سعید شعبانی

Fine woody debris (FWD) is a significant reservoir of carbon and bioenergy in the Hyrcanian forests. Therefore, monitoring changes in FWD biomass on the forest floor is essential for sustainable management, particularly concerning carbon dioxide emissions and carbon trading in both international and domestic markets. The primary objective of this research is to develop optimal allometric equations for accurately monitoring FWD in one of the beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) communities within the Hyrcanian forests of Iran.

This study was conducted in the Shastkolateh research forest in Gorgan County, Iran. A random stratified method was employed for direct sampling and weighing of FWD. The FWD was categorized into three diameter classes: 1-2.5 cm, 2.5-4.5 cm, and 4.5-7.5 cm. For each diameter class, length and degree of decay were measured randomly in pure beech and mixed beech stands. Total weight was measured destructively using digital scales. To estimate biomass values of FWD, a power function allometric model based on curve estimation analysis was utilized. The middle diameter, length, dry wood density, and degree of decay of the weighed FWD were introduced as explanatory variables in the model input matrix. These explanatory variables were combined in various ways as independent variables in a log-transformed model. Model validation was conducted using adjusted regression coefficients (Adj.R²), variance inflation factors (VIF), and residual mean square (RMS). A t-test evaluated the significance of parameters in each model, while the fitting of a Loess curve between standardized residuals and estimations was used to assess the validity of the models.

Model development indicated that incorporating middle diameter (D) and length (L) of FWDs into the exponential function of the log-transformed model increased variance explanation from 38% to 73% and reduced RMS from 0.6 to 0.26. Adding wood density (ρ) did not significantly enhance model accuracy or validity. Including degree of decay as a dummy variable slightly improved model accuracy, resulting in the top-ranked model with the highest variance explanation (Adj.R² = 0.78) and lowest RMS (0.22). Furthermore, introducing the biomass surrogate (D² × L × ρ) along with degree of decay considerably increased accuracy, yielding a second-ranked model (Adj.R² = 0.75; RMS = 0.24). Although some parameters were not statistically significant (P > 0.05), no collinearity was detected among the models presented (VIF < 5). The goodness-of-fit data indicated that the Loess curve remained linear around the zero line, with changes in residuals aligning with estimation changes around this line. Findings suggested that biomass estimation for Diospyros lotus L. and unidentified species may be unreliable due to standardized residuals falling outside the zero line range, indicating interdependence in error estimation for these species. Conversely, biomass estimates for F. orientalis and Carpinus betulus L. appeared reliable, with variations not being interdependent.Conclusion In summary, biomass distribution and changes in FWD values exhibit significant variations based on middle diameter and length. Due to limited ranges of decay and dry wood density, these additional variables did not substantially enhance accuracy in log-transformed models. Approximately 22% to 25% of variance remains unexplained when estimating FWD biomass using selected optimal models, particularly regarding errors (standardized residuals). This discrepancy is most pronounced for D. lotus and unidentified species. Overall, the models developed in this research for pure beech and mixed beech-hornbeam forests demonstrate broad applicability within the study area. 

Forest fire in many ecosystems is a natural phenomenon, but also a serious and dangerous threat with environmental, ecological, and physical effects. Therefore, this research investigated the risk areas of fire in Zagros forests identification to evaluate the changes in the time series of deals with a potential fire hazard. To achieve this goal fuzzy layers of analysis network process and order weighted average method were used regularly. For this purpose, fire Zagros forests using satellite images Landsat and MODIS Lordegan city in the period between 2000, 2007, and 2014 and the factors affecting fire are examined. The high-risk areas based on classification utility area and the number of zones were identified as fire-prone areas. In the analytical network process procedure, the largest weighs were assigned to the distance from residential areas and roads, GVMI index, and maximum daily air temperature factors which were 0.209, 0.198, 0.09, and 0.0716, respectively. Time series analysis map showing the extent of critical areas from 2000 to 2014 decreased by investigating the factors affecting fire occurrence in critical areas, distance for roads and residential areas, slope, aspect, GVMI index, and NDVI and maximum temperatures have the greatest impact were on fire. The low-risk scenario and a small amount of compensation with the ROC higher than 0.7 as the best model was the estimated risk of forest fires. The preparation of a map of areas susceptible to fire, as well as analyzing and analyzing the time series of factors affecting the fire in different years, is an effective step in helping forest managers to plan and implement preventive operations in high-risk areas.

