سعید عظیم پور

The horse's carpus consists of three main joints: the antebrachiocarpal joint. Middle carpal joint and carpometacarpal joint. Two rows of cuboid bones are located between the radius and metacarpal. Degenerative joint disease, fractures, osteochondrosis, incomplete ossification, cyst-like lesions, epiphysitis are important causes of carpal bone involvement. Trauma and blows inflicted intentionally or unintentionally are one of the common causes of cracking, broken bones, dislocation of joints and muscle injuries, especially in racing horses, which can vary from destruction of the testicles to bone involvement. The common types of fractures in the horse's carpus can be referred to as filling lip fractures, slate-like fractures, multi-piece fractures. Changes in the shape and structure of the wrist bone can depend on the horse's training history. In racehorses, smooth enlargement or modeling of the dorsal aspect of the carpal bones is often seen, and the presence of new bone on the dorsal surface of the carpal bones may be clinically insignificant as the only radiologic abnormality. Exercise also affects the density and mineralization of subchondral and cancellous bone. It should be taken into account when evaluating the radiography and subtracted from the severe sclerosis of the subcartilaginous bone in the third carpal bone, which may be associated with osteochondral fractures and fracture similar to a stone. suffered a fracture and has been investigated.

Developmentally orthopedic diseases include a set of syndromes that cause irregular skeletal growth in the spheres. One of these syndromes is physiitis, which is seen in newborn horses. Physiitis occurs when the process of intra-articular ossification in growing horses becomes unbalanced. The most common ages for the occurrence of physitis in horses are 4 to 8 months or 1 to 2 years. If the disease occurs, it can cause pain, difficulty walking and even deviation in the limb, which will eventually lead to reduced horse performance. Many factors have contributed to physitis, including poor nutrition, genetics, weight gain, hard work and exercise. If timely diagnosis and elimination of the factors affecting the incidence of the disease and appropriate treatment, the progression of the disease can be prevented. Diagnosis by clinical examination and radiography will be very helpful because of the changes in the growth plate and the degree of ossification. The aim of this study was to introduce and study the case of this anomaly in the horse in Gonbad Kavous. An 18-month-old horse was referred to a veterinarian with signs of pain in his arm and lameness, which were diagnosed after examining the clinical signs and vital signs and then taking a radiograph of the physiitis.

Somatic cell count (SCC) is one of the most important factors about milk hygiene. It is known as an indicator of breast inflammation. Massage improves level of cellular immunity. This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of massage on udder immune system according to SCC and milk production. For this purpose, 14 cows were chosen in the same age (three years old) which all of them were high-producing one. Every single cow had given birth three months ago. Then, cows were divided into test and control groups. Test group were given massage twice a day for four weeks. During investigation, rate of SCC was measured one time every week. The rate of milk production in the first week in which no massage was operated and in the sixth week which was the last week of massaging, were evaluated. Results show dramatic increase of SCC but it was not significant (p>0.05) but, the decrease of milk production was significant (p < 0.05) in test group. SCC difference weren’t significant between test and control group in except in third week. In this study there weren’t any significant relations (p>0.05) between milk production and SCC but the difference average of milk yield between control and test group at the end of the sixth week compared to the first week was significant (p < 0.05). Results shows that long-term massage is stressful and decrease the level of udder immunity and this cause decrease milk production.

Calves with failure of passive immunity transfer are susceptible to septicemia and enteric and respiratory disease. Some studies have shown that failure of passive immunity transfer affects animal performance even in older ages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the failure of passive immunity transfer in calves in the traditional farms of Neyshabour. For this purpose, in 3th day after birth, blood samples were gathered from 98 calves. The results showed that mean total protein is 6.46 ± 1/06 gr/dl. There was a significant difference in total protein concentration in male and female calves (p=0.004). Serum total protein concentration was less than 5.2 gr/dl only in 6 of calves (6.1%). 5 of them were male (9% of male calves) and only one case (6.2% heifers) was female. The mean serum globulin in examined calves was 3.37 ± 1.12 gr/dl. There was a significant difference in globulin concentration in male and female calves (P=0.006). It indicates that more immunoglobulin absorption has been happened in the female calves. The amount of IgG was classified as 1 (week transfer), 2 (moderate transfer) and 3 (good transfer). Passive transfer was done good in 93.9% calves and the rest of the cases (6.1%) had a moderate passive transfer. There was a significant and high association between total protein and globulin (P0.01, r= 0.968).

