سعید محمودی

SEAL UNITS prevent gas/fluid movement at the interface between the outer surface of the casing and the inside of the cement sheath. In spite of the improved practice of releasing pressure on the casing after the top plug bumps, investigations by different research and development groups confirm that leakage at this interface is very possible. When subjected to differential pressures, often encountered in completing or producing a well, inter-zonal communication at this point will occur, like “channeling” in the remainder of the annulus. This will prevent efficient production of the producing zone or cause stimulation work (fracturing, acidizing, etc.) to be ineffective due to uncontrolled fluid migration in the annulus.

Max Weber's sociology cannot be easily placed under both positivism and understanding-interpretation paradigms. Examining Weber's theories shows that his works have many components of critical realism. Critical realism believes that the real world exists independently of human knowledge. The world consists of structures, forces, mechanisms, and events. The world maintains itself through these properties. In the social world, social actions can play the role of causal mechanisms and create outcomes. The causes of actors happen in a specific social situation, and are among the issues that create a phenomenon. In fact, structures activate causal mechanisms in the social context and shape an event. This paradigm uses structure/mechanism/context/event configuration to explain the social world. In this way, it uses a retroduction strategy, and abstract concepts and models. Influenced by neo-Kantians, Weber’s epistemic system differentiates between reality and value. It is a specialized science that examines reality. Social reality is a meaningful phenomenon that can be described by what is called meaning adequacy, and can be explained, which is called causal sufficiency. Weber's strategy is understanding and retroduction strategy. The book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is an example of a hermeneutic interpretation and a brilliant example of the discovery of the causal mechanism, in which dignified group, the Protestants, through the religious orientation of asceticism and the value of work, were able to shape the capitalist economic spirit willingly and unwillingly

In the recent decades of citizenship rights to become one of the most complicated social and political issues and has attracted the attention of many thinkers and politicians. On the issue of awareness of citizenship rights and its factors, several studies have been conducted with different results in Iran, that combine and summarize our results will lead to a clearer understanding of this important fact. Meta-analysis aimed to identify points of differences and similarities of research in this field and identify the most important factors influencing the awareness of citizenship rights in Iran.

Population of the study almost scientific papers that are the subject factors awareness of citizenship rights in 2001 and 2021 were published. Finally, 22 papers selected and analyzed with the Comprehensive Meta-analysis software.

The results of the meta-analysis shows that first awareness of citizenship rights in Iran is average. Second of numerous factors, social participation and social - economic status and media consumption compared to other factors, a greater impact on awareness of citizenship rights in Iran. Third, the effect size analysis shows a significant effect of social participation, social - economic status and media consumption on awareness of citizenship rights were 0.32, 0.27 and 0.26 respectively. Considering the impact of these variables on the awareness of citizenship rights, the following suggestions can be made: introducing organizations, associations, associations, non-governmental organizations in different fields to citizens and explaining their various activities for increasing the level of people's participation; Using the capabilities of the Broadcasting Organization to produce programs on the subject of citizenship; and providing a suitable environment for demanding citizenship rights through television programs, text messages and the Internet system.

Determining the environmental capability of optimally using land and preventing the degradation of natural resources arr important steps towards a sustainable development strategy. The present study was conducted in 2014-2017 aiming to assess the ecological capability for agriculture and rangeland of the Razin watershed in Kermanshah province, west of Iran, in seven classes using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and the application of Geographic Information System (GIS). The information layers were initially selected by the research group and those layers that were important were selected according to the research literature, then the final screening of the information layers was performed by fuzzy Delphi method. These layers were including land form units (slope, elevation, aspect), soil information (texture, depth, hydrological groups, erosion, granulating, gravel percentage, evolution, organic carbon content, exchangeable cations, available phosphorus), climate, water, land use, vegetation density, and lithology. FAHP technique was used to calculate the importance coefficients of the criteria and sub-criteria entered into the evaluation model. Weighted layer modeling was performed by ArcMap 9.3 software using the weighted linear composition method in overlay tool. The results showed that water, climate, slope, and soil texture criteria with 0.23, 0.132, 0.118, and 0.88, respectively, were the most important in modeling Razin ecological capability. 1776 environmental units with unique ecological characteristics were identified. This area has ecological potential for agricultural and rangeland use in seven classes. In terms of effective carrying capacity (ECC), all classes except class 2 and 5 were sustainable. Due to the very high accuracy of the FAHP-GIS integrated model in the use of agricultural land suitability, it is recommended to use this model instead of other conventional methods.