Plant Species Richness (PSR) plays an important role in forest ecosystem functions and services. Despite the fact that Fine Woody Debris (FWD) occupy a large volume of the temperate forest ecosystem in the north of Iran, they have received less attention than Coarse Woody Debries (CWD). FWD is a component of natural forests, in addition to increasing the productivity of forest trees, helping to trees regeneration, maintaining and increasing soil moisture and nutrients, and long-term carbon storage, contribute the enhanced function of newly developing microhabitats with an important function in plant understory richness. Therefore, not paying attention to FWD leads to wrong estimation of the total volume of woody debries and its key role on the performance of forest ecosystems. Therefore, it was considered for current study that Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) machine learning technique used to model the PSR in unmanaged forest stands. For this aim, Oak - hornbeam stand in Loveh forest in the east of Golestan province, Iran was selected for sampling.

For this purpose, 30 sample plots 400 m2 (20 m × 20 m) were set in the study area, and the type and percentage of plant cover was recorded based on the Braun-Blanquet index. In the following, the number of plant species recorded in each sample plot was the basis for calculating species richness. In order to measure the volume of FWD, the alignment of the sides of the sample plot of 400 square meters was used as the basis of calculation. Therefore, in line with the sides of each sample plot and in the form of a linear transect with a total length of 80 meters (equal to the perimeter of each sample plot), FWD intersected with the transect were identified. The names of tree species of each of the FWD is specified, and according to the cross diameter with the transect, the FWD were placed in one of three diameter classes: 1 to 2.5 cm, 2.5 to 4.5 cm, and 4.5 to 7.5 cm. To measure the percentage of soil moisture and organic matter, the soil was taken from the center of each sample to a depth of 15 cm. Soil moisture percentage was obtained by using the difference between wet and dry weight of soil and also the amount of soil organic matter by Walkley-Black method in the laboratory. The gmb package in R programming language was used to fit the boosted regression tree model. This model is one of the methods that helps to improve the performance of a single model by using the combination of multiple models. Therefore, in this method, the combination of two algorithms "regression tree and classification" and "boosting" is used. It should be noted that in this research, in order to reach the optimal number of trees, the number of 1000 was used as the starting point. In this study, the amount of species richness in each plot as the response variable, and the variables of slope percentage, slope aspect, altitude, soil moisture percentage, soil organic matter percentage, average of total volume of fwd, average volume of fwd in decay class 1, average volume of fwd in decay class 2 and the type of fwd were considered as predictor variables.

Based on the results, the initial model fitted in the number of trees 7700 showed the highest accuracy. However, due to the lack of influence of some variables in the model, the variables of slope, slope aspect, altitude, the type of fwd and the average volume of fwd in decay class 1, these variables were excluded from the model based on the deviation changes. And the model was refitted in the optimal number of trees of 7800. Based on the final model of the BRT, the highest amount of species richness was recorded with the increase of soil organic matter to > 2.15% and in a soil moisture percentage >30%. Furthermore, a high amount of FWD from the first diameter class and with the decay class 2 (rotten) led to an increase in plant richness in the studied area. In the present study, the adjusted R squared > 0.99 with the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) < 0.039 shows the high accuracy of the BRT model.

Although fwd comprise a large part of woody debries in the forests of the north of Iran, no specific place has been considered for it in any of the statistical protocols. This matter has led to the fact that there is no specific estimate of the volume of fwd and its role on the forest ecosystem is neglected. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of modeling the effect of this important component on the richness of plant species in a broadleaf stand in Loveh forests of Golestan province. The findings of the research showed that by creating favorable habitat conditions, the fwd increase the abundance of plant species and maintaining this component is important in increasing the organic matter of the forest soil. The high rate of decomposition in fwd compared to cwd causes that while maintaining and increasing the soil moisture, the organic materials in the wood are available to the soil layer in a short period of time. In recent years, some experts in the field of natural resources have emphasized the collection of fwd and their use in cellulose industries. A large part of these opinions has also found a scientific basis in the shadow of the minimization of the volume and role of the fwd and the lack of sufficient information about this very important component. If the findings of this research clearly show that the collection and removal of fwd will have a negative impact on soil moisture and organic matter and thus on the richness of plant species. Conducting similar and additional studies by including soil nutritional variables as well as other plant indicators can significantly help in confirming or rejecting this result

Biosphere Reserves are international natural-biological protected areas that, besides offering protection, showcase achievements such as providing rare study habitats to scientists and demonstrating human skills in support of sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate the participatory management in the protection of Golestan National Park, one of the first biosphere reserves in the country.