In cataract, less light passes through the lens as a result of blurring of the lens. The ability of lens adaptation reduces with time. As a result, the sensitivity of subtraction will go away. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silymarin in treatment of cataract in rabbits. For this purpose, 12 rabbits were kept for two weeks prior to injection for assuring of being clinically healthy and their eyes were examined for being free of cataract and other disorders by means of ophthalmoscopy, slit lamp biomicroscopy and ultrasonography. Rapid cataract was induced by subcutaneous injection of 1 mg/kg BW of sodium selenite and repeated two more times with 2 days interval (3 mg/kg BW totally). All rabbits were examined by ophthalmoscopy and B-mode ultrasonography daily and slit lamp biomicroscopy with three days interval until cataract was developed at day 9. At this time, Linear Cortical and posterior subscapular cataract were observed in all rabbits. Rabbits were divided in experimental group that received 140 mg/kg BW of silymarin and control group without silymarin treatment at this day. Rabbits in both groups were examined by ophtalmoscopy and B-mode ultrasonography daily and slit lamp biomicroscopy with three days interval up to day 22. four rabbits of each group were euthanized at day 23 for histological examination of the lenses. Reduction in progression of cataract in silymarin treated rabbits were confirmed by slit lamp biomicroscopy and histology. B-mode ultrasonography was unable to show effect of silymarin in reduction of progression of cataract.

For the clear and precise vision, it is necessary that the light way in your eyes to be transparent and the cornea and lens focus light on the retina correctly. In cataract, less light passes through the lens as a result of blurring of the lens. The ability of lens adaptation reduces with time. As a result, the sensitivity of subtraction will go away. The aim of this study was to try to make a rapid cataract in rabbits by injection of sodium selenite. For this purpose, 12 rabbits were kept for two weeks prior to injection for assuring of being clinically healthy and their eyes were examined for being free of cataract and other disorders by means of ophthalmoscopy, slit lamp biomicroscopy and ultrasonography. Rapid cataract was induced by subcutaneous injection of 1 mg/kg bw of sodium selenite and repeated two more times with 2 days interval (3 mg/kg bw totally). All rabbits were examined by ophthalmoscopy and B-mode ultrasonography daily and slit lamp biomicroscopy with three days interval until cataract was developed at day 9. At this time, Linear Cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract were observed in all rabbits. 4 rabbits were euthanized at day 23 for histological examination of the lenses and Induction of cataract was confirmed histology.

In cattle, blood transfusion is done in severe anemia as a result of abomasal ulcers, parturition accident and hemolytic diseases. The aim of this investigation was to observe the clinical reactions, hematological and serum biochemical alterations in interspecies blood transfusion from sheep to cow. 5 sheep aged 2 – 3 years old and 5 calves aged around 1 year old were selected. Blood was collected from the selected sheep. 280 ml of blood were transfused from sheep to calves. No any serious clinical reactions was observed after blood transfusion. Blood samples were taken from recipients before blood transfusion and at the times 12 and 24 hours post-transfusion. Total white blood cells, differential leukocyte count and determination of serum total protein, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, total globulin and albumin were performed. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test to detect significant differences among the means. There were no significant hematological and biochemical changes in the calves (p≥0.05), maybe as a result of vast variety of blood groups in cattle.

Ruminates copper deficiency is endemic all over the world and it causes different clinical and subclinical diseases such as enzootic ataxi in lambs, decreased wool quality in sheep, cattle's falling disease , anemia, diarrhea, decreased immune system, weight loss, bones fragility …. Thus, it has a great economic importance. In order that it's important to examine deficiency of this mineral in different regions. According to that,copper deficiency is not always diagnosable in blood test, in this investigation liver sample has been taken from each sheep in four season after slaughter and the level of copper examined by atomic absorption method. In serum, copper level under 40 µg/dl categorize insever copper deficiency group, If it's 40 - 70 µg/dl places in border copper deficiency group and if it's more than 70 µg/dl, stands in normal group. Also, copper liver concentration more than 80 PPM, categorize in normal Group, if it's lower than 80PPM places in secondary copper deficiency group and if it's lower than 35PPM sits insevere copper deficiency group.  The average of copper level in serum in spring, summer, autumn, winter was 97, 123, 83, 85 mg/dl respectively and the average of liver copper concentration in these seasons was 70/69, 85/34, 74/71, 73/98 PPM respectively. The statics shows that 12% of sheep had border copper deficiency on their serums and 58 % of them had border copper deficiency on their liver and only 6%ofsheep had border copper deficiency both on their blood serum and on their liver.

