered in this study have been. Results showed that measures of religiosity, economic capital and social control have significant relationship with age, but there was no significant relationship between the variables of cultural capital and social control. Multiple regression analysis also showed that about 11% of the variability of dependent variable was explained via the independent variables such as economic capital, religiosity and age.