This descriptive field research prepared the required data by having the target community, including non-governmental organizations, nature partners, local communities, government forces, and other members of society, complete internet questionnaires. The results highlight the cooperation of nature partners in their desire to participate in community education and in dealing with wood smuggling. Local communities showed prominence in fire prevention, and non-governmental organizations stood out in community education, fire prevention, and combating wood smuggling.

The results indicate a significant difference in participation in community education, firefighting, fire prevention, desire to participate in firefighting, dealing with forest destruction and conversion, dealing with illegal hunting, preventing livestock entry to the forest, and combating wood smuggling among groups.

Therefore, given the significant difference between the groups, it is possible to plan in the field of their interest and participation. Lastly, since society members frequently use social networks like WhatsApp and Instagram, and the target groups have strong membership in environmental groups, this capacity can be utilized in education and participation in the management of biosphere reserves.

Hyrcanian boxwood (Buxus hyrcana Pojark.) is an evergreen tree and native to the Hyrcanian forests in northern Iran, which is considred as one of the endangered plant species. In vitro propagation of this valuable species can prevent its extinction. The presence of fungal and bacterial contamination is one of the main challenges of in vitro culture of Buxus hyrcana, which can affect the propagation of this valuable species and on the other hand, can lead to many costs. In the present study, the efficacy of 15% Percidine, Aqua Percidine, Super Percidine and Percidine Plus in removing contamination from B. hyrcana explants was investigated under in vitro culture conditions compared to the usual method (using sodium hypochlorite).

The experiment was performed in factorial arrangement as a completely randomized design with 3 replications. First, for pre-treatment, explants (twigs and seeds) were washed with ordinary water and a few drops of dishwashing liquid for 5 minutes to remove surface contaminants. Then, they were placed in benomyl fungicide (1%) for 10 minutes. After washing, under laminar airflow, sterilization of explants was performed with experimental treatments. Experimental treatments included disinfectant (Percidine 15%, Percidine Aqua, Super Percidine, Percidine Plus (at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 4%) which were compared with sodium hypochlorite. After sterilization of the explants, the plant materials were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium. To measure contamination, cultures were examined under growth conditions at 25±1 °C with a light intensity of 1000 to 1500 lux (16 hours light and 8 hours dark).

The results showed that fungal and bacterial contamination in the seed explant was significantly reduced compared to the twig explant. On the other hand, Super Percidine sterilizer showed high efficiency (63%) in the twig explant in reducing contamination from culture medium. Moreover, in seed explants, in addition to Super Percidine, Aqua Percidine sterilizer also showed high efficiency in reducing contamination from seed surface (33%).

Therefore, it seems that the use of Super Percidine (2%) sterilizer can be useful for twig explants and both of Super Percidine (2%) and aqua Percidine (2%) is suitable for seed explants.

Global forest area has decreased by nearly 180 million ha in three decades. So, many ecosystem services provided by forests have been threatened. Reforestation and afforestation are the most effective strategies for mitigating deforestation. Therefore, in a variety of countries worldwide, including Iran, several afforestation projects have been implemented; however, the quantity and quality of many afforested lands have decreased over time under the influence of catastrophic factors, environmental stress, and different management methods. Awareness and continuous monitoring of forest programs are some of the most fundamental forestry policies. Therefore, the monitoring of annual afforestation in the eastern Golestan province using Google Earth software was put on the agenda to prepare an afforestation map and identify the reasons for the success and failure of the implemented plans. According to the findings, 19,377.39 ha of afforestation have been planted in Golestan province. Of these, Maraveh Tappeh city has the highest amount of afforestation with more than 9,256 ha with C. arizonica L, C. sempervirens L. var. horizontalis (Mill.) Gord. and P. brutia Ten, mostly. The presence of suitable climatic and edaphic conditions in the Golidagh of Maraveh Tappeh City and the ArabDagh area of Kalaleh City played a prominent role in the success of artificial forests in these areas. It should be noted that wood smuggling, the presence of livestock, the occurrence of fires, the presence of natural and human obstacles, and continuous monitoring have been other factors affecting the success or failure of afforestation programs in the eastern Golestan province.

