سعید قنادآموز

The mulberry scale pest Pseudoulacaspis pentagona (Targioni) (Hem.: Diaspididae) has entered Kiwi orchards causing worries to gardeners in recent years. The damages of this pest by feeding of both adults and nymphs from host plant sap, which weakens the plant and cause gradual death of the tree. In the current study, three geographical regions of Guilan province (i.e. west, east, and central) where the kiwi fruit is largely planted were selected. During 2015-2016 pest population changes and the rate of pest parasitism were studied. The results indicated variations in pest density in the studied areas. The spatial distribution pattern of nymphs and adults of these regions were aggregated and random. The highest pest density was recorded in 2015 from the east of Guilan (88.4 ± 14.25 adult scales in 10cm) while, 40.4 ± 4.09 and 77.8 ± 3.24 were recorded in 2016 and 2017 respectively. The Temperature fluctuations and parasitism by Encarsia berlesei Howard were found to be the limiting factors for pest activity. The presence of parasite was found to be remarkable in sampled areas. The highest number of parasitized was recorded in the third generation (38.78 parasited adult scales in 10 cm) from east Guilan in 2015. The annual parasitic activity rate of this parasitoid can be considered as one of the most important options in management of mulberry scale pest on the kiwi. The results could be improved and incorporated in management of this important pest.

Fall webworm moth (Hyphantria cunea Drury) was observed in Guilan province in 2002 for the first time. Now it has spread in a wide area and has been observed on many species of plants. The larvae of this pest after hatching lives and feeds in grouping form. Younger larvae soon produce a silken web and feed on the upper surface of the leaves.. As larvae grow webs are enlarged and cover more foliage. With respect to its wide range of host plants and the rate of damage, it was essential to survey and determine an appropriate chemical compound to control this pest. Therefore, in this research during 2004 to 2006, insecticidal effects of five safe pesticides including three kind of B.t. (Lepinox®-kurstaki and B.t. produced in Iran ), Dimilin® and Neem® on webworm moth were investigated in the form of a completely randomized design. Experiments were performed at the second larval instar of pest. Sampling was done three days after spraying. Final results showed that biological compounds based on Bacillus thuringiensis, specially Lepinox® and Kurstaki were successfull for controlling of the fall webworm and in many experiments they ranked in high level with high effect (65-97%). Dimilin® (45-98%), Iranian product of B.t. Talphigh Daneh® (37-80%) and Neem® (47-79%) with lower effect and higher fluctuation ranked in lower level.

Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae Rossi (Dip.: Tephritidae) is the most important pest of olive orchards in IRAN. There are different methods to control the pest such as using different types of traps by attractive compounds or sexual pheromones, Bait spray on canopy, trunk or spray on some rows of trees and cover spray. In this research, efficiency of a new technique "Lure and Kill" by using magnet-ol® traps was evaluated and compared with other kinds of traditional traps. The results were evaluated by two way attractions of traps and reduction of fruits infestation. Results showed that "Lure and Kill" technique using Magnet-ol® trap had no significant differences in comparison with other traps. Mean number of flies captured by yellow sticky traps using bicarbonate ammonium as attractant was 1.00 ± 0.454, yellow sticky traps was 1.00 ± 0.423, Magnet ol was 1.00 ± 0.315 and Olipe traps was 0.75 ± 0.435. The total infestation index of Magnet ol® Traps in comparison was 3.5% with control plot 6.7% until October that indicated a positive impact of magnet-ol® traps and this method could be used as one of the olive fruit fly control .

Olive fruit fly Bactrocera (Dacus) oleae is one of the injurious pests of olive which has caused considerable damage to olive orchards in recent years. Larval feeding on olive fruit induce fruit fall and decline the qualitative and quantitative parameters of olive oil.. Moreover, exit hole of the larvae provides way for additional fungal infections leading to fruit deformation and loss of marketing values. Different cultivars show different reactions to pest damage which can be used in integrated pest management. This research was carried out during 2006 using olive collections of Roudbar, Tarom and Loshan research stations located in Gilan, Zanjan and Qazvin provinces respectivelly. Sampling from fruits was started during stone hardening and continued untill harvest time and 20–50 fruits, were collected in each replication and examined carefully visually and under binocular microscope in laboratory. Over all results showed that native cultivar of “Roughani” differed significantly from the other cultivars, including three imported cultivars of: “Konservalia”, “Arbequin”, “Leccino” and two native cultivars land races of: ”Zard’ and “Mary” and had less of less susceptibility to olive fruit fly.