سعید شمس الدینی

One of the best ways to achieve political stability in multicultural societies is by consensus democracy known as the "division of power." In this type of democracy, by using the four principles of the parliamentary coalition, autonomy, veto right, and proportional representation, it is tried to create political stability in the country and facilitate the circulation of elites in decision-making by sharing different strata and groups in power. Iraq and Lebanon are multicultural societies with ethnic, linguistic, religious, and cultural diversity. The Lebanese population consists of three major groups: Shiites, Sunnis, and Maronite Christians, and Iraq includes three major groups: Shiites, Sunnis, and Kurds. For more than half a century now, in Lebanon, and for nearly two decades, in Iraq, an agreed-upon consensus democracy has been implemented within the framework of their constitution. The mosaic texture of both and the creation of a relatively heterogeneous and heterogeneous society have led to the manifestation of political power based on this democracy and in the form of the pillars of the political system divided between them. Now, considering the shortcomings of the government process - nation-building and non-institutionalization of civil and participatory political culture and the lack or weakness of the party system and NGOs of the two countries, the question of the article focuses on the application of this democracy based on cultural-social diversity and compare their opportunities and challenges. In response, the hypothesis is formulated that consensus democracy is an option that is institutionally-politically capable of achieving relative security and stability by preparing the necessary platform for the participation of multiple ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups. The tribal context and the traditional sectarian tendencies of these countries and the continuation of social divisions are among the effective challenges in the fragility of this democracy. In this article, using both the institutional approach and the comparative method in examining the subject, this result was obtained.Given the multiculturalism of the two countries and the diversity of social divisions in them, consensus democracy is a good option for the political participation of various groups in the decisions of the two countries and has been able to focus on Parliament created relative but fragile stability. The traditional and tribal culture of the two countries, the problem of national identity, cultural barriers to civil society and non-governmental organizations, and the shortcomings of the nation-state-building process have made it difficult to realize the theme of this kind of democracy in practice.It is in the form of a modern dish but with traditional and undemocratic content. In other words, the shape and form of the political system derived from democracy are an agreement commensurate with the multiplicity and cultural diversity in these two countries. However, its content and theme are challenged and conflicted due to the low level of awareness and intellectual maturity of the society and the lack of political pluralism, and it does not have sufficient strength and consistency to create national security and social solidarity.And that is why both the smooth and peaceful transfer of power and the sustainable development and human security in these two countries face serious obstacles and problems, and from time to time we see violent behavior and turmoil or severe political crisis in which national sovereignty and endangers their independence and territorial integrity.The way out of this vulnerable and insecure situation is to train awareness and responsible citizens who have the ability to work together and work in groups and are tolerance and tolerant of opposing ideas, as well as political activism in a peaceful atmosphere away from monotony and self-centeredness. Clarification of economic and political relations, the institutionalization of governing norms and regulations, and the realization of civil institutions and non-governmental organizations are other requirements that can strengthen the foundations of consensus democracy in these countries by eliminating the roots of corruption and discrimination and facilitating citizens' political participation. Non-intervention of foreign powers is another important factor that can provide political independence and national sovereignty, the field of self-confidence of social forces and their interaction in these two countries, and their further role in the dynamics of political and social changes.

The ruling political system in Iraq during the four decades of the Ba'ath party's rule was a one-party military that was replaced by the federal military in 2004 after its overthrow. The subject of this dissertation is the challenges of the Iraqi one-party system for federalism .And the hypothesis is that the rule of Iraq's one-party system for decades has led to the suppression of civil institutions and the experience of party activity in that country. It has created obstacles and challenges for the realization of federalism To test the hypothesis, Huntington's and Blandell's theories are the theoretical basis for research .Based on this, scientific documents and texts have been reviewed and interviewed with individuals and experts in this field. The results suggest that one-party systems are in conflict with federalism in terms of substance, form, and practice. The focus is on the party and the leadership, the lack of freedom of the security parties, the fictitious trust of the tribes and the establishment of groups in unusual and critical conditions is the official form of power and the culmination of which is personalization the party's leadership is one of the hallmarks of Iraq's one-party system, which is the opposite of federalism and in this regard, negotiations and confrontation (stick and carrot policy) continued from the beginning of the party's life until the fall, the effects of which are more or less observed after the fall of the party. It can be argued that a series of events following the fall of the party, such as the formation of the Transitional Government Council, the conflict and the revolts of the tribes, the formation of the Awakening Councils, the formation and strengthening of ISIL, and the subsequent establishment of the popular mobilization and political tensions over the formation of parliament and government in recent years have not been without their roots in the Ba'athist one-party system.

The existence of single-party systems in the world today, on the one hand, and the fact that federal governments in some parts of the world, meanwhile, make the two cases more contemplative. On the other hand, with the advent of both systems in Iraqi society, it is questioned how the interaction of a single-party system with federalism and what problems and challenges have arisen in this regard? It is a multifaceted community that has been formed in ancient times by the plurality of groups with mosaic arrangements, and this ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity has continued in the process of nation-state-building since the foundation of the Ba'ath party until its fall and new rulers. In this paper, using the conceptual model of Jean Blundell, the damages and challenges of the one-party system during the rule of the Ba'ath Party for federalism have been evaluated using a descriptive-analytical method. We have been struggling with the fact that the mosaic texture, social fragmentation, Baathist shamelessness, ambiguity in the sense of federalism and differences in perceptions, the severe crackdown on Aqrah and Shiites, and the inconsistency of the defenders of federalism have been one of the main challenges of the realization of federalism in Iraq under the rule of a single-party system.

On hot days, due to the high power consumption of the compressor, using the refrigeration cycles cause to increase in energy consumption. According to lack of fossil fuels, refrigeration consumption reduction is very valuable. In this paper, simulation and design of a refrigeration cycle are presented that ejector and separator added to a conventional compression cycle. These changes, can reduce the power consumption of refrigerator. Comparison results show with the addition of ejector to conventional compression cycle, depending on the type of fluid and the temperature of the condenser and evaporator, lead to energy saving up to 35%. Also, whatever temperature difference between evaporator and condenser increases, or at the same temperature difference between the condenser and the evaporator, as lower evaporator temperature, coefficient performance of ejection-compression cooler is better than conventional refrigerant. In comparision between working fluids, Ammonia has the minimum coefficient of performance improvement and one reason for increased compression ratio is that this fluid has the lowest increasing compression ratio. The result show that R290 and R134a have the highest improvement coefficient of performance because the operation of these fluids associated with the highest increasing compression ratio.