Suyuti is one of the Sunni scholars who, by collecting the hadiths of Mahdaviat, entered into this subject in the book "Al-Araf al-Wardi fi Akhbar al-Mahdi" and left a compilation of his own. But by referring to the book, it becomes clear that this compilation has only collected hadiths, which, accordingly, is devoid of subject classification. This problem caused the researchers to get confused by referring to this book to find the desired topic and not to face the collection of hadiths included in a topic, and as a result, they cannot easily provide analyzes of that chapter. The present research is trying with the descriptive-analytical typology method and also by examining the structure and content of the book by analyzing the entire book and separating its hadiths in different chapters, it will deal with the systematization of the hadiths presented. The title of the book has a special meaning; "Al-'Arf " has two meanings (a place and a high object) and (a pure and fragrant smell and fragrance) and "al-Wardi" means (light and shine). In general, the title of the book refers to the great and famous hadiths and traditions that shine like light and their pleasant fragrance covers all places. The book is taken from the book "Al-Arbain" by Abu Naeem Esfehani and has 9 manuscripts in different libraries and three printed copies in the present era. 120 hadiths out of a total of 255 hadiths are m'asur narrations, and these hadiths are categorized into chapters such as the appearance of Hazrat Mahdi, his being a man from the Prophet's family, events at the time of his appearance and its signs, events after his appearance and the period of his reign. In the other part of the article, the sources of the hadiths of the book were discussed and it was found that out of 100 hadiths quoted, 50 narrations are from "al-Sihah al-Sittah" and the rest of the hadiths are from different sources. The important point is that half of the contents in the book are not m'asur narrations; Therefore, in this research, their categorization is omitted and the main focus is on hadiths narrated from the Holy Prophet of Islam.

Since dead trees contain significant amounts of organic matter, they play an essential role in forest dynamics. In the present study, the changes in soil carbon stock were studied in relation to the dead tree features and its soil beneath in mixed broadleaf stands of Loveh forest in Golestan province, Iran using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and random forest model. For this purpose, the characteristics of 15 dead trees consisting of hornbeam, oak, Cappadocian maple, and ironwood were recorded in three decay classes 3 to 5, and the soil beneath them was collected from a depth of 0 to 15. The random forest model was implemented based on the relationship between the dependent variable (carbon stock) and the independent variables (effective factors) using the randomForest package in R software. The results showed that using the studied parameters, the random forest model justifies about 54% of the changes in soil carbon stock. According to the final model, the carbon stock of the soil beneath of dead tree is most affected by the three parameters of C/N ratio, nitrogen (%), and soil pH, so in a general trend with the increase of C/N ratio and nitrogen (%) and the decrease of pH, the amount of soil carbon stock around the dead tree has been increased. The present study's findings indicate that dead trees provide great potential for soil carbon storage, especially when faced with an old-growth forest ecosystem.

"Mu'tmahdians" are people who falsely introduce themselves instead of the 12th Imam among the general public. Ahmad Ismail Basri is one of the claimants of Mahdism who has stepped in this field in recent years and by making promises to the people, he has used all his efforts to divert them from the Shia religion. Ahmad Ismail Basri and his supporters, in line with their goals, tried to create an acceptable image for themselves by using the hadiths of the infallible imams (peace be upon them). Due to the importance of the subject of Mahdism and the identification of false Mahdism claimants, the present study tries to investigate one of the traditions cited by them, the hadith known as "Ma Ashkala". According to this hadith, they claim that the meaning of "The Covenant of Nabi Allah", "Weapon" and "Parcham" are testament, knowledge and call to the sovereignty of God, respectively. The present research has investigated the narration of "Ma Ashkala" using the library method and with a descriptive-analytical structure and using the rules of "Fiqh al-Hadith" and It was found that cases such as incorrect segmentation of hadith, incorrect interpretations, failure to form a family of hadith, incorrect understanding of the words and expressions of the Hadith, lack of attention to the context of hadith and lack of attention to other sources of hadith, are among the most important defects of Fiqh al-Hadithi in the mentioned narration. Also, it was determined by Rijali's investigation that the hadith in "Tafsir Ayashi" is suspended and the hadith mentioned in the book "Al-Ghaibah" has two correct ways and three weak ways.