This study is aimed at identifying the general competencies of the conscripts and presenting a model for measuring these competencies which can be used in the effective employment of conscripts in the armed forces. This research follows quantitative and qualitative methods including action research, documentary study, comparative study, survey study and narrative research. Data were collected through library records, analysis of valid upstream documents, including General Staff directions, administrative regulations and rules, comparative studies, and interviews through Delphi method. The statistical population of this research for interviews included human resource specialists of the units and the headquarters of the Armed Forces. The purposive combined sampling method and snowball was used for the interviews which were conducted by Delphi method in three stages; the first stage was in face to face situation and the next two stages were done through correspondence. Six countries were surveyed in the beginning to identify the general competencies of the conscripts through comparative studies. The general competency questionnaires derived from comparative studies were analyzed using one-sample t-test and binominal test using SPSS software. Competency outputs from the questionnaire as well as competencies derived from other methods were screened by the experts in the expert panel. The members of the expert panel, all human resource specialists of the Armed Forces, were introduced by the General Staff of the Armed Forces. Having summarized and categorized the general competencies required by the conscripts, the researchers decided on the general categories of personality, emotional intelligence, physical aptitude and mental health. In order to assess these competencies, Neo scale and interview, Bar-On Scale, APFT and MOPC physical fitness test, etc. were suggested.

In western Iran, mountainous rangelands provide significant resources for livestock productions. Many ecosystems that are of high environmental and economic value are threatened by climate change and social economic pressures. This is especially important for semi-arid rangelands, which have a multifunctional system. Quantifying the direct and indirect effects of grazing disturbance on plant biodiversity in the semi-arid mountainous rangelands can provide sight into the appropriate measures to restore degraded rangelands and conserve biodiversity. Here, the effects of different levels of grazing intensity (Light Grazing (LG), Moderate Grazing (MG), and Heavy Grazing (HG)) on plant biodiversity were examined in Nava-mountain rangeland in Kermanshah Province, Western Iran, in 2016. The results showed that increasing grazing intensity led to a decrease in species richness, Margalef's richness index, and Shannon-Wiener index (p <0.05). Stepwise regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of grazing intensity as (independent variables) on species diversity and richness as (dependent variable). The estimates parameter were significant (p <0.01) for species richness, Margalef's richness and Shannon-Wiener indices in the different levels of grazing intensity. In overall, grazing intensity explained 47%, 47% and 50% of the variation for species richness, Margalef's richness, and Shannon-Wiener indices, respectively. In addition, species richness and diversity were affected in response to grazing disturbance intensity and reducing grazing pressure can contribute to maintaining relatively high species diversity in Nowa-mountain rangeland.

The project entitled "designing, engineering and establishing predictive emission monitoring system for power plants (PEMs)" was described and accomplished by energy and environment research center of Niroo Research Institute. The literature review related to Predictive Emission Monitoring system, designing and engineering of PEMs for power plants, implementation of PEMs for power plants, installation of PEMs for power plants, operation of Predictive Emission Monitoring system for power plants and the performance report of PEMs for power plants were the steps of this project. The predictive emission monitoring of the flue gas components at the selected steam power plant including, NO،SO2،CO,CO2,O2 was modeled and estimated. According to the results of this project it was found that the relative error of of the flue gas components except CO was fewer than 10% in comparison with the measured values. The uncertainty of estimation for Predictive Emission Monitoring system was calculated to be ±4% of measured value.

 Food security (FS) is defined as sustainable access to safe and nutritious food for a healthy and active life. The present study was designed to investigate and determine FS status of rural households and the relevant influential factors. It was conducted on 432 rural households in six subdistricts of two districts of Sarpolzahab, West of Iran, in 2016.

 The samples were selected using random cluster sampling, and FS status was assessed using United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) household FS questionnaire. Therefore, both socio-economic questionnaire and the household FS questionnaire were completed during a face to face interview. Data were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS-22. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and forward multiple logistic regression were used for data analysis.

 Prevalence of food insecurity (FI) in all of the surveyed households was 65.3%, and household FS status between the subdistricts had a significant difference (P< 0.01). The results of the study showed that the prevalence of FI in the subdistricts of Posht-Tang and Sarab (83.3% and 76.4%, respectively) was higher than other subdistricts. Number of household’s members, land ownership, education of household’s head, activity status, and household’s income had significantly relationship with household FI (P< 0.01).

The high prevalence of FI is a major threat to the abnormal utilization of environmental resources in this realm. Therefore, given the impact of horticultural activities and diverse cultivation on household FS, macro and regional policies should be provided to increase the diversity of products through agroforestry and intercropping.

This research presents the basic information on the FS status of rural households in Sarpolzahab and some related socio-economic factors the results of which can help planners and managers to implement interventions to improve the FS and welfare of rural households.