In cattle, small quantity of immunoglobulins is transferred to fetus through the placenta, so their transfer from colostrum is very important. Failure of passive immunity transfer is one of the main factors causing the susceptibility of newborn calves to various diseases, especially diarrhoea. However, due to the presence of some pathogens, especially bacteria in colostrum, some researchers recommend the use of heated colostrum. The reduction of pathogenic bacteria in heated colostrum may increase immunoglobulins absorption. However, some evidence indicate that immunoglobulin absorption was reduced after heating colostrum. The aim of this study was to compare serumic levels of albumin, total protein, and total globulin in the blood of newborn calves, before and after feeding of heated colostrum at 63˚C for 30 minutes. For this purpose, 28 newborn calves were divided into two groups of control and treatment. Two liters of heated colostrum was fed to the treatment group twice a day and the same amount of normal colostrum was given to the control group. Blood samples were taken of all calves immediately after birth and 48 hours after that. The results showed a higher concentration of total protein and globulin in the control group in comparison to the treatment group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in albumin concentration.  Lower concentration of total protein and globulin is probably due to   denaturation of globulins.

Abomasal ulcers are usually seen in dairy cattle with high production following the stress of parturition. Primary and secondary abomasal ulcers are seen in cows and suckling calves. Some ulcers are life-threatening, but the majority are without any clinical signs and only diagnosed in slaughterhouse. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of abomasal ulcers in local cattle slaughtered at noor city abattoir. For this purpose, the abomasum of 200 cows (92 bulls and 108 cows) aged 2.5 to 11 years (5.21±2.5) were investigated randomly after slaughter. For accurate diagnosis and grading of the lesions, tissue samples were prepared for histopathological investigation. Six cases (3%) of the examined abomasa had various types of abomasal ulcers. In this study, abomasal ulcer type 1 was observed with the highest frequency (3 cases). Type 2 and type 3 were seen in 2 and 1 case respectively. There was no type 4 abomasal ulcer. The highest number of ulcers was seen in pylorus and cardia. The highest percentage of abomasal ulcer was observed in cattle older than 9 years (4.77%). Significant difference was observed in the occurrence of abomasal ulcers in different ages (p<0.05). There was no significant association between sex and the incidence of abomasal ulcers.

Clinical signs of hypervitaminosis A are associated with the skeletal and skin lesions and adverse effects on the central nervous system. The present study was carried out to determine the effects of oral administration of high dose of vitamin A in newborn lambs. For this purpose 9 mixed male lambs aged 5-days old, with average weight of 4.3 kg were selected. Lambs were divided into two groups of experiment (n=6) and control (n=3). On the frst day of experiment, liver biopsy were taken by a small midline surgery from all lambs. In the following days, experiment group was fed milk containing 30000 Iu/kg of vitamin A daily. This regime was continued until the end of the third month. Blood sampling was taken weekly. The lambs were weighed at the end of the experiment. All lambs were slaughtered at the end of the third month. Liver samples of the slaughtered animals were taken for histopathological investigation and vitamin A analysis. Vitamin A level, ALP and SGOT activities in serum and vitamin A concentration in liver tissue were increased in the experiment group compared to control group (P<0.05). Priportal Hepatitis in light microscopic investigation was seen in experiment group. Weight gain was lower in experimental group compared to control group (P<0.05). The results showed that daily oral administrations of vitamin A approximately 900 times greater than the daily requirement manifests with lower weight gain presumably as a result of hepatic damage.

Hypocalcaemia is a risk factor for many important diseases such as ketosis, in the lactation period. Hypoglycemiaand hyperketonemia are the main metabolically disturbances in ketosis, which may affect the clinical syndrome. Inmost cases, the severity of clinical syndrome is related to the level of hypoglycaemia. The aim of this study was toevaluate the correlation between subclinical hypocalcaemia and serum glucose at postpartum period in a dairy farmwith 2000 cattle in Tehran province.Blood samples were taken from 1000 cattle; serum glucose and calcium were measured within the frst 12 hours at24 hours and 10 days postpartum.In this study, the prevalence of subclinical hypocalcaemia with the cutting point of 8mg/dl was 37,51 and 7 percent,respectively. For hypoglycaemia with the cutting point of 35mg/dl, the prevalence were 0,1 & 8 percent respectively.Based on statistical tests: hypocalcaemia cases showed decreased in mean level of serum glucose, to compare with thenormal cases )P = 0.017(. Calcium concentration in 10 days postpartum showed correlation with the serum glucoselevel at the same time P= 0/0005.