The core idea of spatial data infrastructures (SDI) is based on "Design". The word "design" bears a deep philosophical meaning as it becomes a complicated yet practical tool owing to the confluence of experts from different disciplines, and not one particular science area, to borrow the people a grant of recognition/understanding and problem-solving. The primary purpose of developing an SDI is to design a designer; that is, it can design the recognition pattern and a suitable management strategy of the dynamic world for the end-users based on the input disseminated transdisciplinary data and information. Such a secondary (yet as important) design is underpinned by the synergistic conglomeration of data and information, eventually increasing the collective wisdom and co-intelligence in a society. Current research sets out to assess the applicability of designing a provincial SDI framework for the agriculture and natural resources sectors, availed by organizational coordination and the notion of crowdsourcing. Due to swift growth in farmers and, on the other hand, watershed stakeholders as a larger management unit, attaining a holistic grasp on the existing and potential strengths and weaknesses to assist such a sizeable beneficial spectrum would only be surmounted by producing and developing an SDI. Integrating SDIs with game engines would create an interactive environment, leading to a better understanding of the environment and the involved processes and converting data & information into knowledge and wisdom.

In order to manage the forests and optimal and sustainable utilization of the forest, it seems necessary to know the information on the volume of the residual stand. In this study, a systematic randomized inventory was carried out in 186 circular 10-acre plots in the educational and research forest of Darabkola, Sari, Golestan, Iran and the volume of each plot was obtained. In the next step, the physiographic layers of the area were prepared using the topographic map and the vegetation characteristics were prepared using the LISS-III image of the IRS-P6 satellite with a resolution of 23.5. After preparing physiographic layers and vegetation characteristics, their value was calculated for all plots. Then, regarding these variables and using two methods of multilayer perceptron neural network and multiple regression model, modeling was done. The results showed that the multiple linear model could model the volume changes in the region with higher accuracy (R2=0.75 and RMSE=0.3). The results of this research can be used in management planning and as one of the effective factors in the design of logging routes and forest roads so that areas with larger volumes are covered more.

In the ziarat of Al-e Yasin, the phrase « ربانی آیاته » is among the expressions which should be pondered a lot in order to get a correct and accurate understanding of it. The hypothesis of this paper is the relationship between the « ربانی آیاته » and Ahl al-Bayt (the Prophet’s Household) being the scientific authority, the formative guidance and the preacher of Allah. The present paper, with a descriptive-analytic structure and content, seeks to answer this question that what the correct and precise meaning of « ربانی آیاته » in this ziarat is. Additionally, this phrase in the ziarat contains which feature of features of the Imamate and Imam Mahdi (a.s). In this paper, considering the meaning of the terms “رباانی ” and “ آیاتاه ”, we investigate the presupposed meanings for these words according to the textual relations (the Quran and Hadith). According to the data of the research, the best explanation for this phrase “ رباانی آیاتاه ’ is “a person who is aware of the Divine verses and interprets them for the people and is the guardian of the verses”. He is the nurturer of the beings and creatures of the universe. Moreover, considering the context of the phrase “ رباانی آیاتاه ” which indicates the call for human beings to monotheism and the companions such as the molded knowledge and the translators of the book; the scientific authority, infallibility, the Divine and formative guidance are proven for the Imam of the Age (a.s).