Wetlands are one of the most important aquatic zones that affect the climate of the surrounding areas and are also one of the most fragile natural phenomena. Therefore, it is very important to detect changes in the environment around the wetlands. The purpose of this study, the land use change detection, the normalized vegetation index, land surface temperature patterns in the surrounding of the Meighan wetland, were analyzed using Landsat TM multi-time sensor data for 30 May 2002, and 5 June 2010. Supervised classification algorithms with maximum likelihood were used to extract land use changes. The results of classification accuracy, using the Kappa coefficient for 2002 and 2010 were 99.13% and 98.93% with 98 and 97 kappa coefficients, respectively. The results of land use changes showed that the barren lands increased by 100 km2 and, in contrast, vegetation areas were reduced by 84 km2. The average of the normalized vegetation index was not significantly changed and the maximum and minimum values in 2002 were 0 and -0.52, and in 2010, -0.05 and -0.58, respectively. The warmer temperature classes in the regional temperature pattern in 2010 were more extensive than in 2002. The minimum, average and maximum temperature in 10 km of surrounding of Meighan wetland in 2002 were 16.72, 27.35 and 36.4°C with a standard deviation of 3.2, and in 2010, 15.5, 29.8 and 37°C with a standard deviation of 3.5.

Mountain ranges cover around one-half of Iran, and Zagros ecosystem is considered as one of an important biological site in Iran. Physiographic factors such as altitude and aspect have an important role in plant species distribution. This study was conducted in the Nawa mountain ecosystem in the western side of Zagros ranges, located in the western zone of Iran in 2016. The experiment aim was to reveal the influences of altitude and aspect on features of plant biodiversity. Hence in the each main aspect regarding to gradient, transect-lines were established with distance 100 m into another and perpendicular to gradient from the elevation of 1200-2400 m a.s.l. Four plots (1 m²) were randomly located along each transect; generally, 208 plots were drown. The Shannon–Wiener index for α-diversity was calculated, and field data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. There were 158 identified plant species belonging to 104 genus and 27 families based on the results. Altitude and aspect had a significant effect on the plant diversity and species richness (p

Length of stay is one of the most important and practical indices used in hospitals today which represents the performance and efficiency of the hospitals. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting length of stay in hospitals affiliated to Tehran and Iran Universities of Medical Sciences based on Hierarchical Analysis Technique.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013. Study population consisted of 40 participants using purposive sampling method in the two groups including 13 matrons (nursing managers) and 27 supervisors (Clinical and educational) of hospitals affiliated to Tehran and Iran Universities of Medical Sciences. Data collection tool was the paired comparisons questionnaire which was confirmed validity by experts using Lawshe and reliability by Inconsistency Ratio. Data analysis was performed using Expert Choice software version 11.
In general, in the studied hospitals, study results revealed that the "diagnostic, treatment and care methods (treatment efficacy)” with the mean of 21.4% and "admission and discharge in the end days of the week and the days off” with an average of 0.36 were the highest and the lowest priority is given to other factors affecting the length of stay of the patient,respectively.
Efficacy of provided treatment through using equipment, appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and factors related to hospital manpower were effective on length of stay in quantitative and qualitative dimensions. These important issues need more planning and pay attention by hospital officials.

In this paper, a similarity solution is presented to obtain the rate of heat transfer in nanofluid film condensation on a horizontal cylinder. Recent experimental observations show that the nanoparticles follow the base fluid vapor in evaporator and also attend in the condensate film in the condenser. Due to the significant effect of nanoparticles on heat transfer enhancement in the condensate film, this phenomenon is studied numerically in this paper. The effects of circumferential change, Jacob number, volume fraction of nanoparticles and different types of nanofluids on the velocity and temperature profiles, as well as Nusselt number are investigated. The results show that with Alumina and TiO2 nanoparticles in the base fluid, convective heat transfer coefficient in condensate film increases, while in the case of Cu and Ag nanoparticles, conductive heat transfer is dominant and in effect, Nusselt number decreases. It is found that far from upper stagnation point up to the angle 90o, the role of convective terms increases and right after, decreases up to lower stagnation point. Also convective heat transfer descends as the cylinder radius is reduced. According to the obtained results, one can say that only in low Jacob numbers, the Nusselt theory results in acceptable results.

Due to the limited resources of water it is vital to investigate the quantity condition of reservoirs in order to plan for different usage of water as well as monitoring the sedimentation process. In this study the OLI sensor data from LANDSAT-8 satellite for Jan 2015 is used for producing Chah Nimeh water reservoir depth map and the map for the area around the lake. The water depths were measured with meter using boat. Water indices such as MNDWI, NDWI, AWEL, WRI and NDMI were generated using satellite data. By running simple linear regression between each index and field data the description coefficient R2 for water depth was calculated. Finally the water depth map was produced using MNDWI index which had the highest R2 equal to 0.85. The water depth map was produced using reclassifying of the MNDWI index. The map for the reservoir adjacent lands was generated using depth measuring results and hybrid image classification method. Results showed that the highest area are associated to 4-6m level depth. Map accuracy was assessed by producing error matrix which showed acceptable accuracy. Results showed that the map accuracy decreased with increase in water depth. The Z-TEST analysis showed however that in 0.01 level there was no significant difference between lowest depth map and deep water map accuracy.