The uprooting of large trees leads to the formation of depressions in the root area and plate-like features next to it, which are referred to as pit and mound microtopography. For studying the plant species diversity in these positions, Deldareh forests, Nowshahr was selected. For this purpose, all pits and mounds were identified in 70 ha of the study area. The presence and frequency of plant species were recorded on these positions and each pit and mound was compared with a plot 2×4m located 25m far from these positions. Firs, to analyze the plant species, biodiversity indices were computed. Then, to study SIV in each position, relative frequency, relative density, and relative dominance were also calculated. The results indicated all indices of diversity and richness had significant difference between positions, except the Simpson one. Accordingly, in the comparison between the pit and control positions, the control position, and between the control and mound positions, the mound position had higher values of the indices. Also, neither of both evenness indices showed a significant difference between different positions. The study of the SIV also showed that in all positions, there is a normal logarithmic curve. The findings of the present study show the high ability of pit and mound effects on increasing the species richness in forest stands. Therefore, the design of silviculture methods should be such that by maintaining and increasing the thickn trees, a certain number of pit and mound microtopography remains per unit area.

Dead trees protection, has a key role in structural and biogeochemical processes in forest ecosystems. Some aspects of dead tree dynamics have been carefully studied, but the kind and decay degree of dead trees and forest soil properties have not received enough attention. The aim of this research was to study the effect of a kind and decay degree of dead trees on soil mineral properties in the Sarcheshmeh Forest, Chaloos. For this purpose, the dead trees were investigated by strip transects with 10 m width and 80 m distance between transects. 71 dead trees were identified. In addition to determining kind of species, dead trees were categorized into four decay classes consists of a new dead tree, decay beginning, advanced decay, and perfect decay. The Soil sampling for estimating total nitrogen (%), available phosphorus (ppm), K (%), pH, soil moisture (%), carbon (%), C/N, and biomass of earthworm (g) was carried out in the closest position to the dead tree in 0–30 cm depth. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method and analysis of variances were used to compare the relationship between dead trees and soil properties. The results showed that there was a strong relationship between carbon and C/N values with oak dead trees. Soil nutrients, pH and soil moisture (%) have displayed a significant relationship at the 5 percent probability level with alder and hornbeam dead trees. The fourth decay class had the most values of N (0.76%), P (15.53 ppm), and earthworm biomass (26.61 g), whereas there is no significant difference between first and secondary decay classes. The K (%), pH, and soil moisture (%) values were increased from first to fourth decay classes. Based on the findings current study on the key role of dead trees in forest soil richness, the dead trees should be protected during forestry operations in each forest ecosystem to sustain soil productivity.

Medical malpractice is one of the most important legal issues in medicine committed more or less by physicians. The medical staff has inadequate or deficient awareness of medical errors and their importance. Therefore, this study investigated the frequency of medical malpractices/errors resulting in death in files referred to the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization.

The study population in this descriptive cross-sectional research consisted of all doctors who had been sued in Tehran's Legal Medicine Organization (Forensic Committees of Tehran Province) from the first day of July 2018 to the end of December 2018. The study was carried out in and under supervision and support of the Legal Medicine Research Center. Data were collected using a checklist of the files from Tehran's Legal Medicine Organization.

The results showed that most medical errors are of organizational types. Major medical failures occur in university-affiliated hospitals among the male technical staff aged 41-50 years with a work experience less than 6 years. Most complaints were recorded against general practitioners, general surgeons, and anesthesiologists, respectively. The smallest percentage of the complaints related to orthopedics, urologists, and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists.

The results of the study indicated that most of medical failures have of an organizational nature and occur in university hospitals among male technical officials who are in the fifth decade of life with a low work experience. So, paying attention to these issues can help the better selection of technical officials. The technical authorities of the hospitals must be careful about the responsibilities given to them. In order to reduce the failure of the technical authorities of the hospitals, doctors with a high standard of service should be appointed as technical officers. These doctors ought to possess legal knowledge and be familiar with the course of complaints filed in the judiciary.

China has made significant progress in the implementation of international obligations in its domestic legal system over the past thirty years. However, the Chinese constitution and ordinary laws do not lay down general rules on the status of treaties in the domestic legal system. But the substantive obligations of the treaties to which China has acceded largely to domestic law and directly affect the country's economic and social activities. This article examines the various forms and ways in which China implements its international commitments domestically. In line with this, the number of cases in which courts use treaty rules is increasing, indicating China's determination to adhere more fully to its international obligations. In civil and commercial matters, international treaties apply primarily to cases with foreign elements, while in criminal law, China has placed almost all international crimes as criminal offenses under its national criminal law. And over the past thirty years, there has been significant progress in the implementation of international obligations in its domestic legal system. This article illustrates the various forms and ways in which China implements its international obligations at home, given China's position in the international system.

Dead trees are an important factor for structure and activity controlling in forest temperature. For the sake of survey role of dead trees in the regeneration of trees species, regeneration density of environs dead trees in Lalis forests, Nowshahr was studied.

For a sampling of snags by circle plots (500 m2 area) and snag in the center, and also in the logs used of along plots into width four-meter and dead trees length. Decay classes of dead trees, topographic position and canopy gap area due to dead tree inscribed according to average diameter of canopy opening. In this study gaps were divided into five groups, including close canopy, very small (<50 m2), small (50-150 m2), medium-size gap (150-250 m2) and large size (250-480 m2).

Results of regeneration show that beech species had the most regeneration density. According to the results of density in decay classes, the fourth class had the most regeneration density for total species. Also with the increase in the size of gaps area, accrue in regeneration density and fifth class includes most regeneration. Differences mean values of density between slope and altitude classes weren't significant, but the density of Beech, Persian Maple, Cappadocian Maple, and Alder species were significant in different aspects.

The findings of the present study show that recognizing natural processes in virgin stands of forest ecosystems provides useful information for managers to make the right decisions.

Irankuh Pb-Zn mining district is located Malayer-Isfahan Metallogenic Belt and it is MVT type. Mineralization is hosted by carbonate rock (mostly coarse-grained dolostone) and minor shale-siltstone as epigenetic. Mineral assembelages are sphalerite, galena, pyrite, and minor chalcopyrite associated with dolomite, ankerite, quartz, organic matter, calcite, and barite. Dolomitization is the most important alteration, which is occurred as karst and dissolution cavities filling, fossil replacement, veinlet, and fault berrecia cement. Silicification is mostly occurred at clastic host rock as vein-veinlet and open space fillinig. Geochemically, ore-bearing fluid is Fe- and Mn-rich, which is formed Fe-rich dolomite and ankerite at carbonate host rock. In clastic host rock, pyrite is mainly occurred due to reaction of iron of fluid and sulfur. In addition, As, Sb, Cd, and Cu contents of both carbonate and clastic host rocks are high that these elements can be exploratory tracker. This study in Irankuh mining district can be pattern of exploration for hidden sources in this area and similar deposits in Iran and the world.

Pade-Bid iron occurance is located at northeast of Kashmar-Kerman zone, which is one of the most important iron metallogenic zone in Iran. Lithology of the area includes alternation of metamorphosed carbonate rocks, slate and phyllite, which are intruded by dioritic and gabbroic intrusions. Based on structural controls of orebody, metasomatic replacement and formation of low temperature H2O-beraring minerals and occurrence of magnetite and pyrite associated with chlorite, epidote, calcite and quartz, the iron mineralization is low temperature skarn-type. Magnetite chemistry and Ti, Ca, V, Al, Mn, Ni, and Cr contents are similar to those of skarn deposit. REE patern indicate positive Eu and Ce and negative Gd, Yb and Sm anomalis. The source of Fe mineralization is probably a younger intrusive body at depth due to field observations. Based on principal analysis on REE, the source of ore fluid is mostly magmatic water, which was ascended within fault zone and reacted with carbonate units to form the orebody. The northeastern part of Kashmar-Kerman zone has a great potential for Fe skarn-type deposits, which should be given more attention.

IntroductionThe Irankuh mining district area located at the southern part of the Malayer-Isfahan metallogenic belt, south of Isfahan, consists of several Zn-Pb deposits and occurrences such as Tappehsorkh, Rowmarmar 5, Kolahdarvazeh, Blind ore, and Gushfil deposits as well as Rowmarmar 1-4 and Gushfil 1 prospects. Based on geology, alteration, form and texture of mineralization, and paragenesis assemblages, Pb-Zn mineralization is Mississippi-type deposit (Rastad, 1981; Ghazban et al., 1994; Ghasemi, 1995; Reichert, 2007; Timoori-Asl (2010); Ayati et al., 2013; Hosseini-Dinani et al., 2015). Geology of the area consists of Jurassic siltstone and shale and different types of Cretaceous dolostone and limestone.
The aim of this research is new geological studies such as revision of old geologic map, study of different types of textures and mineral assemblages within carbonate and clastic host rocks, and chemistry of galena, sphalerite, and dolomite. Finally, we combined these results with isotopic and fluid inclusion data and discussed on ore-fluid conditions.
Materials and MethodsIn order to achieve the aims of this work, at first field surveying and sampling were done. Then,200 thin and 70 polished thin sections were prepared. Some of the samples were selected for microprobe analysis and galena and sphalerite minerals were analyzed by using JEOL- JAX-8230 analyzer at Colorado University, USA. The chemistry of dolomite and fluid inclusion data are used after Boveiri Konari and Rastad (2016) and stable isotope is used after Ghazban et al. (1994).
DiscussionThe Irankuh mineralization is hosted by carbonate rocks (dolostone and limestone) and minor clastic rocks as epigenetic. Mineralization has occurred as breccia, veinlet, open space filling, spoted, dessiminated, and replacement (carbonate hosted rock). The mineral assemblages are Fe-rich sphalerite, galena, minor pyrite, Fe- and Mn-rich dolomite, bituminous, ankrite, calcite ± quartz ± barite within carbonate host rocks, whereas Fe-rich sphalerite, galena, pyrite, minor chalcopyrite, low Fe-dolomite, quartz, bituminous, ± barite ± calcite are important primary minerals at clastic host rocks.
There is positive correlation between Ag and Sb values within galena mineral. Sb/Bi ratio in galena is up to 20, which is an indicator of low temperature deposits (Malakhov, 1968). The Irankuh homogenization temperature (170 to 260 ºC) is higher than that of US Mississippi-type deposits (80 to 120 ºC). Based on comparison of Th and Fe and Cd contents in sphalerite from Irankuh and US deposits (Viets et al., 1992), homogenization temperature of deposit has a positive relation with Fe values and a negative relation with Cd contents in sphalerite. Fe content in Irankuh sphalerite has reached up to 5% and Cd value is lower than 2000 ppm. In addition, carbonate hosted rock hydrothermal dolomites that are Fe-rich and ankrite have formed at some places. The evidence shows that Irankuh ore-fluid is Fe-rich. However, clastic hosted rock hydrothermal dolomites are low-Fe due to reaction of Fe and S resulting in pyrite formation. Based on O isotope (16–19 ‰) value from hydrothermal dolomites (Ghazban et al., 1994), ore-fluid has been derived from continental crust.
ResultsFe-rich sphalerite and dolomite and ankrite are the most important characteristics of Irankuh mining district. Temperature and Fe-rich nature of ore-fluid and mineralogy signatures of Irankuh area can be used for exploration of this type of mineralization in Iran and the world. The Irankuh mining district is MVT type mineralization.
AcknowledgementsThe Research Division of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, supported this study (Project No. 40221.3). Thanks to Bama Co. (especially Mr. Eslami) for the collaborations.
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Drug-induced myocarditis is a recognized complication of some therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse. Cardiomyocytes injury may be caused either by direct toxic injury or triggered by a group of allergic reactions. Sudden death is a less recognized and argued complication of drug-induced myocarditis and hereby we report one such case.
In winter of 2014, a 27-year-old man was found dead inside his car and delivered to legal medicine organization for autopsy in order to investigate the cause of death. In his past medical history, significant findings were alcohol abuse, consumption of neuroleptics, and committing suicide by tramadol. The autopsy showed no findings suggestive of homicide or suicide and the toxicological analyses revealed no detectable drug or other poisonous substance. The histopathological findings included inflammatory cell infiltrate rich in eosinophil, perivascular infiltrate and focal myocytolysis in myocardium, hepatic steatonecrosis, and degenerative changes in cerebellar Purkinje cells and some neurons in cerebral cortex (red neuron).
Regarding the pathological findings and drugs history, drug-induced hypersensitivity myocarditis was suggested as a cause of death. In this case, criminal homicide was ruled out because of findings that suggest brain hypoxia. Therefore, a thorough and comprehensive medical and drug use history should be considered before declaring the cause of death.